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PubMed2026

Space to grieve and grow: A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for people newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review synthesized evidence from intervention studies published over the past 25 years that aimed to improve coping and psychosocial well-being among individuals early in the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease course. The goal was to evaluate intervention characteristics, theoretical foundations, and psychosocial outcomes, and to identify gaps for future research. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (2000-2025). Eligible studies included quantitative or mixed-methods interventions that addressed coping or psychosocial well-being among adults newly diagnosed with MS. Data extraction and quality assessment were completed independently by multiple reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. RESULTS: Seven studies (n = 345) met inclusion criteria, representing cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, acceptance-based, and nurse- or peer-delivered interventions. The interval between diagnosis and intervention enrollment ranged from 14 days to >4 years, suggesting different phases of adjustment. All interventions produced significant short-term improvements in at least one psychosocial domain (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress, coping, or illness acceptance). However, sustained effects beyond 6-12 months were inconsistent. Common mechanisms across interventions included enhancing self-efficacy, stress management, and adaptive coping. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that brief psychosocial interventions for adults in the early years after MS diagnosis are feasible and may provide short-term benefits for selected psychosocial outcomes. However, the evidence base remains limited, heterogeneous, and preliminary. Future studies should more clearly define diagnosis timing, use adequately powered designs and longer follow-up, and examine mechanisms of change.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Is age kinder to the initially more able? A study of eminent scientists and academics.

Elderly eminent academics and blue-collar workers were compared with Doctor of Philosophy students and trade apprentices to investigate whether intelligence and memory deteriorate at a slower rate in persons with high ability. The elderly groups showed decline on tests of perceptual-motor speed, visuospatial reasoning, inferential thinking and memory relative to the young subjects. Initial ability determined the level of intellectual performance, such that elderly academics maintained their initial advantage over the elderly blue-collar workers. However, with the exception of the Similarities subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the rate of change on tests of memory and intelligence did not differ for the high- and low-ability groups. The hypothesis that high ability is associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline was not supported.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2005

Some remarks on the relevance of basic research in nursing inquiry.

The aim of this article was to illuminate the issue of basic research in nursing and to problematize its relevance for our discipline. First, we asked leading nursing scholars in the Nordic countries to share their views on basic research in nursing. Thereafter, the ideas, views and suggestions of the scholars were amalgamated with insights from the literature and from the discussions in our project team. Our two guiding questions were: What role can basic research be assigned? Which, if any, forms of basic research can be identified? We found that basic nursing research may be seen as a necessary basis for applied research, as a contribution to applied research, or that the whole issue is seen as a pseudo-issue. We further found that basic nursing research can be seen as either contextual or general as well as either intradisciplinary or multidisciplinary in form. We conclude by the following three succinct remarks or assertions: that basic nursing research is not to be equated with biomedical conceptions of basic research; that basic nursing research may take place on several theoretical levels; and finally, that an indiscriminate dismissal of basic research in nursing may affect the cognitive autonomy of our discipline.

Art↗
PubMed2006

An integrative research review: effective school-based childhood overweight interventions.

PURPOSE: To describe theoretical and methodological characteristics of effective school-based interventions that used healthy lifestyle education, dietary habits, and/or physical activity in children ages 4 to 14. DESIGN: Integrative research review. METHODS: Stetler's model of research utilization. RESULTS: Social Cognitive Theory was the stated or implied theory in eight of the 10 studies. Healthy lifestyle education was initiated in nine studies, dietary habits in four, and physical activity in eight. Four of the 10 studies used a combination of all three interventions; three used a combination of two interventions; and three used only one intervention. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Social Cognitive Theory and the role of social learning are useful when designing interventions for preventing and treating childhood overweight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Perceptions as hypotheses.

Perceptions may be compared with hypotheses in science. The methods of acquiring scientific knowledge provide a working paradigm for investigating processes of perception. Much as the information channels of instruments, such as radio telescopes, transmit signals which are processed according to various assumptions to give useful data, so neural signals are processed to give data for perception. To understand perception, the signal codes and the stored knowledge or assumptions used for deriving perceptual hypotheses must be discovered. Systematic perceptual errors are important clues for appreciating signal channel limitations, and for discovering hypothesis-generating procedures. Although this distinction between 'physiological' and 'cognitive' aspects of perception may be logically clear, it is in practice surprisingly difficult to establish which are responsible even for clearly established phenomena such as the classical distortion illusions. Experimental results are presented, aimed at distinguishing between and disconvering what happens when there is mismatch with the neural signal channel, and when neural signals are processed inappropriately for the current situation. This leads us to make some distinctions between perceptual and scientific hypotheses, which raise in a new form the problem: What are 'objects'?

