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PubMed1987

Silent partners: the wives of sleep apneic patients.

The wives of 10 male patients being treated for sleep apnea, obstructive type, were interviewed and given the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI). The patients also completed an SAS and a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These data were compared with those from a sample of divorced patients from the same pool. The married patients were significantly more depressed and socially isolated than were those divorced. Both marital partners showed poor adjustment in the Marital and Social/Leisure areas, and patients also showed poor adjustment in their Parental Role. Marriages do not necessarily represent social support but appear to be an added burden for sleep apneic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Suicide and homicide away from home.

In 1980, suicides in the United States that occurred outside the victim's home state were most often committed by young single or divorced men. Hanging was the most common means of suicide. Homicide victims who were killed outside their home state were usually male, black, divorced, young, and killed by unusual (other) means or by law-enforcement officers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Knowledge, attitudes and perception of AIDS in rural Senegal: relationship to sexual behaviour and behaviour change.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the determinants of 'at risk' sexual behaviour and perception of AIDS-related prevention messages in rural Africa. SETTING: A rural area in Southern Senegal. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire administered by local interviewers to 240 men and 242 women aged 15-59 years, randomly selected among the general population. RESULTS: Twenty-eight per cent of the sexually active men and 27% of the sexually active women declared at least one casual sexual partner in the 12 months preceding the interview. Among these, 27% of men and 30% of women declared having used a condom in most acts of casual intercourse. Seasonal migrants and divorced or widowed women were more likely to declare casual sex. Causal sex was motivated by material needs for 66% of the women who experienced it, and those of the women who reported casual sexual intercourse were less likely to feel at risk of AIDS [odds ratio (OR), 3.9; P = 0.01] and were more optimistic about their future (OR, 3.6; P = 0.03). For men, the motivations explaining a change in sexual behaviour in order to avoid HIV infection included the perception of AIDS as a health problem (OR, 11; P = 0.004), the perception of the disease as serious (OR, 5.4; P = 0.001) and the feeling of personal risk of becoming HIV-infected (OR, 3.2; P = 0.02). Perceived skill in changing one's behaviour was strongly associated with declaration of past behaviour change for both men and women (men: OR, 3.4; P = 0.02; women: OR, 6.3; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Men and women exhibit two different patterns regarding their behaviour and perception towards AIDS. Material needs appear to be of importance for women, whereas perception of a real threat lead men to adopt protective behaviours. In the very area of this study, widowed and divorced women as well as male seasonal migrants are particularly exposed to HIV infection. They are characterized by a higher risk behaviour, a low rate of condom use and seldom declared any protective measures to avoid HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Pathways to psychotropic drugs. Understanding the basis of gender differences.

Earlier studies have established substantial gender differences in the likelihood of obtaining a psychotropic drug prescription, and a correlation, especially among women, with such family characteristics as family responsibilities, marital separation, divorce or widowhood, and the presence of family stressors such as an ill spouse. However, the pathways to psychotropic drug use are not clearly understood. Data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey show that gender differences in obtaining a psychotropic drug can be accounted for by the greater likelihood of women to perceive illness, particularly mental illness and musculoskeletal conditions, diagnostic conditions that together account for roughly half of all psychotropic drug prescriptions. In relation to family responsibilities, employment significantly decreases the likelihood of a psychotropic drug prescription for both men and women. The greater likelihood of divorced, separated, or widowed women to obtain psychotropic drugs can be explained by their greater likelihood of episodes of illness, particularly those involving mental illness, and by their greater number of physician visits. The presence of all ill spouse is associated with psychotropic drug use only indirectly by increasing the likelihood of Medicaid coverage. Thus, differences between men and women in the likelihood of obtaining prescriptions for psychotropic drugs do not appear to result from different physician-patient interactions or from gender-determined treatment norms by physicians.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A test of the psychosocial vulnerability and health behavior models of hostility: results from an 11-year follow-up study of Mexican Americans.

