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PubMedDate not supplied

[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Second update of data collected since the report of February 6, 1996].

The observation in 1995 and 1996 of 12 cases of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (V-CJD) in U.K. suggested a possible relation between this human cases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Recent papers about this topic are reviewed: BSE transmission to macaques, transmission of scrapie with embryo transfer, incidence of maternal transmission, PrP protein released by platelets, diagnostic test by detection of PrP protein in tissues of sheep, epidemiology of BSE, french regulations, identification of cattle in U.K.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Side effects of travel vaccinations. Data collection via telephone survey in Berlin].

The local and systemic side effects of some frequently administered travel vaccines were analysed in a prospective study on 3488 travelers using a standardised telephone interview procedure. The vaccines studied were yellow fever, diphtheria toxoid (d), tetanus diphtheria toxoid (Td), oral polio (OPV) and oral typhoid. Combined vaccinations studied were Td + OPV. Td + yellow fever. d + OPV and d + yellow fever. After single vaccination 30% of those inoculated reported slight local reactions. 3% had moderate local reactions and 18% complained about systemic side effects. After combined vaccinations 47% suffered from slight local reactions, 7% had moderate local reactions and 22% developed systemic side effects. Of all vaccines studied Td produced the highest frequency of local reactions. The combined vaccinations containing yellow fever vaccine were less well tolerated than the corresponding single vaccines. Systemic and local side effects were experienced more frequently by women, except in the case of diphtheria toxoid. Young travelers had more frequent and more severe side effects than older travelers after yellow fever vaccination, and after the combinations of Td + yellow fever. Td + OPV and d + yellow fever vaccinations. The side effects observed were mostly mild and none of the vaccinated travelers consulted a doctor for side effects. After travel vaccinations there are frequent, but well tolerated local and systemic side effects. Combined vaccinations are also well tolerated; their components determine the incidence of side effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Frequency and etiology of calf losses and calf diseases in cow-calf farms. I. Methods of data collection, calf mortality, and calf morbidity].

An observational study was initiated to provide general information on calf health and estimates of frequency and of economic impact of calf diseases in farms with extensive beef production. The study was planned as a cohort study and included all calves born during the calving season of 1993/94 in 105 cow-calf farms in western Switzerland. The total preweaning mortality was 8.5% (123 calves out of 1452 calvings); 2.5% of the calves were stillborn, and 6.0% died or were euthanized before weaning. Forty-four percent of all losses were recorded in the perinatal period (i.e. the first 48 hours p. p.). The average preweaning mortality among liveborn calves at farm level was 6.1%. A large variation in mortality was observed from farm to farm (0-50%). In 50% of the post mortem analyses, respiratory disease was diagnosed as the cause of death. Twenty-two percent of all calves were treated at least once by a veterinarian. Thirty-six percent of all treatments were performed because of diarrhea, 26% because of respiratory disease and 15% because of umbilical problems. From birth to weaning age, the average treatment costs including calving assistance, medication and prophylactic measures were SFr, 23.80 per calf.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Data collection as the first step in program development: the experience of a chronic care palliative unit.

This retrospective descriptive study of 73 patients who died in St. Peter's Hospital examines and contrasts the patients profile and referral sources of a palliative care unit in a chronic care hospital over two six-month periods during 1994 and 1995. Shortened length of stay (83.8 and 43.2 days respectively), documentation issues, CPR practices (CPR was desired by seven patients up to the time of death), and lack of referrals from long-term care facilities have led St. Peter's Hospital to ask further questions of its palliative care program, e.g. given the lack of referrals from long-term care facilities, how is palliative care being managed in this sector? In Ontario, palliative care has been placed under the domain of chronic care and program development depends in part on the knowledge of the population it serves. This study is a first step.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Acute poisonings with drugs. A review of the data collected at the National Poison Information Centre during the period 1991-1995.

An analysis of the files collected in the National Poison Information Centre reveals that drugs are the most frequent causes of acute poisonings (followed by pesticides and other chemical substances) not only in big cities but also in rural areas. Within the drug poisoning category, about 59% of the toxicological advice related to poisonings in children up to 14 years of age. The most frequent poisonings with drugs related to poisonings with sedative and psychotropic drugs, particularly those containing benzodiazepines, phenothiazine derivatives and tricyclic antidepressants. There were frequent inquiries relating to poisonings with drug mixtures. Self-poisonings were the most frequent cause of poisonings among the adults (87.3%), in children below 14 years of age dominated accidental poisonings (96% of all drug poisonings in children).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Data collection in periodontal treatment planning.

