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PubMed1992

[The effects of subconscious processing of anger-related words and physiological arousal on the emotion of anger and aggressive behavior].

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the prior subconscious processing of anger-related words and physiological arousal upon anger and aggressive behavior in a frustrated person. Sixteen male and 24 female college students participated in the experiment. First, the subjects performed a cognitive task in which they processed anger-related words or neutral words subconsciously in the high arousal or normal arousal state. In the second ostensibly unrelated task, the subjects were presented with a frustration story and they were asked to rate the intensity of anger which the victim in the story would feel, the victim's responses, and impressions of the frustrator, on several SD-trait scales. It was found that the subjects who processed anger-related words in high arousal state rated the victim as being in the most intense anger and aggressive in behavior and reported the impression of the frustrator as most negative. These findings were interpreted in terms of the network model of emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Failure to live up to a value measure as a specific conflict situation in migraine patients].

In order to test the hypothesis that "migraine"-patients fail to live up their own sets of values, a questionnaire-test was designed covering the following dimensions: aggressivity in frustrating situations, frustration-tolerance, ambition, personal sets of values, compulsive tendencies towards orderliness, rigidity. On scrutinizing the material produced by 27 test cases and 25 control cases significant differences regarding both aggressivity in frustrating situations and compulsive orderliness were established. Regarding compulsive orderliness migraine-patients have proved to be very demanding; being frustrated in their demands, they act out their aggressions to a significantly lesser degree than the control cases. These findings are qualified, however, by the fact that the capacity for self-evaluation seems to be markedly reduced where a high value of neuroticism (established through comparison with EPI) was found.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Professional burnout among head and neck surgeons: results of a survey.

Burnout may develop in highly productive, hard-working individuals from all walks of life. Extending working hours under stressful circumstances may produce a sense of frustration resulting in emotional exhaustion, loss of empathy for patients, and a decreased sense of personal accomplishment. The membership of the American Society of Head and Neck Surgery and the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons was surveyed by mail relative to burnout. A total of 395 head and neck surgeons responded. Mean age was 48 years. The average individual worked an average of 66 hours per week. More than 70% of work was devoted to patient care of which 30% to 50% was devoted to the management of head and neck cancer. A total of 128 (34%) individuals responded that they felt "burned out." Only 27%, however, indicated frustration with disease, whereas 67% indicated frustration by government and 58% indicated frustration by the economics of medical practice. Most respondents enjoy their work, nevertheless, the stress of extending working hours dealing with severely ill patients, and the increased need to deal with government and economic issues is of concern to the community of physicians practicing head and neck surgery. Discussion about and confrontation with these issues are appropriate to facilitate and enhance an individual's ability to continue to function productively in this environment.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed2005

The effects of continuous and partial reward on the vigilance task performance of adults with attentional deficits: a pilot investigation.

The effects of reward schedule (100% and 30%) and extinction on attention (reaction time to auditory stimuli) and frustration levels (pressure exerted on a response key) of 15 adults with attentional disorders and 21 normal adults were examined using a continuous performance task. We predicted, that adults with attentional deficits would (a) perform similar to comparisons when rewarded on a continuous schedule, (b) exhibit higher levels of frustration when that continuous schedule was moved to an extinction schedule, and (c) experience more frustration than comparisons when rewarded on a partial schedule. Overall, adults with attentional deficits were slower to respond and their responses were more variable than typical comparisons across trials, similar to what is observed for children. Continuous reward resulted in poorer performance earlier in the reward phase and continued throughout an extinction phase. The frustration levels of adults with attentional deficits did not differ from comparisons across schedule conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the role of arousal in mediating responding to various schedules of reward.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis in Canada.