Previous research has shown that interpersonal conflict and depression are cross-sectionally associated with hostility. Our objective was to determine whether hostility is longitudinally predictive of interpersonal distress and depression and to replicate previous research that suggests that hostility is a risk factor for other health behaviors (e.g., smoking and excessive alcohol use) and psychosocial health problems. We use data from the youngest generation of a three-generation, 11-year follow-up study of Mexican Americans, that represent 251 Mexican Americans between the ages of 18 and 42 years. Our indicator of hostility was the irritability subscale from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. After statistically controlling for marital status, language acculturation, education, age, and sex, irritability was found to predict subsequent heavy drinking, somatic symptoms associated with depression, psychosomatic symptoms, infectious disease, divorce, marital separation, ending a serious nonmarital relationship, not being married at the follow-up, and more negative feelings associated with divorce, marital separation, and ending a serious relationship. Our research supports theory and research suggesting that hostility is predictive of physical symptoms, poor health habits, and interpersonal conflict.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with risk behaviors for sexually transmitted disease/AIDS among urban Brazilian women: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of women among persons with sexually transmitted disease (STD)/AIDS in Brazil is increasing rapidly, and studies are needed to understand risk behaviors. GOAL: The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with risk behaviors for acquiring STD/AIDS among women aged 15 to 49 years in Pelotas, Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: A representative sample of women was surveyed by means of interviewer-administered and self-administered confidential questionnaires. Of the women we sought to include, 3.5% refused and 1543 participated. RESULTS: Risk behaviors included nonuse of condoms (72%); first intercourse before the age of 18 years (47%); use of drugs or alcohol by the partner (14%) or by the woman (7%); multiple partners (7%); and anal sex (3%). The risk score was significantly associated with being younger than age 30 years, having <5 years of schooling, being divorced or separated, and being a smoker. CONCLUSION: Preventive strategies should prioritize efforts toward young women, those with little schooling, smokers, and those who are divorced or separated.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular stress responses in young adulthood associated with family-of-origin relationship experiences.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of relationships within the family-of-origin on the development of physiological stress responses has significant consequences for long-term vulnerability to stress-related illness. METHODS: The current study evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) responses to a challenge task in 150 young adults from families characterized by parental loss, divorce, or intact marriages. RESULTS: Overall, higher-quality family relationships were associated with stronger recovery of SBP. For DBP and HR, interactions were found in which higher-quality family relationships were associated with stronger recovery in the loss group relative to the divorce and intact groups. Good support was found for a mediational model outlining self-regulatory abilities as a pathway linking family relationships to SBP reactivity and recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide further evidence that family-of-origin relationship experiences can affect cardiovascular responses to later-life stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternity cases.

Through analysis of 350 expertises in suits, where the man was accused of paternity, was found that these examinees often lived in a sterile marriage. When examined they often try to influence negatively the result of spermiologic examination. Sterility was ascertained here in only about 10% of cases. In the material consisting of 98 expertises in suits for denial of paternity it was found that about one half of these men were either divorced or in the course of divorce proceedings and about one third of them stated the infidelity of the wife. In more than one third of these cases sterility was proved. The court expert must often express his opinion as to the fertility of the man two or more years previously. His conclusion is especially difficult, where the spermiologic findings repeatedly vary within the limits of severe oligozoospermia with less than 5 million spermatozoids per 1 ml and where the motility is poor.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Food insufficiency in Queensland.

To investigate the prevalence of food insufficiency and factors associated with it, two questions assessing household and individual food insufficiency were included in 13 regional health surveys conducted in Queensland in 1993. The surveys used computer-assisted telephone interviewing methodology. Of the 10,451 people interviewed, 9.7 per cent and 6.4 per cent reported household and individual food insufficiency, respectively, and 11.3 per cent reported at least one type. Prevalence was significantly higher in women than men and in urban than rural residents, and decreased monotonically with increasing age from 16.6 per cent in 18- to 30-year-olds to 1.7 per cent in over-70-year-olds. Higher prevalence also was associated with lower income, unemployment, single or separated, divorced or widowed status versus married (or de facto), one-adult households, and shared accommodation. Lower prevalence was associated with more education in those aged 50 and under but not in those over 50 years. Using logistic regression to control simultaneously for important sociodemographic factors, we found that risk of food insufficiency was most highly associated with age and income (threefold risk), unemployment and shared accommodation (twofold risk) and one-adult households, and being single versus separated, widowed or divorced (one-and-a-half-fold risk). Some differences in risks existed between men and women and between rural and urban residents, although none excluded the role of chance. Association of the items with lower reported fruit, vegetable and meat intake, poorer health status, and greater underweight supports their validity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Psychosocial factors in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache: a controlled study and review of the literature.

