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PubMed1973

Antigenic determinants of infective and inactivated human rhinovirus type 2.

Treatment of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV 2) virions at pH 5, at 56 C or in 2 M urea, produces one or both of two types of subviral particles. These subviral particles sediment at 135S or at 80S and both share what have been designated as C-antigenic determinants; the determinants of native virions have been designated D. These sets of determinants have been contrasted by the techniques of immunodiffusion, complement fixation, and serum blocking, and the results indicate that many or most of the D-determinants are lost in the conversion to C antigenicity. Some of the HRV 2 C-determinants also react, in immunodiffusion and in complement fixation tests, with antisera produced against HRV 1A virions. The inverse reaction has also been detected by complement fixation. Purified natural top component (NTC) of HRV 2 contains C- and, to a lesser extent, D-determinants. The D-determinants of NTC are also, like those of virions, lost upon treatment at pH 5. These results are discussed in terms of a conformational model for the D- to C-antigenic conversion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the convenient serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis in mares.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Antigen preparation was simple, and antigens derived from both classical and atypical forms of T. equigenitalis enabled detection of antibody responses elicted in horses experimentally exposed to either form of the bacterium. Sera serially obtained from these horses from 0 to 63 days postexposure were tested by the traditional complement fixation test (CFT) for CEM and with the ELISA, using both antigens separately. There was close agreement between CFT and ELISA methodologies during the postexposure time period used to detect CEM serodiagnostically in regulatory animal health testing programs. Unlike the CFT, which requires an overnight incubation step, the ELISAs are more convenient and can be completed in 3 hours.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coccidioidomycosis in Brazil. A case report.

UNLABELLED: Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic infection with a relatively limited geographic distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and the southwest of the United States. In these countries, the endemic area is restricted to the semiarid desert like regions which are similar to the northeast of Brazil. CASE REPORT: The patient is a 32 year-old male, born in the state of Bahia (Northeast of Brazil) and has been living in São Paulo (Southeast) for 6 years. He was admitted at Hospital das Clínicas, at the Department of Pneumology in October 1996, with a 6 month history of progressive and productive cough, fever, malaise, chills, loss of weight, weakness and arthralgia in the small joints. Chest x-rays and computerized tomography disclosed an interstitial reticulonodular infiltrate with a cavity in the right upper lobe. The standard potassium hydroxide preparation of sputum and broncoalveolar lavage demonstrated the characteristic thickened wall spherules in various stages of development. Sabouraud dextrose agar, at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C showed growth of white and cottony aerial miceleium. The microscopic morphology disclosed branched hyphae characterized by thick walled, barrel shaped arthroconidia alternated with empty cells. The sorological studies with positive double immunodiffusion test, and also positive complement fixation test in 1/128 dilution confirmed the diagnosis. The patient has been treated with ketoconazole and presents a favorable clinical and radiological evolution.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Diagnosis and control of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

The diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has often been considered difficult. This is because of the confusion that can arise with other mycoplasmoses of small ruminants. Symptoms and lesions can be similar and the isolation of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (MccF38) requires skilled technicians. Once MccF38 strains are isolated, their identification should not be difficult. New techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, now offer the possibility of identifying MccF38 directly from dried samples. However, the isolation of MccF38 strains is always required for an official declaration of infection. Until now, the official serological test has been the complement fixation test; the main drawbacks being lack of sensitivity and specificity and also the short persistence of antibodies detected by this technique. The specific competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has now been developed and should enable wide serological enquiries to determine the real prevalence of the disease. Antibiotic treatments are effective but may not prevent persistence in latent carriers. An inactivated vaccine with saponin as an adjuvant has been produced in Kenya, which protects goats for approximately one year.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of serological tests for the detection of ovine and caprine antibody to Brucella melitensis.