OBJECTIVES: There is a general consensus among physicians that the present management of chronic prostatitis is dismal. We undertook a survey of Canadian primary care physicians (PCPs) and urologists to determine the degree and source of frustration and to analyze present practice patterns in this disease. METHODS: Five thousand PCPs and all 545 Canadian urologists were asked to complete a comprehensive computer-assisted telephone survey that explored practice characteristics, attitudes, and diagnostic and treatment strategies in the management of prostatitis. Randomization of attribute banks, adherence to questionnaire routing, validation by on-site monitoring, and possible bias were addressed. RESULTS: Completed interviews were obtained from 10% of PCPs and 28% of urologists. PCPs see on average 3.5 (median 2) patients with prostatitis per month and urologists see on average 21.8 (median 11) patients with prostatitis per month. All physicians experience significantly more frustration in treating prostatitis than they do in treating patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer, and they perceive that prostatitis affects patients' quality of life significantly more than BPH and almost as much as prostate cancer. The degree of frustration and unhappiness in dealing with prostatitis is driven by a lack of confidence and comfort in their ability to accurately diagnose and subsequently rationalize treatment. Most PCPs and urologists continue to employ steps in addition to history and physical examination to establish a diagnosis but only a few PCPs and a third of urologists use specific lower urinary tract cultures. Physicians tend to use trimethoprim or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or a fluoroquinolone as their usual first line therapy for chronic prostatitis. The most commonly used therapeutic strategy (40%) for chronic prostatitis was TMP-SMX as first line therapy and a fluoroquinolone as second line therapy. CONCLUSIONS: There is widespread frustration, discomfort, and lack of confidence in both PCPs' and urologists' perceived ability to manage prostatitis. Physicians have expressed a desire for a better understanding of this disease, simpler and clearer diagnostic guidelines, and more rational treatment strategies.

Canada↗
PubMed2001

How 'spin ice' freezes.

The large degeneracy of states resulting from the geometrical frustration of competing interactions is an essential ingredient of important problems in fields as diverse as magnetism, protein folding and neural networks. As first explained by Pauling, geometrical frustration of proton positions is also responsible for the unusual low-temperature thermodynamics of ice and its measured 'ground state' entropy. Recent work has shown that the geometrical frustration of ice is mimicked by Dy2Ti2O7, a site-ordered magnetic material in which the spins reside on a lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra where they form an unusual magnetic ground state known as 'spin ice'. Here we identify a cooperative spin-freezing transition leading to the spin-ice ground state in Dy2Ti2O7. This transition is associated with a very narrow range of relaxation times, and represents a new form of spin-freezing. The dynamics are analogous to those associated with the freezing of protons in ice, and they provide a means through which to study glass-like behaviour and the consequences of frustration in the limit of low disorder.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Balancing energy and entropy: a minimalist model for the characterization of protein folding landscapes.

Coarse-grained models have been extremely valuable in promoting our understanding of protein folding. However, the quantitative accuracy of existing simplified models is strongly hindered either from the complete removal of frustration (as in the widely used Gō-like models) or from the compromise with the minimal frustration principle and/or realistic protein geometry (as in the simple on-lattice models). We present a coarse-grained model that "naturally" incorporates sequence details and energetic frustration into an overall minimally frustrated folding landscape. The model is coupled with an optimization procedure to design the parameters of the protein Hamiltonian to fold into a desired native structure. The application to the study of src-Src homology 3 domain shows that this coarse-grained model contains the main physical-chemical ingredients that are responsible for shaping the folding landscape of this protein. The results illustrate the importance of nonnative interactions and energetic heterogeneity for a quantitative characterization of folding mechanisms.

Entropy↗
PubMed1999

Hormonal and behavioral correlates of emotional states in sexually trained boars.

Physiological and behavioral traits of sexually mature boars were compared between episodes of copulation and sexual frustration in order to determine reliable indicators of the differences in emotional states. Ten boars, approximately 6 mo of age, were trained to mount a stationary artificial sow (ArtSow) and to ejaculate when digital pressure was applied to the extended penis. This method of semen collection is the typical procedure of the industry. All 10 boars used in this study were fully trained to this procedure before the onset of the study. Each boar was subjected to trials in which one of the following two treatments was applied. In the control (CTRL) treatment, boars were treated the same as during their training (i.e., allowed to complete ejaculation). In the frustration (FRUS) treatment, boars were allowed to mount the ArtSow, but because no manual pressure was applied to the extended penis, ejaculation never occurred. Blood was collected via indwelling catheters before onset of the trial, during exposure to the ArtSow, and after returning to their home pen. Concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, and beta-endorphin were quantified. Behavior of the boars was recorded during exposure to the ArtSow and for 30 min after return to their home pen. Relative to preexposure levels, serum cortisol increased (P<.05) during CTRL exposure and after exposure to both treatments (CTRL; P<.04 and FRUS; P<.06). Serum testosterone did not change during and after either treatment. Serum concentrations of beta-endorphin did not change during or after CTRL trials, but serum beta-endorphin was greater (P<.05) during FRUS than during CTRL trials. Behavioral analysis revealed that boars spent less time lying down and more time moving about their home pen (P<.05) after a FRUS than after a CTRL trial. In summary, serum cortisol did not allow us to distinguish between the excitement of copulation and the negative affect associated with sexual frustration, whereas increases in serum beta-endorphin and motor activity seemed to be indicators of the negative emotional state of sexual frustration in trained boars.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Social-emotional and cognitive markers in children of divorce and in children from 2-parent families--a cross sectional study].

