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PubMed1991

[Occurrence of staphylococcal species in clinically healthy domestic animals].

The incidence of staphylococcus species in healthy animals was investigated in young and adult individuals of cattle, in pigs and in domestic fowl, using the method of selective isolation of strains. A total of 6066 samples was examined; 4567 strains were revealed and they included all known species, except Staphylococcus caseolyticus, S. saccharolyticus, S. schleiferi and S. lugdunensis. 3.8% of strains failed to be identified with any species. The test samples were taken from slaughtered animals, only in calves intravital smears of tonsils were examined. The species most frequently isolated from the tonsil tissue in adult cattle were as follows: S. aureus (19.9%), S. saprophyticus (12.4%), S. hyicus (8.8%) and S. hominis (8.6%). The following species were isolated from the lung tissue: S. saprophyticus (28.8%), S. cohnii (10.6%) and S. epidermidis (10.2%); from the mammary gland parenchyma these were the species S. saprophyticus (17.4%), S. xylosus (13.1%) and S. epidermidis (10%). In the tonsil tissue of pigs the percent proportions of S. aureus and S. hyicus were 44.5% and 31.8%, respectively; the most frequent species detected from the lungs were S. aureus (20.6%), S. saprophyticus (12.3%), S. hyicus (12.1%) and S. epidermidis (11.5%). In domestic fowl the most frequently occurring species were S. epidermidis (23.7%), S. gallinarum (16.5%) and S. aureus (15.4%). In calves the incidence of S. xylosus (37%), S. saprophyticus (19.2%) and S. cohnii (15.2%) was found to be highest. The indicence of the other staphylococcus species in all test animals can be expressed by low percentages.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effects of dietary phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) infusion rates on the avian phosphaturic response to PTH.

Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of dietary available phosphorus (aP) and PTH infusion rates on avian urinary inorganic phosphate (Pi) excretion. In experiment I, female domestic fowl were fed diets containing low (0.45%) or high (0.83%) aP for 2-4 weeks prior to renal function studies. Pi excretion was significantly higher for birds fed the high-aP diet than for birds fed the low-aP diet. PTH was infused (60-240 units kg body mass-1 h-1) unilaterally into the renal portal system. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), included in the unilateral infusate as a marker for effective renal portal perfusion, indicated that PTH must have been delivered to the peritubular surfaces of the infused kidney. However, bilateral but not unilateral phosphaturia occurred, and there were no significant differences in the phosphaturic responses to PTH when low- and high-aP diet treatment groups were compared. In experiment II, PTH was infused at rates of 1-5 units h-1. Infusing PTH at 5 units h-1 caused a unilateral increase in urine flow but the phosphaturic response was still bilateral. It appears unlikely that unilateral renal portal PTH infusions can be used to trigger unilateral phosphaturia in domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Methionine hydroxy analog (free acid) reduces avian kidney damage and urolithiasis induced by excess dietary calcium.

Urinary acidification previously was shown to be an effective treatment for calcium-induced urolithiasis in domestic fowl, but diuresis caused by the acidifying agent (ammonium chloride) was an undesirable side effect. Because supplemental dietary methionine reportedly acidifies mammalian urine, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the free acid form of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) as an acidifying agent for treating avian urolithiasis. From 5 to 17 wk of age, immature Single Comb White Leghorns were fed diets containing normal calcium (1%) or high calcium (3.5%). Diets were supplemented with 0, 0.3 or 0.6% MHA. Relative to birds fed the normal calcium diets, birds fed the high calcium diet without added MHA were in a state of metabolic alkalosis and excreted more alkaline urine containing high levels of calcium. Birds fed the high calcium diet without MHA also had significantly higher kidney asymmetry ratios, a higher incidence of gross kidney damage, and a higher incidence of urolith formation when compared with birds fed normal calcium diets. When compared with the high calcium diet without MHA, the high calcium diet supplemented with 0.6% MHA significantly acidified the urine without causing detectable metabolic acidosis, significantly reduced kidney asymmetry and gross kidney damage, and reduced the incidence of urolith formation without increasing water consumption or urine flow. These data demonstrate that MHA effectively prevents calcium-induced kidney damage in domestic fowl without causing undesirable side effects. MHA did increase both fractional and absolute calcium excretion during calcium loading.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1994

[Anesthesia in poultry].