The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IELISA), the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) and the fluorescence polarisation assay (FPA) were evaluated with sera from sheep experimentally infected with Brucella melitensis and negative Canadian sheep. The sensitivity and specificity of the assays were as follows: IELISA: 91.7% and 97.6%, CELISA: 75.0% and 99.8% and FPA: 91.7% and 89.5%. Sera from the same experimental population were divided according to serological reaction in the rose bengal agglutination test (RBT) and the complement fixation test (CFT). Reactivity relative to the RBT positive and CFT positive sera were as follows: IELISA: 99.7%, CELISA: 93.2% and FPA: 99.1%. Since sera from goats with proven B. melitensis infection were not available, 699 sera from goats judged positive in the buffered antigen plate agglutination test (BPAT) and CFT and 982 BPAT/CFT negative Canadian goats were used. The sensitivity and specificity of the assays relative to the BPAT and CFT positive sera were: IELISA: 99.4% and 98.0%, CELISA: 95.4% and 97.1% and FPA: 92.7% and 99.8%.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1999

[Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women in the Ceské Budĕjovice District].

In 1984-1986 in the district of Ceské Budĕjovice in the southern part of the Czech Republic pregnant women were subjected to serological examinations for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. A total of 3,392 women were examined within the age bracket 16-54 years. For the serological examination parallel examinations were made using Sabin-Feldman test (SFT) and the complement fixation test (CFT). In SFT the basic serum dilution was 1:4, in CFT 1:10. Pregnant women were examined once or repeatedly. During the first examination which was usually made between the second and third month of pregnancy the total (SFT and CFT) prevalence was 37%. In the SFT antibodies were detected in 35%, in CFT in 25%. The second blood sample was taken during the 4th-5th month of pregnancy and subsequent samples during the 8th-9th month of pregnancy. In women who were examined twice or repeatedly (a total of 1,409 women), the dynamics of prevalence of antibodies were recorded. 64% women were permanently negative, 33% women were permanently positive with the same or a slightly varying titre and in 3% women during pregnancy, seroconversion was observed or a significant rise of antibodies. In 20 women where seroconversion or a significant rise of antibodies was found data were collected to find out whether in their children from birth to the age of 12-13 years toxoplasmosis was diagnosed. The toxoplasmosis was not diagnosed in these children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dot immunoassay with colloidal silver particles as a marker of specific antigen for testing human sera for brucellosis].

Whether the dot immunoassay is suitable for the detection of Brucella antibodies in human sera by using a colloidal silver-labeled Brucella specific antigen as a diagnostic tool is assessed. The antigen was the B. abortus 19BA protein polysaccharide complex isolated by Brucella acetic acid hydrolysis. The dot immunoassay is easy-to-use, cost-effective, highly sensitive, and therefore of more informative value in detecting Brucella antigens than routine serological tests (Huddleson test, Wright agglutination test, passive hemagglutination test, long-term complement fixation test, and Coombs test). It requires no use of expensive equipment and reagents.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1962

Serum protein profiles in coccidioidomycosis.

Serum protein analysis is a valuable addition to the present methods for evaluating the status of the individual patient with coccidioidomycosis. The albumin protein and albumin glycoprotein decrease and gamma protein increases in relation to severity of infection. In 40 patients with coccidioidomycosis, changes in individual protein fractions could be significantly correlated with conventional laboratory tests, such as the complement fixation test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hematocrit. Changes in the alpha, glycoprotein concentration, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the hematocrit value appear to be related to the degree of inflammation, while the changes in the gamma protein and the beta, glycoprotein appear to be related to the specific antibody response.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2003

Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part I: Techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp.

Brucellosis is a world-wide re-emerging zoonosis and the most frequent laboratory-acquired bacterial infection, causing severe disease in humans with unspecific clinical signs affecting numerous organs. Contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated animal products and handling of Brucella isolates in laboratories are risk factors. Various other febrile illnesses, e.g. malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and tularemia may present with the same symptoms. Therefore, clinical diagnosis is difficult to establish but effective therapy requires an early diagnosis. Vaccines for humans are still not commercially available. Blood culturing of Brucella is time-consuming and not reliable. Thus diagnosis is usually based on indirect serological tests, i.e. serum agglutination test, complement fixation or the Coombs test. However, these 'conventional' serological tests lack sensitivity and specificity. Hence, a combination of various tests is mandatory for a definite diagnosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays can be used for screening and confirmation of brucellosis in one step. Molecular techniques like the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism are needed to differentiate species and strains within the genus Brucella. This review will summarize advantages and disadvantages of the techniques used in clinical laboratories for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Serological activity of anti-Brucella abortus immunoglobulins in the rose bengal plate test in cattle].