Related to the research of the effects of separation and divorce on children there is a lack of empirical studies in Germany. The following cross-sectional field-study directly investigate 48 children from divorced and 32 children from two-parent-families regarding socio-emotional and some cognitive characteristics (nonclinical samples). Projective and semi-projective tests were the preferred instruments. One of the main questions was related to frustration behavior, measured by the Rosenzweig-Picture-Frustration Test (childrens form). This test was used for the first time by a population of German children of divorce. Children of divorce showed a special frustration behavior, a so called M-profile showing many impunitive reactions. They avoid direct conflicts or struggle and try to deny the frustration. Also the subtests of the Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligence test for children (HAWIK) show clearly that children from divorced families obtain much poorer test values in contrast to children from two-parent homes.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1988

Nursing staff response to a facility's relocation.

RESPONSE RATE--approximately 200 questionnaires were distributed and 101 were returned and collated. The response rate was 51 percent. ORIENTATION--the results were as follows: 89 percent of staff surveyed attended orientation; many staff took more than one tour (55.6 percent had two or more), which may be an important factor in adjustment; 75.2 percent indicated tht orientation was relevant, and those who did not recommended more specific unit orientation; and 31 percent said there was too much information and perhaps this should be examined in future orientation programs. OMISSIONS--many commented that specific, hands-on orientation to the equipment such as telephones and the call system would have been beneficial, as well as orientation to their own specific unit. Smaller orientation groups would also seem to be warranted in light of this information. COMMUNICATION CONCERNING THE MOVE--approximately 79 percent of the staff attended at least one staff meeting prior to the move, and 78 percent knew of the moving schedule. However, subsequent (and frequent) changes in this schedule were mentioned as a source of frustration. About 13 percent indicated a need for more staff input into the move and would suggest more open forums or discussion groups to solicit input as a way of increasing staff participation and commitment to the move. A need for frequent, reliable written communication was mentioned frequently as misinformation or word-of-mouth information led to unnecessary frustrations. It is interesting to note that approximately 80 percent of respondents had no suggestions to improve communication, and it is difficult to know whether this may indicate satisfaction with communication mechanisms or a lack of ideas on how to improve the situation. SENSE OF PREPAREDNESS FOR THE MOVE--80.4 percent gave a high rating to indicate how prepared they felt regarding the move, which is really very positive. PROBLEMS ADJUSTING TO NEW ENVIRONMENT--most of the responses (48%) related to problems with communication systems, particularly the phone system, problems with the phone listing book and lack of directional signs. Suggestions for facilitating adjustment closely followed the above responses in that more and better signs, and more effective means for directing staff, patients and visitors, were frequently cited. CURRENT FRUSTRATIONS--respondents were asked to detail ongoing and current frustrations. Environmental concerns such as excessively dry air and the cleanliness of the building were noted and earmarked for further investigation. It is worthy of note that concerns relating to nurse staffing were mentioned very infrequently both during and after the move.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1997

Effects of mental stress on myocardial ischemia during daily life.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative risk of myocardial ischemia triggered by specific emotions during daily life. DESIGN AND SETTING: Relative risk was calculated by the recently developed case-crossover method, in which the frequency of a presumed trigger during nonischemic, or control, hours is compared with the trigger's frequency during ischemic, or case, hours. Outpatients at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, underwent 48 hours of ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring with concurrent self-report measures of activities and emotions. Occurrences of negative emotions in the hour before the onset of myocardial ischemia were compared with their usual frequency based on all hours in which ischemia did not occur. SUBJECTS: From a sample of 132 patients with coronary artery disease and recent evidence of exercise-induced ischemia who underwent 48 hours of ambulatory ECG monitoring, 58 patients exhibited ambulatory ischemia and were included in the analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: Myocardial ischemia during 48-hour ECG monitoring was defined as horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression of 1 mm (0.1 mV) or more for 1 minute or longer compared with resting baseline. The ECG data were cross-tabulated with subjects' concurrent diary ratings of 3 negative emotions-tension, sadness, and frustration-and 2 positive emotions-happiness and feeling in contro-on a 5-point scale of intensity. RESULTS: The unadjusted relative risk of occurrence of myocardial ischemia in the hour following high levels of negative emotions was 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-5.9; P<.01) for tension, 2.9 (95% CI, 1.0-8.0; P<.05) for sadness, and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3-5.1; P<.01) for frustration. The corresponding risk ratios adjusted for physical activity and time of day were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1 -4.5; P<.05) for tension, 2.2 (95% CI, 0.7-6.4; P=.16) for sadness, and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3; P<.05) for frustration. CONCLUSIONS: Mental stress during daily life, including reported feelings of tension, frustration, and sadness, can more than double the risk of myocardial ischemia in the subsequent hour. The clinical significance of mental stress-induced ischemia during daily life needs to be further evaluated.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Alterations in stress cortisol reactivity in depressed preschoolers relative to psychiatric and no-disorder comparison groups.

