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PubMed1993

[Changes in the nomenclature of mycoses].

The author gives an account of a report of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology making the present terminology of mycoses more precise and unified. Changes recommended by the Committee are designed to eliminate the instability of currently used terms influenced by new names of mycological taxonomy as well as by clinical aspects and the pathology of mycoses. The essential feature of the changes is a recommendation for fungal disease names not based on the word derived from the taxon of the causative fungal genus but providing, in a narrow or broader way, information on the clinical and pathological entity caused by the fungus. The individual recommendations are supplemented by explanatory examples and a list of accepted and rejected fungal disease names is tabulated.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[About the acting of the brotherhood of St. Anthony in Würzburg].

The brotherhood of St. Anthony, founded in the old French province of Dauphiné in 1095, was elevated to the rank of a monastic order in 1227, complying with the rules of the Augustinian Canons. In their infirmaries the monks took care of the persons attacked by ergot poisoning. If prayers and ointments were of no avail, in most cases the lower leg was amputated, so that the vital organs were not affected by gangrene. After bad harvests this ergotism became an epidemy, as rye-flour was consumed which had been contaminated by the fungus claviceps purpurea. It was as late as the 17th and 18th centuries that the connection between ergot poisoning and the disease of ignis sacer was correctly recognized. As in the Würzburg area there were mainly cultivated wheat and barley which as selfpollinating cereals were secure against the fungus, it was in 1434 only that an Anthony monastery was founded. But its financial breakdown came as early as in 1527, as the donations of money and groceries had been declining and a provisor had stolen valuables. Henceforward the lepers were accommodated in the three municipal hospitals for the incurables.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histoplasmosis of the larynx.

Histoplasmosis commonly infects the lower respiratory tract, causing either a sub-clinical or a nonspecific pulmonary illness. It may also affect the larynx from wide-spread dissemination or in a localized form that mimics carcinoma. Hoarseness, dysphagia, and pain on swallowing are symptoms common to many diseases of the laryngopharynx, including histoplasmosis. It is therefore important to consider this fungus in the differential diagnosis. Since culture techniques alone may not establish the diagnosis, special stains of tissue preparations and serologic tests for histoplasmosis are important adjuncts. We have recently seen and treated two cases of laryngeal histoplasmosis. Amphotericin B remains the preferred drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Isolation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi from the shell of the babassu coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) in the Amazon region of Maranhão Brazil.

Fonsecaea pedrosoi, a dematiaceous fungus and the main causative agent of chromoblastomycosis, has been isolated in worldwide from different natural sources in regions where the disease is endemic. In the Amazon region of Maranhão, Brazil, where the disease is prevalent, the breaking of the babassu coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) represents an important agricultural activity. In order to determine the presence of this fungus on this plant and on other natural substrates, material was collected in the Fortaleza Village Municipality of Pinheiro, Maranhão, in April and September 2002. A total of 68 samples, including 18 (26.5%) obtained from the shell of the babassu coconut, were analyzed. Samples were cultured using a standard method. Isolates were identified based on macromorphological aspects of the colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar and based on the micromorphology of the conidia after growth on potato dextrose agar. Exophiala sp. was the most prevalent fungus isolated from the different natural substrates analyzed, while Cladophialophora sp. was only isolated from decomposing wood. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was isolated from one sample of babassu coconut shell suggesting that this coconut represents an important source of infection of chromoblastomycosis during extraction of the plant product in this region.

Ascomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Verrucous mycotic dermatitis due to an unusual dematiaceous fungus. Clinical and histopathological discussion (author's transl)].