Ketamine and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia was performed in the domestic fowl of the laying hybrid Hisex Brown and in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) to test short-time anesthesia for the purposes of small surgical interventions. The findings of the authors Heidenreich and Wissdorf (1978) obtained in birds in the Zoo Park in Hannover were used to determine anesthetic doses and to assess the course of anesthesia, as well as a comparative study written by Samour et al. (1984) dealing with the use of some anesthetics in birds in the Zoo parks of Great Britain. The used anesthetics were ketamine in specialty Narkamon 5% (Léciva, a.s.) or a ketamine-xylazine mixture in specialty Rometar 2% (Léciva, a. s.). Both anesthetics were injected i.m. to breast muscle. Ataxia was observed after administration of ketamine only at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg, the hens sat down and laid down on the side with stiff outstretched legs, they clapped the wings and tossed about in the cage. Immobilization was observed in Japanese quail, with sporadic incidence of excitations after administration of ketamine alone at a dose of 20 mg/kg live weight. A mixture of ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg live weight and xylazine at a dose of 2-3 mg/kg live weight seems to be the best for the purposes of short-time anesthesia when good sedative, analgetic and myorelaxation effects are to be achieved in the domestic fowl and Japanese quail.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1984

Comparative stimulation of growth hormone secretion in anaesthetized chickens by human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF) and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were elevated in anaesthetized male domestic fowl following the intravenous administration of either synthetic human pancreatic GH-releasing factor 1-44 (NH2) (hpGRF) or synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). In 6-week-old chicks the plasma GH level was elevated between 5 and 10 min after the injection of hpGRF at doses between 1 and 80 micrograms/kg. The magnitude of the response increased with doses of hpGRF between 1 and 10 micrograms/kg but declined with higher doses. The GH concentration rapidly declined between 10 and 20 min and between 20 and 40 min after injection. The administration of TRH had similar effects on GH secretion, although the responses were greater than with comparable doses of hpGRF, and the most effective dose (1-1.4 micrograms/kg) was less than with hpGRF. In anaesthetized adult cockerels GH secretion was also increased by the administration of hpGRF (1-20 micrograms/kg) or TRH (0.1-80 micrograms/kg) and in both cases the dose-response relationship was biphasic. The maximal response to TRH in adult birds was again greater than that produced by hpGRF although the response was less than that elicited in immature birds and required a higher dose (20 micrograms/kg) of TRH. The optimal dose of hpGRF and the magnitude of the GH response induced in adult birds was comparable with that in immature chicks. These results demonstrate provocative effects of TRH and hpGRF on GH secretion in the domestic fowl. The sensitivity of the GH response to TRH suggests that it may have a physiological role in the hypothalamic control of GH secretion.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[The occurrence of avian mycobacteriosis in wild birds during various epizootic conditions of tuberculosis in poultry].

The occurrence of tuberculosis in free-living birds was studied in relation to a certain epidemiological situation in a long-term study from 1966 to 1990. A total of 3210 birds were examined. Mycobacteria were isolated in five cases from free-living birds in the environment of six poultry rearing farms where tuberculosis was found in domestic fowl. At individual localities, the occurrence of mycobacteria was 3.5-50.0%. Generalized tuberculosis was found in one case in house sparrow (Passer domesticus). On the investigated poultry rearing farms, the distribution of tuberculosis infection in free-living birds was directly related to the distribution and stage of tuberculosis in poultry or to the achieved extent of eradication. On a poultry rearing farm where no mycobacteria were isolated from free-living birds, a successful eradication of tuberculosis by flock exchange was in progress. During the examination of free-living birds on three farms, mycobacteria were found at two localities where poultry infected with tuberculosis was kept either on the farm or in its immediate vicinity. On the third farm, where no mycobacteria were found in free-living birds, only sporadic reactors to tuberculin were found during survey in spatially separated flocks. No mycobacteria were isolated from birds examined on two farms in whose vicinity poultry was not reared at all. Similarly, bacteriological cultures were negative in a group of 298 birds examined during five years in the environment of a poultry enterprise farm free from tuberculosis. No mycobacteria were found in a large group of 2303 free-living birds taken in the wild except four rooks (Corvus frugilegus). However, this is a migratory species which is noted for its considerable longevity. It is thus more probable that these birds were infected outside the locality which the specimens were taken from. Out of the isolated strains of mycobacteria that were further examined by a biological experiment, 86.6% were pathogenic to domestic fowl, serotype M. avium 2. The results of these examinations suggest that the presence of tuberculosis-infected poultry as a major source of M. avium is necessary for the infection of free-living birds. The infectious agent apparently does not persist and spread within the flocks of free-living birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Respiratory exchanges in the incubated egg of the domestic guinea fowl.