We investigated 341 children and adolescents to evaluate the relevance of psychosocial factors in idiopathic headache. According to the criteria of the International Headache Society, 151 subjects had migraine and 94 had tension-type headache (TTH). Ninety-six subjects were headache-free controls. Psychosocial factors covered family and housing conditions, school problems, relations in the peer group, and several other items. We found that migraine patients did not differ from headache-free controls. Patients with TTH more often had divorced parents than the headache-free controls, and they had fewer peer relations than migraineurs and controls. In addition, migraine patients were significantly more often absent from school due to headache. All other psychosocial factors failed to discriminate between the three study groups. In conclusion, this controlled study in children and adolescents suggests that migraine is not related to family and housing conditions, school situation, or peer relations, whereas TTH is associated with a higher rate of divorced parents and fewer peer relations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

An epidemiological study of headache in Florianopolis, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to estimate the 1-year prevalence of headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and chronic daily headache (CDH), and the degree of association of migraine with some sociodemographic characteristics of the population of Florianopolis, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, door-to-door, population-based study. In 300 randomly selected households, 625 subjects, aged 15-64 years, responded to a structured questionnaire. The 1-year prevalence of headache was 80.8%, of migraine 22.1%, of TTH 22.9%, and of CDH 6.4%. Migraine and CDH were significantly more prevalent in females than in males. Migraine was significantly associated with the following variables: low household income, low electricity consumption, and divorced or widowed marital status. We have shown high prevalences of migraine and CDH in Florianopolis, close to the higher rates of previous studies. There was a preponderance of migraine in females, divorced or widowed, with a low socioeconomic level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Marital status after epilepsy surgery.

PURPOSE: To characterize features influencing marital status in a group of patients with refractory epilepsy before and after epilepsy surgery and to assess the effect of seizure control on marital status after epilepsy surgery. METHODS: We analyzed marital status in 430 epilepsy surgery patients and in a subset with temporal lobe epilepsy. Marital status was assessed in relation to gender and age of epilepsy onset and compared with marital rates for the U.S. population. Patients who had > or =4 years of postsurgical follow-up were examined for change in marital status after surgery. Those patients who changed marital status were then evaluated for change in employment. RESULTS: Marital rates were lower than expected in men. Men with onset of epilepsy by age 11 years were less likely to be married than men whose seizures began after age 11 or women whose seizures began at any age. Men and women with temporal lobe epilepsy had higher marriage rates than those with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. More than 4 years after epilepsy surgery (n = 190), patients who had no recurrent seizures were more likely to change marital status (28 of 124, 23%), than those who had recurrent seizures (five of 66, 8%). Seizure-free women were more likely to divorce (n = 9) than were seizure-free men (n = 1). Most men who married were employed (77%), whereas women who divorced were usually unemployed (67%). CONCLUSIONS: The age at which seizures begin influences later marital status in men, who have reduced marriage rates. The abolition of seizures by epilepsy surgery creates new opportunities for changing social relationships. Location of the epileptic focus may influence psychosocial function.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comorbid occurrence of liver and pancreas disease in United States military veterans.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical epidemiology of the comorbidity between liver and pancreas disease is unknown. The Patient Treatment File of the Department of Veterans Affairs contains the computerized records of all inpatients treated in 172 Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals distributed throughout the United States. This large database offers a unique opportunity to study the epidemiology of liver-pancreas comorbidity (LPC). METHODS: In a case-control study, 6,393 LPC cases were compared to 34,513 controls with alcoholic liver disease and liver cirrhosis alone and 68,038 controls without liver or pancreas disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the joint influence of multiple risk factors on the occurrence of LPC. RESULTS: LPC occurred in 15.6% of patients with alcoholic liver disease and liver cirrhosis identified in the Patient Treatment File between 1990 and 1993. Compared to controls with liver disease alone, LPC cases were characterized by younger age (odds ratio = 0.88 per age decade, CI = 0.86-0.90) and African American (2.33, 2.18-2.48) or Hispanic (1.24, 1.12-1.38) ethnicity. Compared to controls with neither liver nor pancreas disease, LPC cases were characterized by male gender (1.67, 1.28-2.17), African American (1.41, 1.32-1.50) or Hispanic (2.04, 1.82-2.30) ethnicity, more frequent history of alcoholism (29.5, 26.7-32.6), and being divorced (1.35, 1.26-1.44). CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity of liver and pancreas disease is relatively common in the veteran population. Such patients are more frequently divorced and of African American or Hispanic ethnicity, and present with a history of excessive alcoholism at a relatively young age.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1987