Providing successful dental care is a daily challenge. Techniques to improve our own technical skills are of obvious value, however careful consideration of all the available facts help us to maximize the benefit of our technical skills. We are frequently limited by the conditions and attitudes that are attached to our patients. I suggest we need to recognize those limitations and convey them to those that we are caring for. Our formulation of an accurate treatment plan is the result of consideration of as many of the factors influencing the disease as can be discovered.

Dental Records↗
PubMed1998

[Illness specific data collection on quality of life of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis].

Resource allocation in health care and rehabilitation has been increasingly influenced by medical outcome studies. In recent years, the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the evaluation of medical care and intervention practice has been widely acknowledged. In particular for chronic diseases like asthma or COPD the multi-dimensional concept of quality of life (QOL) has adopted the role of an essential outcome parameter. Instruments used to measure QOL can be categorised as one of two types: a) generic instruments which assess overall QOL and b) disease-specific questionnaires which focus on specific aspects related to a particular disease. Over the last two decades more than 1,000 QOL-instruments have been developed, including nearly 20 disease-specific inventories for patients with chronical lung diseases. In clinical practice, both generic and specific questionnaires are used to assess quality of life in patients with asthma and COPD. Disease-specific QOL-instruments are considered to be more sensitive in establishing the specific restrictions related to asthma or COPD and in detecting possible improvements in QOL after treatment. To exemplify its properties, limitations, and special methodological issues, we chose two of the most widely used and well-validated disease-specific quality of life inventories: the "St. George Hospital Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)" and the "Fragebogen zur Lebensqualität bei Asthma (FLA)". The FLA, representing the German revision of the "Living with Asthma Questionnaire (LAQ)" (Hyland et al., 1991), has been one of the first questionnaires available for measuring disease specific quality of life (QOL) in adults with asthma. The FLA contains 40 items in three dimensions ("physical symptoms", "functional status", "psychological distress"). The SGRQ (Jones et al., 1991) is a standardized questionnaire for measuring health related restrictions and quality of life in patients with chronical lung disease. In contrast to LAQ/FLA the SGRQ can be used both for patients with asthma and COPD. It includes 76 items, divided in three subscales ("symptoms", "activity", and "impacts") permitting to calculate different summary scores as well as a total score. Both questionnaires appear to be reliable, valid and efficient for the assessment of QOL in patients with asthma or COPD, and may facilitate decision making in the treatment process. On the other hand there are some unsolved methodological problems requiring further investigations and improvements in this research area.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Feasibility of collecting diary data from asthma patients through mobile phones and SMS (short message service): response rate analysis and focus group evaluation from a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Self-management of asthma may improve asthma outcomes. The Internet has been suggested as a tool for the monitoring and self-management of asthma. However, in a recent study we found that a Web interface had some disadvantages and that users stopped using the application after a short while. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate, from a user perspective, the feasibility of using short message service (SMS) for asthma diary data collection through mobile phones. The secondary objective was to investigate patient compliance with an SMS diary, as measured by response rates over time. METHODS: The study included quantitative response rate data, based on SMS collection, and qualitative data from a traditional focus group setting. In a period of 2 months, the participants received 4 SMS messages each day, including a medication reminder, a request to enter peak flow, data on sleep loss, and medication dosage. Participants were asked to reply to a minimum of 3 of the messages per day. Diary inputs were collected in a database and the response rate per patient was expressed as the number of diary inputs (SMS replies) divided by diary requests (product of number of days in the study and the number of diary questions per day) for each participant. After the study period, the participants were invited to a focus group interview addressing the participants' attitudes to their disease, their experience with the SMS asthma diary, and their future expectations from the SMS asthma diary. RESULTS: Twelve patients with asthma (6 males, 6 females) participated in the data collection study. The median age was 38.5 (range: 13-57) years. The median response rate per patient was 0.69 (range: 0.03-0.98), ie, half the participants reported more than about two thirds of the requested diary data. Furthermore, response rates were relatively steady during the study period with no signs of decreasing usage over time. From the subsequent focus group interview with 9 users we learned that, in general, the participants were enthusiastic about the SMS diary--it became an integrated part of their everyday life. However, the participants wished for a simpler diary with only one SMS message to respond to and a system with a Web interface for system customization and graphical display of diary data history. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that SMS collection of asthma diary data is feasible, and that SMS may be a tool for supporting the self-management of asthma (and possibly other chronic diseases) in motivated and self-efficacious patients because mobile phones are a part of people's everyday lives and enable active requests for data wherever the patient is. The combination of SMS data collection and a traditional Web page for data display and system customization may be a better and more usable tool for patients than the use of Web-based asthma diaries which suffer from high attrition rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Radiant warmers versus incubators for regulating body temperature in newborn infants.