The daily O2 uptake (MO2) and CO2 production (MCO2) rates were measured in guinea fowl eggs with a wide range of mass specific shell water vapor conductance, spGH2O [0.108 to 0.365 mg.(g.Torr.day)-1], from day 10 to the end of incubation, day 28. The respiration rate showed a plateau, from day 22 to day 24, typical of a precocial bird: MO2 approximately 21.4 and MCO2 approximately 15.2 mmol.day-1. The plateau MO2 value was that predicted by allometric relation. At the plateau, respiratory exchanges appeared significantly limited by spGH2O. The limiting effect of spGH2O on respiratory metabolism began as soon as day 18 (64% of incubation time). The respiratory ratio was 0.75 at day 10, decreased to 0.65-0.66 on days 12-14 and stabilized at 0.70-0.71 on days 20-28.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Optimum incubation conditions of the domestic guinea fowl egg.

1. During artificial incubation of 8000 guinea fowl eggs, the effects of temperature, relative humidity, rate of inflowing air and age of the laying flocks were determined. 2. Total duration of incubation was divided into setter (0 to 24 days) and hatcher (25 to 28 days) periods. Eggs transferred at the end of the setter period, (ET, % of fertile eggs) and hatching rate (HR, % of transferred eggs) were calculated, as well as the total hatching rate expressed as percentage of fertile eggs. 3. In the range 36 to 39 degrees C, temperature affected significantly (P < 0.001) ET and HR, with optima at 37.2 and 37.0 degrees C +/- 0.1 degrees C respectively. 4. During incubating period, relative humidity in the range 40 to 64% (water vapour partial pressure, PH2O = 17 to 34 Torr at 36 to 39 degrees C), significantly (P < 0.001) affected the total diffusive water loss and hatchling mass, both expressed as percentage of fresh egg mass. ET was significantly affected by water loss, the highest ET being for water loss of 13.3 +/- 0.5%. Optimal relative humidity was calculated to be 48 to 52% (PH2O = 23 to 25 Torr at 37.2 degrees C). 5. The rate of inflowing air significantly (P < 0.001) affected HR, with an optimum at 3.1 LSTPD/(h.egg). 6. The age of the laying flock significantly (P < 0.001) increased water loss; this was explained by a parallel increase of the mass specific shell conductance to water vapour. 7. Finally optimum incubation conditions were deduced, giving total hatching rates of 78 to 81% of fertile eggs, improving by 5 to 8% the best results obtained routinely in commercial practice.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of genetic relationships between various populations of domestic and jungle fowl using microsatellite markers.

The genomes of domestic and jungle fowl populations maintained in Ukraine and Germany were screened using microsatellites as molecular markers. Genetic variation and genetic distances between strains of different origins and performance potentials were determined. In total, 224 individuals of 20 populations were genotyped for 14 microsatellite markers covering 11 linkage groups. Of the 14 microsatellite loci, the number of alleles ranged between 2 and 21 per locus, the mean number of alleles being 11.2 per locus. By using Nei's standard distance and the Neighbor-Joining method, a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed; its topology reflected general patterns of relatedness and genetic differentiation among the chicken populations studied. Three major phylogenetic tree groupings were found. The red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) formed a separate branch and demonstrated a specific allele distribution when compared with domestic fowl breeds analyzed. The second branch comprised commercial layer lines and chicken breeds that were subject to intense selection in the past or had common ancestral breeds with commercial strains. The third group encompassed the German native breed populations. The information about population and breed genetic relationships estimated by microsatellite analysis may be useful as an initial guide in defining objectives for designing future investigations of genetic variation and developing conservation strategies.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Effects of moderate intensity treadmill exercise on triglyceride production in the laying fowl.