High-dose estrogen-progestagen oral contraceptives: a risk factor for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A 10-year follow-up (1970-79) of a defined general population (n = 159 200) of middle-aged (born in 1911-40), urban, native Swedes, revealed that the prevalence rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 2.8 times higher in females than in males. This was mainly due to an accumulation of non-hypertensive aneurysmal subarachnoid bleeds in women born in the period 1932-40. The cases were significantly (P less than 0.001) overrepresented among divorced women, with relative risks of 1.89, 0.98 and 0.63 for divorced women, married women and spinsters (never married), respectively. Since high-dose estrogen-progestagen oral contraceptives have largely been used by the younger members of this study cohort, it may be speculated whether the observed substantial excess prevalence rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage with saccular aneurysm, not reported previously, represents a cohort effect unexpected after the introduction of low-dose oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Life events and mental disorder in an urban female population.

A comprehensive population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden was carried out in 1968-1969. Altogether 800 women participated in the psychiatric study. Four age strata were studied i.e. women born in 1930, 1922, 1918 and 1914. The same women were re-studied in 1974-1975 (participation rate 84.6%) establishing (1) prevalence of mental disorder, (2) six-year incidence of mental disorder, (3) one-year incidence of mental disorder, (4) occurrence of undesirable life events and (5) connections between life events and one-year incidence of mental disorder. The average prevalence rate was 13.4% for mental disorder with functional impairment, exceeded in lower social groups, by the divorced and the recently widowed. Depressive disorders were most common and autonomic disturbances were the most frequent symptoms. The six-year incidence of mental disorder with functional impairment was 19.5% with raised rate for the divorced and the childless. Undesirable life events increased with the number of children, and decreased with age. The one-year incidence rate decreased with increasing age. The one-year incidence of mental disorder was increased with the amount of undesirable life events.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Marital status and depression: a study of English national admission statistics.

Data are presented from the English national statistics for first admissions with affective disorders during the years 1982-1985. Overall rates per 10(5) of the population aged over 15 years were 36.1 for men and 59.1 for women. The peak incidence for depressive neurosis was middle adulthood, that for affective psychosis much later. The widowed and divorced showed much higher rates than the single and married for all types of disorder. Marriage appeared less protective for women than for men. The age-incidence relationship among the divorced and widowed was exaggerated for depressive neurosis and reversed for psychosis. The results are interpreted in terms of a (possibly biological) releasing effect of age upon affective psychosis that could be overwhelmed by severely adverse social circumstances. The findings support the validity of the distinction between affective psychoses and depressive neurosis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Differential and spatial aspects of suicide mortality in New South Wales and Sydney, 1980 to 1991.

Occupational and marital status dimensions of suicide mortality in New South Wales were examined for the periods 1980 to 1985 and 1986 to 1989-90 respectively, and marital status and birthplace group mortality profiles were examined in relation to grouped occupations, with a view to identifying the relative influence of these differentiating factors on suicide mortality. Spatial analysis was undertaken for different ages, in major regions of New South Wales and statistical local areas in Sydney for the period 1985 to 1991, and associations with socioeconomic characteristics of geographic areas were investigated. Despite residential revitalisation in inner city areas, higher mortality in several inner city localities has persisted over time while levels have risen in some outer areas. Never-married and divorced men in manual work were most at risk of committing suicide and never-married and divorced women had elevated suicide levels. Male suicide levels were elevated among farmers and related workers, and youth and adult male suicide levels were elevated in inland regions of the state. Possible explanations for the variations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Who asks for vasectomy reversal and why?

Of the 76 men requesting reversal of vasectomy who were interviewed at Charing Cross Hospital between June 1978 and September 1981, 31 were still married. These men had decided to have a vasectomy during a crisis-a recent pregnancy or financial stress being the commonest reason. Most wanted another child but others wished to be "put back to normal," and a few hoped reversal would help their marriage. Forty-five (59%) were divorced or separated and felt disadvantaged in courtship or remarriage by being infertile, many wives or partners being "desperate" for a pregnancy. A greater number of requests for reversal came from men who had been under 35 at the time of vasectomy and who were more likely to have been divorced, especially if there had been a teenage pregnancy. The risks of regret after sterilisation appear to relate to immaturity at the time of the vasectomy and to be as great for young men as for young women.

Adult↗