BACKGROUND: This section is under preparation and will be included in the next issue. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of radiant warmers versus incubators (in the neonatal period) on fluid and electrolyte balance, neonatal morbidity and mortality. SEARCH STRATEGY: The standard strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. This includes searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Medline, previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conference and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal handsearching mainly in the English language. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised trials in which radiant warmers are compared to incubators in a neonatal population. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Methods used to collect data from the included studies: Each author extracted data separately, then compared and resolved differences. A referee was sought for unresolved differences. Methods used to synthesise the data : Standard method of Neonatal Review Group with the use of weighted mean difference for outcome data measured on a continuous scale. MAIN RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in insensible water loss (IWL) was shown in neonates nursed under radiant warmers (WMD 0.94g/Kg/day, 95% CI 0.48, 1.41). A trend towards increased oxygen consumption which was not statistically significant was shown for the radiant warmer group (WMD 0. 27mL/kg/min, 95% CI -0.10, 0.63). A comparison of the radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubator without heat shields showed a similar trend for increased IWL in the radiant warmer group which was not statistically significant (WMD 1.00g/kg/day, 95% CI -0.10, 2. 10). No difference was shown in the rate of oxygen consumption when radiant warmers with heat shields were compared to incubators (WMD -0.05, 95% CI -0.84, 0.74). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Radiant warmers result in increased IWL compared to incubators which needs to be taken into account when calculating daily fluid requirements.The results of this review do not provide sufficient evidence on important outcomes with the use of radiant warmers vs incubators to guide clinical practice. Further randomised controlled trials are required to assess the role of radiant warmers in neonatal care with particular attention to the extremely low birthweight population.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1993

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To review available data on genital chlamydial infections in Australia, to determine trends and to make recommendations for improving future data collection. DATA SOURCES: Data are presented from representative laboratories around Australia for the 11-year period 1980-1990. Studies of the prevalence of chlamydial infection in Australia and overseas for the same period were selected for review where relevant epidemiological information (such as patient population, reason for test, demographic data) was available. RESULTS: Overall rates of chlamydial infection from the surveyed laboratories ranged from 3.2%-14.6% for the period 1980-1982 and 2.7%-5.5% for 1990. Rates of diagnosis of Chlamydia appeared to decline in some centres while remaining relatively stable at others. Between 2800 and 4000 cases per year have been reported to the CDI (Communicable Diseases Intelligence) scheme since 1985. Substantial increases in the number of tests performed were seen in nearly all laboratories, reflecting a shift towards screening asymptomatic lower-risk women, however detailed data on the populations tested were unavailable. Studies of prevalence of genital chlamydial infection in Australia revealed highest infection rates among sexually transmitted disease clinic clients (2.5%-14%) and a prevalence of more than 5% in women attending family planning clinics. Studies from overseas showed wide variations in prevalence of infection, from 6% to 28% depending on the populations studied. CONCLUSION: Improved data collection is imperative for assessing the impact of intervention programs for chlamydial infection, which has potentially serious but largely preventable sequelae in women. Although diagnosis of genital chlamydial infection appears to be declining or at least stable in Australia, possibly due to intervention programs, it remains a relatively common sexually transmitted infection. Comparison of rates and interpretation of the figures is made difficult by changes in screening practices, lack of standard case definitions, denominator information and probable under-reporting. Recommendations proposed for improving data collection for Chlamydia include establishing sentinel sites, standardising the collection of data, and ensuring standard case definitions between sites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Precision and error of three-dimensional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images.

The genetic basis for complex phenotypes is currently of great interest for both clinical investigators and basic scientists. In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the translation from genotype to phenotype, highly precise measures of phenotypic variation are required. New technologies, such as 3D photogrammetry are being implemented in phenotypic studies due to their ability to collect data rapidly and non-invasively. Before these systems can be broadly implemented, the error associated with data collected from images acquired using these technologies must be assessed. This study investigates the precision, error, and repeatability associated with anthropometric landmark coordinate data collected from 3D digital photogrammetric images acquired with the 3dMDface System. Precision, error due to the imaging system, error due to digitization of the images, and repeatability are assessed in a sample of children and adults (n = 15). Results show that data collected from images with the 3dMDface System are highly repeatable and precise. The average error associated with the placement of landmarks is sub-millimeter; both the error due to digitization and due to the imaging system are very low. The few measures showing a higher degree of error include those crossing the labial fissure, which are influenced by even subtle movement of the mandible. These results suggest that 3D anthropometric data collected using the 3dMDface System are highly reliable and, therefore, useful for evaluation of clinical dysmorphology and surgery, analyses of genotype-phenotype correlations, and inheritance of complex phenotypes.

Adult↗