A case of "verrucous dermatitis" caused by a dematiaceous fungus has been observed in an 30 y. o. Algerian patient. The lesion was localized on the face. The patient presented previously a chronic dermatophytic disease due to Trichophyton verrucosum. The dematiaceous hyphomycete has been isolated several time from superficial specimens and portions of biopsies. This fungus has been injected by intra-testicular route in guinea-pigs. The aspect of the fungus in its parasitical morphology has been described and compared with that seen in the testis: In the lesions, the vesiculous or short fungal elements are not pigmented; they are sometimes cross-walled. Successful treatment has been obtained with administration of intravenous amphotericin B. It seems that the patient is genetically predisposed and has a deficient cellular mediated immunity.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Occurrence and significance of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary disorders.

Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from 13 (3%) of 469 clinical specimens examined from the respiratory tract of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases. These isolations came from 5 (2%) of 207 patients; 11 isolates were from sputum and 1 each were from bronchoscopic aspirate and empyema pus. The fungus was not cultured from the oropharyngeal washings of 101 apparently healthy volunteers. Of the 5 patients, 3 had pulmonary tuberculosis, including one with pyopneumothorax and 2 with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis as the underlying disease. In the tuberculosis patient with pyopneumothorax and C. neoformans in empyema pus, the fungus was presumably a tissue invader, whereas its role could not be unequivocally ascertained in the remaining 4 patients from whom it was isolated from sputum or bronchial aspirate on at least two consecutive occasions. The question of C. neoformans being a transient resident, commensal, or incitant of benign minimal lesions in the tracheobronchial tree is discussed. A comprehensive laboratory and clinical follow-up is warranted in patients from whose sputum or bronchial aspirate C. neoformans may be cultured even though definitive signs of cryptococcosis may be lacking.

Clostridium↗
PubMed1989

[Nasosinusal aspergillosis].

The paper reports about a bilateral maxillary sinusitis and a right pansinusitis of this unusual disease. The allergic polyposis present in the second case is probably due to fungus sensitization (as Katzenstein's case). None of them have had dental problems, not even foreign bodies inside of the sinuses (quoted from other AA.). The diagnosis must be confirmed by both the pathologist and the bacteriologist. The treatment is surgery plus antifungal drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of chickpea resistance against some isolates of Ascochyta rabiei, the causal agent of ascochyta blight.

Ascochyta blight, incited by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab., is one of the most important fungal diseases that has been shown to cause significant yield losses on chickpeas in Kermanshah province, Iran. One of the most effective and reliable methods of controlling the disease has been the use of resistant cultivars worldwide. This requires the identification of the physiological races of the fungus in the region in advance. In this regard, pathogenicity of 30 isolates of A. rabiei was determined using 10 differential chickpea varieties (mean of 1-9 degree of disease in three replications) under greenhouse conditions. In this respect, isolates fell into four groups, whereas based on infection type three groups were identified using cluster analysis. Disease resistance of four chickpea cultivars, Hashem, Jam, ILC-482 and Bivanij, were evaluated against isolates from each of three groups separately and in combination in the greenhouse and field conditions (with 4 replications). The experiment was repeated twice with three replications in greenhouse. Chickpea cultivars were sprayed with fungal spore suspension (2x10(5) spores/ml). Results showed that Jam and Bivanij cultivars were susceptible under greenhouse as well as field conditions. Hashem was tolerant to group I and susceptible to groups II and III and in the field. ILC-482 was tolerant to groups II and I and susceptible to group III and the combination of groups under greenhouse condition.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2000

Genetic similarity among Cercospora apii-group species and their detection in host plant tissue by PCR/RFLP analyses of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS).