The present study was to determine serological activity of cattle anti-Brucella antibodies in rose bengal plate test with regard to classical tests, i.e. standard agglutination test (SAT) and CFT (Complement Fixation Test). The serum containing antibodies of IgM class characteristic of the early stage of infection was taken from a calf on 13th day after the administration of Br. abortus S19 killed strain. The serum containing IgG antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses) indicating the chronic brucellosis was taken from a cow infected naturally. IgM antibodies were isolated from serum by column chromatography on Sefadeks G-200 gel and IgG1 and IgG2 by column chromatography on DEAE cellulose. It was found out that IgM, IgG1, IgG2 were active in RBPT, SAT and IgM, IgG1 in CFT. The activity of anti-Brucella immunoglobulins in RBPT proves the possibility of diagnosing the above mentioned infections using this test. Taking into account titer height, in particular tests with certain Ig class, it can be said that acidic medium in RBPT reduces not selectively the activity of all immunoglobulin classes comparing with SAT and CFT, and that RBPT is typical qualitative test more valuable than SAT. The reduction of activity of all immunoglobulin classes in RBPT at significantly lower content of M immunoglobulin than IgG1 in the serum may explain the very high specificity of the test. Moreover, it was found that half the amount of the antigen in RBPT has a significant effect on the increase of test sensitivity.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

[Occurrence of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis in siblings].

The author points out in connection with the description of two families in which evidently several children suffered damage through toxoplasmosis with which the mother had been infected a long time ago (pseudocoloboma of the macula, changes of the macula similar to juvenile degreneration, abortion and malformations such as anophthalmia, rhinoschisis, cheiloschisis, gnathoschisis and palatoschisis), that low titer levels in the Sabin-Feldmann test and in the complement fixation test are by no means totally insignificant for subsequent pregnancies, as is commonly assumed. In any case, women who have already given birth to children with congenital toxoplasmosis should be subjected to toxoplasmosis treatment, as far as possible, before any new pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other serological tests for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated in human toxoplasmosis in three laboratories using their own procedures. The same batch of serum samples was investigated in the three laboratories. ELISA results were compared by statistical analysis both with one another and with those of the dye test (DT), immunofluorescence (IF), complement fixation test (CFT), and indirect haemagglutination (IHA).Highly significant correlations were obtained between the three laboratories with ELISA using two different antigens and enzyme conjugates. The correlations between ELISA and the other serological tests showed the following sequence: CFT>IF>IHA>DT. Highly significant correlations were obtained between ELISA using anti-gamma-chain and anti-total immunoglobulin conjugates. The agreement in discrimination between sera with low and high antibody levels was good for all the different ELISA techniques but discrimination between positive and negative sera depended rather on the ELISA procedure used.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of an experimental chicks model for paratuberculosis enteritis (Johne's disease).

Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of paratuberculosis is constrained by the lack of an experimental animal model. To investigate this problem conventional chicks immunodepressed by a Cyclophosphamide injection and concurrent inoculation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) were infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and kept for 4 months. The immunodepressed chicks eliminated mycobacteria with their faces from the first month until the third month and developed typical intestinal lesions of mycobacterial infection characterized by aggregation of macrophages with monocytes and lymphocytes. Diarrhoea was absent. The number of lymphocytes decreased by about 80%. The serological tests carried out with Complement Fixation test were negative. For the positive bacteriology and typical granulomatous lesions, the conventionally reared chicks proved to be a useful laboratory model for reproduction of Johne's disease.

Animals↗