1. Sustained aerobic exercise in domestic fowl has previously been shown to enhance lipid utilization by the skeletal muscles. The present study examined the possibility that such increased lipid oxidation in the laying female might lower the production of plasma triglycerides destined for transfer to the developing oocytes. 2. Following an intravenous injection of 25 muCi of 14C-labelled glycerol trioleate, the experimental birds performed 90 min of treadmill exercise at a work intensity approximately equivalent to 2.5 times the resting metabolic rate. 3. There was no evidence of either glycogen or triglyceride depletion in either the leg muscles or the viscera of the exercised birds. The specific activity of triglyceride TG-SRA found in the tissues was also the same in control and experimental birds. The time-course of the changes in plasma TG-SRA throughout the experimental period gave no indication that TG production had been affected by exercise. 4. It is concluded that the increased energy substrate demand arising from moderate-intensity, aerobic exercise is almost fully met by the liberation of fatty acids from adipose tissue TG stores, and has minimal impact on the hepatic manufacture of egg lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on a protamine (galline) from fowl sperm. 4. Degradation of galline by trypsin-like protease of fowl sperm heads.

Galline, a protamine of domestic fowl, was obtained by two preparation procedures from the semen of a strain of White Plymouth Rock and submitted to fractionation by column chromatography on Bio-Gel CM-30. In the first procedure the specimen prepared from sperm heads was purified by the use of distilled water and dilute acetic acid and fractionated into almost eight fractions (G-I-G-VIII) in the same way as the specimen from a strain of New Hampshire (1,2). No difference could be found between galline specimens from the two different strains based on the amino acid and terminal analyses of each fraction. The specimen of galline from sperm heads purified with 1% citric acid (the second procedure) was composed of only one component, which was isolated as a single peak. The smaller fractions, G-I-G-VII, were found to be derived from G-VIII by the action of trypsin-like protease contained in the extract of sperm heads with 1% citric acid. This enzyme seems to originate in the acrosome of fowl spermatozoa. Consequently, it is concluded that intact galline is composed of only one molecular species and its total amino acid sequence is represented by the completed formula of G-VIII as shown in the preceding paper (4).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Animal foci and routes of transmission of Mycobacterium avium].

The main source of Mycobacterium avium are tuberculous birds especially domestic fowl. Tuberculosis seldom occurs in other domesticated birds. Of free living birds, the synantropic species are affected. These birds are infected by contact with tuberculous fowl and spread the infection. The spread of M. avium in free living birds is not assumed. As to domestic mammals, domestic pigs are the most important source of M. avium. Mycobacteria are eliminated for a short time in the faeces of infected pigs. Irregular elimination of mycobacteria in ruminants (cattle, goats) in milk during bacteriaemia is possible. The transmission of M. avium by meat and eggs of tuberculosis poultry. Of M. avium is spread first of all by excrements of infected birds. The great resistance of M. avium to external conditions is very important for contamination of the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Novel angiotensin receptor subtypes in fowl.

We reported previously that blood vessels of domestic fowl contain angiotensin (ANG) receptors on 1) endothelium, mediating vasorelaxation via endothelium-derived relaxing factor and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; 2) vascular smooth muscles, mediating neither relaxation nor contraction; and 3) presumably adrenergic nerve endings, transmitting vasopressor action via a release of norepinephrine. We aimed in the present study to determine fowl vascular ANG receptor subtypes and relate them to function. [Val5]ANG II (native fowl ANG II) increased mean arterial pressure of anesthetized, ganglion-blocker-treated fowl. The dose-pressor response curve for fowl ANG II was not altered by pretreatment (i.v.) with the ANG receptor subtype 1 (AT1) antagonist Dup-753 (losartan, 10 mg/kg) or the subtype 2 (AT2) antagonist PD-123319 (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, cumulative doses (1-20 mg/kg) of losartan or PD-123319 did not selectively inhibit ANG II-induced pressor responses. In reserpine- and prazosin-treated anesthetized fowl, [Val5]ANG II caused dose-dependent vasodepressor actions inhibited by neither losartan (10 mg/kg) nor PD-123319 (10 mg/kg). Likewise, [Val5]ANG II-induced vasorelaxation of fowl aortic rings in vitro was not inhibitable by PD-123319 or losartan (10(-5) M). Specific binding of 125I-labeled ANG II to the aortic endothelium was markedly displaced by ANG II, but not selectively by PD-123319 or losartan. Specific binding of 125I-ANG II ligand to the membrane fraction of aortic smooth muscles was displaced (50% inhibitory concentration) by [Val5]ANG II (3.3 x 10(-8) M) and slightly by PD-123319 (3.7 x 10(-5) M), but not by losartan or EXP-3174, an active metabolite of losartan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1978

Deep pectoral myopathy: an experimental simulation in the fowl.