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relatedness among the Cercospora and Pseudocercospora species closely related to Cercospora apii by using a polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. A single PCR fragment (about 550 bp) was obtained from all Cercospora species categorized as the C. apii-group, Pseudocercospora purpurea, Pseudocercospora conyzae, and Pseudocercospora cavarae. Cercospora caricis yielded a 680 bp PCR fragment. The similarity in the PCR fragment size and RFLP profiles among the C. apii-group isolates, including Pseudocercospora purpurea, and Pseudocercospora conyzae strongly suggests that these species are conspecific. Synonymy with C. apii (lectotype) at a subspecific rank has been proposed. Amplified ITS regions of genomic DNA extracted from spinach leaves showing 12 and 233% leaf spot disease symptoms caused by Cercospora beticola yielded two PCR fragments (i.e., one from the fungus and one from the host plant) and were resolved by electrophoresis of the PCR product in 3% LMP agarose. Digestion of the total PCR product with HinfI restriction enzyme yielded RFLP profiles similar to those obtained from amplified DNA from the causative agent, C. beticola. The method described in this preliminary study offers rapid detection and diagnosis of fungal infections in plants for disease prediction and management and screening of plant materials for quarantine purposes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Pythium invasion of plant-based life support systems: biological control and sources.

Invasion of plant-based life support systems by plant pathogens could cause plant disease and disruption of life support capability. Root rot caused by the fungus, Pythium, was observed during tests of prototype plant growth systems containing wheat at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). We conducted experiments to determine if the presence of complex microbial communities in the plant root zone (rhizosphere) resisted invasion by the Pythium species isolated from the wheat root. Rhizosphere inocula of different complexity (as assayed by community-level physiological profile: CLPP) were developed using a dilution/extinction approach, followed by growth in hydroponic rhizosphere. Pythium growth on wheat roots and concomitant decreases in plant growth were inversely related to the complexity of the inocula during 20-day experiments in static hydroponic systems. Pythium was found on the seeds of several different wheat cultivars used in controlled environmental studies, but it is unclear if the seed-borne fungal strain(s) were identical to the pathogenic strain recovered from the KSC studies. Attempts to control pathogens and their effects in hydroponic life support systems should include early inoculation with complex microbial communities, which is consistent with ecological theory.

Ecological Systems, Closed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human adiaspiromycosis. A report of a case treated with ketoconazole].

A case of human disseminated pulmonary adiaspiromycosis is reported. The patient, from Goianésia, GO, was admitted to the Brasilia University Hospital, in November 1992, with wet cough, dyspnea and weight loss--manifestations that had appeared two months before. Prior to admission, he had been treated for a suspected miliary tuberculosis, because a chest roentgenogram had shown a diffuse reticulonodular infiltrate in both lungs. This therapy brought no improvement to the patient status. An open chest biopsy was then performed, and the microscopic examination of the lung tissue revealed the fungal nature of the disease. Ketoconazole, 400mg/day, was started and the patient discharged from the hospital. He was seen again two months later: the respiratory manifestations had disappeared and a new chest roentgenogram showed complete resolution of the pulmonary lesions. The usefulness of ketoconazole is, however, questioned, since, as there is no multiplication of the fungus in the host organism--adiaspiromycosis is believed to be, usually, a self-healing disease--the efficacy of this imidazole derivative against the agent in animal tissues remains to be confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by a cavitary lesion caused by Pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium complex disease.

A 66-year-old woman who had undergone one year's treatment for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease due to Mycobacterium avium (rifampicin, ethambutol, clarithromycin, streptomycin-->levofloxacin) five years earlier was admitted to our hospital because of continuous fever and a newly detected abnormal chest shadow, which was like a fungus ball in the right upper lobe on chest computed tomography in the giant cavitary lesion caused by pulmonary Mycobacterium-avium complex (MAC) disease. A diagnosis of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) complicated by pulmonary MAC disease was made because Aspergillus niger was isolated from several sputum specimens, anti-aspergillus antibody was positive, and clinical symptoms such as fever, were disclosed with the radiological finding of a fungus ball-like shadow and an infiltration shadow around the cavity. The patient had received various forms of antifungal chemotherapy, but the clinical effect had been poor. Since then, she had been slowly worsening. Although mycetomas, with the typical appearance of a fungus ball on a chest radiograph, have been reported to easily form in cavitary lesions caused by previous pulmonary tuberculosis, we believe, as illustrated by the present case, that they could also form in such lesions caused by pulmonary MAC disease, since the frequency of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease has recently been increasing in comparison with that of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Colonization pattern of the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA 342 on barley seeds visualized by using green fluorescent protein.

Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA 342 is a potent biocontrol agent that can be used against several seed-borne diseases of cereal crops, including net blotch of barley caused by the fungus Drechslera teres. In this study, strain MA 342 was tagged with the gfp gene (encoding the green fluorescent protein) in order to study the fate of cells after seed inoculation. The gfp-tagged strain, MA 342G2, had the same biocontrol efficacy as the wild type when it was applied at high cell concentrations to seeds but was less effective at lower cell concentrations. By comparing cell counts determined by microscopy to the number of CFU, we found that the number of culturable cells was significantly lower than the total number of bacteria on seeds which were inoculated and dried for 20 h. Confocal microscopy and epifluorescence stereomicroscopy were used to determine the pattern of MA 342G2 colonization and cell aggregation on barley seeds. Immediately after inoculation of seeds, bacteria were found mainly under the seed glume, and there was no particular aggregation pattern. However, after the seeds were sown, irregularly distributed areas of bacterial aggregation were found, which reflected epiphytic colonization of glume cells. There was a trend towards bacterial aggregation near the embryo but never within the embryo. Bacterial aggregates were regularly found in the groove of each seed formed by the base of the coleoptile and the scutellum. Based on these results, we suggest that MA 342 colocalizes with the pathogen D. teres, which facilitates the action of the fungistatic compound(s) produced by this strain.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1992

Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize.

The HM1 gene in maize controls both race-specific resistance to the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 and expression of the NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-dependent HC toxin reductase (HCTR), which inactivates HC toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by the fungus to permit infection. Several HM1 alleles were generated and cloned by transposon-induced mutagenesis. The sequence of wild-type HM1 shares homology with dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes from maize, petunia, and snap-dragon. Sequence homology is greatest in the beta alpha beta-dinucleotide binding fold that is conserved among NADPH- and NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent reductases and dehydrogenases. This indicates that HM1 encodes HCTR.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Inheritance and localisation of resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola causing septoria tritici blotch and plant height in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome with DNA markers.

Resistance to the disease septoria tritici blotch of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel.) J. Schrot in Cohn (anamorph Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz.) was investigated in a doubled-haploid (DH) population of a cross between the susceptible winter wheat cultivar Savannah and the resistant cultivar Senat. A molecular linkage map of the population was constructed including 76 SSR loci and 244 AFLP loci. Parents and DH progeny were tested for resistance to single isolates of M. graminicola in a growth chamber at the seedling stage, and to an isolate mixture at the adult plant stage, in field trials. A gene located at or near the Stb6 locus mapping to chromosome 3A provided seedling resistance to IPO323. Two complementary genes, mapping to chromosome 3A, one of which was the IPO323 resistance gene, were needed for resistance to the Danish isolate Risø97-86. In addition, a number of minor loci influenced the expression of resistance in the growth chamber. In the field, four QTLs for resistance to septoria tritici blotch were detected. Two QTLs, located on chromosomes 3A and 6B explained 18.2 and 67.9% of the phenotypic variance in the mean over two trials. Both these QTLs were also detected at the seedling stage with isolate Risø97-86, whereas isolate IPO323 only detected the QTL on 3A. Additionally, two QTLs identified in adult plants on chromosomes 2B and 7B were not detected at the seedling stage. Four QTLs were detected for plant height located on chromosomes 2B, 3A, 3B and on a linkage group not assigned to a chromosome. The major QTLs on 3A and on the unassigned linkage group were consistent over two trials, and the QTL on 3A seemed to be linked to a QTL for septoria tritici blotch resistance.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

High-affinity IgG to a major A. fumigatus allergen, Asp f 2, retards allergic response.