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Disciplinary Differences in Self-Regulated Learning in College Students

The personal attributes of self-regulated learning are often described in terms of knowledge base, adaptive motivational beliefs, and appropriate use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies for learning. These attributes are usually assumed to apply across all disciplines and contexts, but there has been little research that has examined the disciplinary differences in these personal attributes of self-regulated learning. The present study examined college students' knowledge, motivation, and self-regulatory learning strategies in humanities, social science, and natural science college courses. The sample included 380 college students from three different institutions. Students were given a measure of their course knowledge and a self-report measure of their motivational beliefs and use of self-regulatory strategies at the beginning and end of the semester. Three levels of achievement were created from final course grade and ANOVA's were used to examine the differences in knowledge, motivation, and self-regulation by achievement level and discipline. The results suggest that the components of knowledge, motivation, and self-regulation do distinguish high from low achievers in social and natural science courses, but not in the humanities courses. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of our models of self-regulated learning across disciplines and implications for measuring self-regulated learning in different disciplines.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Complex functions of the brain.

Over the course of the last 50 years it has been possible to solve a number of basic problems in neurobiology. Interest is now turning more and more to problems concerning so-called "higher" brain functions, including cognition. Examples from the visual system in primates are presented. First relatively elementary problems are illustrated, such as how long it takes to perceive an object or to respond to a stimulus or combinations of stimuli. Top-down modification of perception by expectation is demonstrated in an illusion of misdirected gaze. Interdisciplinary questions straddling the sciences and the humanities are also approached, such as which part of the brain mediates conscious perception. Finally, the problem of causality and freedom of will is addressed, taking into account the knowledge accumulated in the neurosciences during the last 5 decades.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning.

Why do so many otherwise intelligent patients and therapists pay considerable sums for products and therapies of alternative medicine, even though most of these either are known to be useless or dangerous or have not been subjected to rigorous scientific testing? The author proposes a number of reasons this occurs: (1) Social and cultural reasons (e.g., many citizens' inability to make an informed choice about a health care product; anti-scientific attitudes meshed with New Age mysticism; vigorous marketing and extravagant claims; dislike of the delivery of scientific biomedicine; belief in the superiority of "natural" products); (2) psychological reasons (e.g., the will to believe; logical errors of judgment; wishful thinking, and "demand characteristics"); (3) the illusion that an ineffective therapy works, when actually other factors were at work (e.g., the natural course or cyclic nature of the disease; the placebo effect; spontaneous remission; misdiagnosis). The author concludes by acknowledging that when people become sick, any promise of a cure is beguiling. But he cautions potential clients of alternative treatments to be suspicious if those treatments are not supported by reliable scientific research (criteria are listed), if the "evidence" for a treatment's worth consists of anecdotes, testimonials, or self-published literature, and if the practitioner has a pseudoscientific or conspiracy-laden approach, or promotes cures that sound "too good to be true."

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed2002

Protective Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Antibodies.

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease by recruiting an immune response against beta-amyloid was suggested by the findings that monoclonal antibodies against beta-amyloid peptide can keep the peptides from aggregating into neurotoxic fibrils and dissolve already formed amyloid. Subsequent beta-amyloid vaccination studies in transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease have shown a significant reduction in the number of amyloid plaques and overall amyloid burden and even some improvement in cognitive performance. It is not yet clear if immunization with soluble or fibrillar forms of beta-amyloid peptide will end up being a treatment to prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease. However, various strategies for mobilizing the immune system may be effective toward treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease in humans. (c) 2002 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Vascular Amyloidosis in Neurodegenerative Conditions.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy defines the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the walls of medium- and small-size leptomeningeal and cortical arteries and arterioles. This condition is an important cause of cerebral hemorrhages and is also associated with cerebral infarctions and diffused white matter changes. In many instances, vascular amyloid deposits co-exist with intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, being the cognitive areas the most severely affected. However, the importance of cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a causative element in the process of neurodegeneration is still debatable. This review discusses inherited dementia syndromes associated with neuronal loss and amyloid deposition in the brain, with particular focus on familial Alzheimer's disease and chromosome 13 dementia. (c) 2002 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Parent-based intervention strategies to reduce adolescent alcohol-impaired driving.

OBJECTIVE: To review selected issues to consider when designing parent-based interventions for reducing alcohol-impaired driving in adolescent populations and to present a theoretical framework for analyzing such behavior. METHOD: The existing literature on alcohol-impaired driving and parent influences is considered based on a literature review of contemporary social science journals. Data also are presented from a survey of junior and senior high school students in the Capitol District of New York. CONCLUSIONS: Parent-based approaches are promising and represent an additional tool in the armament of strategies to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. Programs should focus on variables that are amenable to change (cognitions and attitudes), conduct preliminary studies to isolate relevant attitudes and cognitions for the target population of interest, formulate strategies that recognize the numerous demands in a parent's life and take into account existing theoretical frameworks on alcohol-impaired driving in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[The cognitive role of epidemiology and its pitfalls].