Surgical occlusion of the subclavian artery of domestic fowls has been found to induce a condition closely resembling, in location and histopathology, the deep pectoral myopathy of turkeys. The operative procedure is described and the significance of the collateral blood supply in the pathogenesis of the lesion is briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cyclical reproductive changes in the non-ciliated epithelia of the epididymis of birds.

The epididymis of two species of domestic birds, the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), duck (Anas platyrhynchos), and of domestic and feral guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris) was studied during the three main phases of the reproductive cycle (prepuberal, sexually mature and active, and sexually mature but inactive or resting) with a view to identifying major histological and ultrastructural changes associated with and distinctive for each phase. Rete testis cells accumulated numerous variably sized lipid droplets in all birds, as well as large heterogeneous and lipofuscin-containing dense bodies in the guinea-fowl, during the resting but not in the other phases. The principal or Type III cells of the connecting and epididymal ducts exhibited profound structural changes, including, but not limited to, rarefied cytoplasm, inconspicuous and general loss of sparsely granular endoplasmic reticulum, loss of secretory vesicles in the drake, and an enhanced and conspicuous presence of lipid droplets in the guinea-fowl. The rete cells appeared to be less sensitive than the Type III cells to a reduced level or absence of lumenal androgens. These phase-dependent changes may help to prevent or minimize discrepancies in the interpretation of the normal structure of the epididymis in birds during the sexually active phase, as distinct from the other two phases and their intermediate phases.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Epididymal lithiasis in roosters and efferent ductule and testicular damage.

Epididymal stones have been reported in roosters in the USA and Japan. The cause of this dysfunction, which is associated with low fertility, is not known. The hypothesis of the present study is that a potential cause is the aggressive selection of birds over many centuries based upon female egg laying traits, without concern for potential effects on the male. If this hypothesis is correct, one potential consequence would be the presence of epididymal stones only in domesticated fowl and this observation would be worldwide in distribution. The present study investigated epididymal lithiasis in Brazilian crossbreed roosters and two other fowl strains, in addition to several domestic and wild bird species. The efferent ductules contained stones in 94.3% of the roosters, but stones were absent in all other domestic and wild birds. The stones were irregular in shape, size and colour and consisted mainly of calcium. In affected roosters, the efferent ductules showed epithelial cell vacuolization and sloughing and peritubular mononuclear cell infiltration, culminating with atrophy. Signs of epithelial re-canalization were seen in ductules occluded by abnormal content, such as stones. In the testis, decrease in mass, sloughing of epithelium, mononuclear cell infiltration and tubular atrophy occurred. No correlation was found between the occurrence of stones and a positive test for ELISA IBV (infectious bronchitis virus), or between the number of stones and calcium concentration in water and food, indicating that IBV infection and calcium in the diet were not related to stones formation. This study confirms and extends information about the epididymal lithiasis, which appears to be unique for roosters but to occur around the world. The severity of the lesion points to potentially severe economical impact in the poultry industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Fine structure of secondary granule inclusions in fowl heterophils after ruthenium tetroxide fixation.

Bone marrow from domestic fowls was initially fixed for electron microscopy in glutaraldehyde and post-fixed with either ruthenium tetroxide or osmium tetroxide. Inclusions with distinct outlines were revealed in the secondary granules of heterophil leucocytes after ruthenium tetroxide but not with osmium tetroxide fixation. In longitudinal orientation, these inclusions were rod-shaped and composed of microfilaments measuring 3.7 nm in diameter. In transverse section, the outline of some of these inclusions was hexagonal and therefore the inclusions may be crystalline in nature.

Animals↗