BACKGROUND: Despite the robust and widely replicated finding of elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity in depressed adults, studies of depressed children have yielded ambiguous findings. Animal models of early depression and studies of children experiencing early psychosocial deprivation have suggested that alterations in HPA axis reactivity are evident in early "depressive-like" conditions. The current study is, to our knowledge, the first investigation of HPA axis reactivity in very young children with a clinical depressive syndrome for which content validity has been established. METHODS: Depressed, psychiatric, and no-disorder comparison children aged 3 through 5.6 years were studied for HPA axis reactivity in response to experimental psychosocial stressors. The children were diagnosed using a developmentally appropriate, structured psychiatric interview. Salivary cortisol was obtained at 3 time points during a laboratory assessment before and after stressors involving separation from the parent and frustrating tasks. RESULTS: Repeated measures of multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between the diagnostic group and 2 cortisol percent change scores. Depressed preschoolers displayed a pattern of increasing cortisol levels throughout the assessment in response to both separation and frustration stressors. In contrast, both comparison groups showed decreasing cortisol levels in response to the separation stressor. All groups displayed increasing cortisol levels in response to frustrating tasks. Preschoolers with a presumptive melancholic depressive subtype displayed these alterations at a greater magnitude relative to comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these findings are the first to demonstrate altered HPA axis reactivity in depressed preschoolers. These alterations are consistent with those described in depressed adults and in animal models of early depression. These findings provide evidence for possible continuity of HPA axis alterations in depressive disorders across the lifespan and are discussed in the context of prior studies of HPA axis reactivity in clinically depressed children and adolescents, suggesting that younger age and inpatient status are features associated with altered HPA axis reactivity.

Arousal↗
PubMed1986

Situational social problem-solving skills and self-esteem of aggressive and nonaggressive boys.

This study was designed to assess specific social problem-solving, perceived competence, and self-esteem characteristics of 20 aggressive and 18 nonaggressive boys. Significant behavioral differences existed between the groups. The problem-solving measure provided for qualitative assessment of specific problem solutions that children consider, varying according to the interpersonal context of conflicts with peers, teachers, and parents and to the level of others' intent in conflicts (ambiguous frustration and hostile provocation). In univariate analyses, aggressive children had poorer self-esteem, generated fewer verbal assertion solutions in peer conflicts and during hostile frustration, and employed more direct action solutions with teachers and during hostile frustration. Discriminant analyses significantly differentiated the two groups. Findings indicated that future research should consider the relative distribution of specific kinds of problem situations that children produce, and that situational factors in social problem-solving skills should be addressed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1982

Plasma corticosterone and free fatty acid responses and positive behavioral contrast.

Corticosterone and free fatty acid (FFA) responses during water-reinforced operant sessions were examined in rats subjected to reinforcement schedule shifts which may elicit frustration-induced arousal reactions. Rats were trained on a multiple VI VI-30 sec schedule that was subsequently changed to a multiple VI EXT or multiple VI VI-60 sec schedule. The rats shifted to the multiple VI EXT schedule developed positive behavioral contrast. The corticosterone levels of both groups were elevated by the first postshift session, in which the frequency of reinforcement was halved, but returned to preshift levels by the 8th postshift session, which preceded discriminative performance in the Contrast group. The FFA levels of both groups were elevated by the Multiple VI VI-30 sessions (compared to presession basal levels), but the response decreased with the halving of the reinforcement rate. The present findings were interpreted as evidence that the psychological variables associated with the acquired emotional state of frustration influence the blood concentration of corticosterone, but not FFA. The findings are consistent with such explanations of positive behavioral contrast as positive induction or release-from-inhibition. No evidence was found for a direct energizing effect of frustration to account for positive contrast.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The nucleus accumbens in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): II. Emotion and motivation.