BACKGROUND: Allergic diseases represent a major health threat to humans. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is one of the significant approaches to the treatment of IgE-mediated allergy and its control. The mechanisms involved in SIT-induced responses are complex and still speculative. Immunological events associated with successful SIT include an increase in allergen-specific "blocking" IgG, reduction in cytokine production, and induction of regulatory or suppressor cells. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of SIT using a single major allergen of A. fumigatus, Asp f 2, or its dominant B-cell epitope, aa254-268, in a murine model of allergic aspergillosis. It is known that A. fumigatus (Af), a ubiquitous fungus, is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of clinically different allergic diseases. MATERIAL/METHODS: BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with Asp f 2, its proteolytic fragments or the recombinant peptide aa254-268 to induce high-affinity IgG to Asp f 2. Allergy to Af was induced by subcutaneous and intranasal immunization of previously SIT-treated animals with an Af crude extract. RESULTS: The results of immunological and lung histological studies demonstrate a simultaneous increase in Asp f 2-specific IgG and amelioration of allergic inflammatory symptoms in mice immunized with Asp f 2 or its peptides before exposure to Af crude allergen. CONCLUSIONS: Thus it was shown that the induction of IgG specific to major allergens or even to their B-cell epitopes induces protection from allergy provoked by natural allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed1991

[Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].

The paper reports on a theme of important pediatric interest, pneumonia with Pneumocystis carinii (PC), a more widespread affection lately, due to the progress in pediatric reanimation, on the one hand (that allowed the survival for a long time of several biologically handicapped infants) and as a consequence of the more and more common use of immunosuppressing therapy, on the other hand (malignant diseases, transplant of organs, etc.); another important role in the increase of the PC pneumonia is played, recently, both in the adult and the child, by the infection with HIV (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The authors discuss largely on the pathogenic agent, PC, proved to be a fungus by molecular genetic studies, and on the biological field (small age, dystrophy, prematurity, "debilitating" chronic diseases, long diarrheic diseases, congenital malformations, hospitalization, some infections with long evolution: tuberculosis, Cryptococcus, infection with cytomegalic virus). The paper also deals with epidemiology, pathogeny and pathologic anatomy of the disease (characteristic macroscopic aspect: nonaired lung of high consistency, with whitish infiltrations alternating with congestive zones and the microscopic aspect of alveolo-interstitial pneumonia). The clinical picture includes the common form, met in the biologically handicapped infant and hypoergic hypoimmune form, appearing in all ages in immunodeficient subjects. Radiological examination, pulmonary scintigraphy and a series of laboratory data (with evidence of parasitic cysts) complete the clinical examination, making easier the diagnosis. The techniques of seroimmunological diagnosis offers great hope for the future. The positive diagnosis shows the clinical elements that suggest the presence of the disease, the contribution of the radiologic examination and mainly the presence of the parasite in the bronchitic secretions; the therapeutic response is a retroactive element in the positive diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is presented in detail. The paper concludes with a series of treatment schemes used, prophylaxis, evolution, complications and prognosis of the disease.

Child↗
PubMed2000

PCR assays that identify the grapevine dieback fungus Eutypa lata.

Eutypa lata is the causal fungal agent of Eutypa dieback, a serious grapevine necrotic disease. The erratic and delayed (1 to 2 months) appearance of characteristic conidia on culture media and the presence of numerous microorganisms in decaying wood make it difficult either to identify or to detect E. lata in grapevine wood samples. We designed six pairs of PCR primers for diagnosis of E. lata. Three primer pairs were derived from ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences, and three pairs were derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments. The six primer pairs could be used to amplify DNAs extracted from all of the E. lata isolates tested. They did not amplify DNAs from fungi and bacteria representing more than 50 different species of microorganisms associated with grapevine. We developed a simple protocol, leading to a rapid release of DNA, that enabled us to identify E. lata from pure or mixed cultures as well as from grapevine wood samples. Identification of E. lata in wood was achieved within a few hours, instead of the several weeks required for classical cultures on agar medium. We believe that the procedure described here can be adapted to detect other microorganisms involved in woody plant diseases.

Ascomycota↗