Changes in incentive and emotion have been demonstrated in monkeys with amygdala lesions and monkeys with cingulate and medial frontal lesions. The nucleus accumbens (NA) receives inputs from the amygdala, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex. In order to better understand the role of the NA and anterior cingulate cortex in processing emotional and motivational stimuli, studies were undertaken which compared the emotional and motivational behaviour of monkeys with NA lesions or anterior cingulate lesions with previous studies on amygdala-lesioned monkeys. A food preference task, a food vs. non-food discrimination task, and a approach-avoidance task were used with monkeys which received lesions of the NA or lesion of the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex. These tasks had previously been used to examine the emotional response of monkeys with amygdala lesions. In addition, the lesioned monkeys were tested on a frustration tasks and a button press acquisition-extinction task. Unlike amygdala-lesioned monkeys (Aggleton, J.P. and Passingham, R.E., J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 96 (1981) 961-977 and 96 (1982) 71-77), the NA-lesioned monkeys maintained normal food preferences, did not show signs of hyperorality in the food vs. non-food task, and performed normally on the approach-avoidance tasks. The NA-lesioned monkeys did, however, show an increase in activity, and violent and aggressive behaviour in response to stress in both the frustration task and the button press extinction task. In addition, the NA-lesioned monkeys performed normally during a button press acquisition task, but extinguished faster on a button press extinction task than the control monkeys. The anterior cingulate-lesioned monkeys were also found to exhibit an increased responsiveness to frustration. Results of the food preference, food vs. non-food discrimination, and approach-avoidance tasks were similar to those obtained with NA lesioned. These studies suggest that lesions of the NA or the anterior cingulate cortex result in substantial changes in emotional behavior, however, these changes do not mimic those found following lesions of the amygdala.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Partial support from a non-replication: comment on Roma, Silberberg, Ruggiero, and Suomi (2006).

A purported replication by P. G. Roma, A. Silberberg, A. M. Ruggiero, and S. J. Suomi of the authors' previous study claims to contradict their finding that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) refuse to exchange with an experimenter if their partner receives a superior reward. Roma et al. used no exchange task, however, or any other task. Roma et al. offered frustration as explanation of their findings, yet failed to statistically prove that the effect of frustration is stronger than that of inequity. They also misrepresented the dependent measure of the authors' study. Reanalysis of the authors' own data indicated no role of frustration, that is, no effect of previous experience with a superior reward. The authors conclude that Roma et al.'s study is not a replication and does not disprove the authors' findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The effect of humor on aggression catharsis in the classroom.

Two studies were designed to measure the cathartic effects of humor on aggressive responses. In the first study, two versions (easy and difficult) of Raven's intelligence test were administered to two groups of high school students. Only the easy version could be solved in the alloted time. Rosenzweig's (1951) Picture Frustration test was then administered and the students' aggressive responses were scored. Results showed that those who did not solve the problems had significantly higher scores on aggressivity than did the others. The second study, using four different groups, was planned according to a modified Solomon design. Two of the four groups of students completed the difficult part of the Raven test, and then two video-tapes were presented: a humorous one to two groups and a neutral one to the others. Finally, the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test was administered to all four groups. An analysis of variance computed on the aggressivity scores showed one significant difference: frustrated students who viewed the humorous videotape had lower scores than those viewing the neutral one.

Abreaction↗
PubMed1980

Testosterone, aggression, physical, and personality dimensions in normal adolescent males.

Fifty-eight normal adolescent Swedish boys, aged 16, provided two sets of blood samples for plasma testosterone assays as well as data on a number of personality inventories and rating scales assessing aggression, inpulsiveness, lack of frustration tolerance, extraversion, and anxiety. Physical variables such as pubertal stage, height, weight, chest circumference, and physical strength were measured. There was a significant association (r = 0.44) between plasma testosterone levels and self-reports of physical and verbal aggression, mainly reflecting responsiveness to provocation and threat. Lack of frustration tolerance was also related to testosterone levels. About 40% of the variance in perfectly reliable testosterone measurements could be predicted from equally reliable Physical + Verbal Aggression and Lack of Frustration Tolerance scales. Pubertal stage was correlated with testosterone (r = 0.44), but the above-mentioned relationships could not be accounted for by pubertal stage as a third common variable. Previous hypotheses relating testosterone to strong body build and antisocial behavior, respectively, received only weak or no support.

Adolescent↗