One of the most important roles of epidemiology is to seek causes of diseases. The causality in medicine is a difficult philosophical category which requires deep ontological thinking and a thorough methodological preparation. If this condition is not met, various misunderstandings and errors develop with serious consequences for clinical practice. In recent medical literature we find many controversial views which are abused by the press and cause mistrust of the public to medical science and attract patients to the dubious practices of alternative medicine. It is therefore the duty of research workers to pay more attention to modern epidemiological methods and their philosophy. The predominating pluricausal model of risk factors is recently criticized because of its excessive simplicity. reductionism and dualism which separates health from disease. The need arises of a new universal model of health where the dominant position will be held by social environmental, behavioral and psychological aspects. Modern epidemiology needs not only a correct methodology but also a proper theory.

Causality↗
PubMed2000

Effect of resident call status on ABSITE performance. American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination.

BACKGROUND: Long work hours that result in fatigue may adversely affect cognitive function. Chronically sleep-deprived surgical residents fear that being on call the night before sitting for a standardized test puts them at a potential disadvantage. We examined American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores to assess the effect of call status on exam performance. METHODS: Results of the 1994 ABSITE for 424 residents in 15 New England general surgery programs were collected. We compared standard scores of residents for the total test, clinical management, and basic science components with resident call status (on/off) for the night before the exam. RESULTS: Differences were apparent in total test scores (mean: off, 496.1; on, 466.0; P <.03) and clinical management scores (mean: off, 504.3; on, 470.6; P <.02) (t test, Mann-Whitney U test). Multivariate analyses revealed that differences in postgraduate year level and training track were significant contributors to differences in scores in all test components (analysis of covariance). Call status was not a significant factor in score variation after adjusting for these 2 factors. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in ABSITE scores of residents were related to postgraduate year level and training track. Call status had no significant effect on ABSITE performance.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

The future of optimism.

Recent theoretical discussions of optimism as an inherent aspect of human nature converge with empirical investigations of optimism as an individual difference to show that optimism can be a highly beneficial psychological characteristic linked to good mood, perseverance, achievement, and physical health. Questions remain about optimism as a research topic and more generally as a societal value. Is the meaning of optimism richer than its current conceptualization in cognitive terms? Are optimism and pessimism mutually exclusive? What is the relationship between optimism and reality, and what are the costs of optimistic beliefs that prove to be wrong? How can optimism be cultivated? How does optimism play itself out across different cultures? Optimism promises to be one of the important topics of interest to positive social science, as long as it is approached in an even-handed way.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Connection, regulation, and care plan innovation: a case study of four nursing homes.

We describe how connections among nursing home staff impact the care planning process using a complexity science framework. We completed six-month case studies of four nursing homes. Field observations (n = 274), shadowing encounters (n = 69), and in-depth interviews (n = 122) of 390 staff at all levels were conducted. Qualitative analysis produced a conceptual/thematic description and complexity science concepts were used to produce conceptual insights. We observed that greater levels of staff connection were associated with higher care plan specificity and innovation. Connection of the frontline nursing staff was crucial for (1) implementation of the formal care plan and (2) spontaneous informal care planning responsive to changing resident needs. Although regulations could theoretically improve cognitive diversity and information flow in care planning, we observed instances of regulatory oversight resulting in less specific care plans and abandonment of an effective care planning process. Interventions which improve staff connectedness may improve resident outcomes.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed1999

Integrating information literacies into an undergraduate nursing programme.

The development of support for a more research-based approach to care has created the imperative for nursing education to tackle the issue of information literacy. Information literacy means the ability to locate, evaluate and apply information in critical thinking and problem solving. This paper outlines and provides a rationale for a curriculum-integrated information literacy programme, implemented in the pre-registration Bachelor of Nursing course at the University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. It also describes a multidimensional evaluation process for determining nursing students' growth in cognitive and affective domains. Results of the programme evaluation will be featured in a future paper.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2006

Preventing Alcohol Abuse among Early Adolescents through Family and Computer-Based Interventions: Four-Year Outcomes and Mediating Variables.

III-timed and excessive use of alcohol is associated with multiple and irreversible disabilities. The relationship between perinatal alcohol use and developmental disabilities, including fetal alcohol syndrome, is well documented. Empirical evidence also links alcohol use to a host of other developmental and physical problems among the offspring of drinkers and among drinkers themselves. Toward advancing the science of how to reduce alcohol abuse risks, this study developed and tested family and computer-based approaches for preventing alcohol use among a community sample of inner-city minority youth. Original findings from 4-year follow-up data obtained from over 90% of the study sample document continued positive program outcomes and shed light on cognitive problem solving, peer, and family mediators of alcohol use risk and protective factors among target youth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The direct and indirect controls of meal size.

Meal size is a major determinant of energy intake and an important phenotype in animal models of obesity and in human eating disorders. Successful analysis of the controls of meal size is a fundamental goal of the science of ingestion. This paper proposes a new classification of the controls of meal size based on an unambiguous physical criterion. The criterion is food stimuli contacting preabsorptive receptors along the surface of the gut from the tip of the tongue to the end of the small intestine. Direct controls depend upon such contact. Indirect controls, e.g., rhythmic metabolic, cognitive, etc., do not have such contact. Instead, indirect controls change meal size by modulating the potency of direct controls. A method of measuring the potency of direct and indirect controls is described. The classification is unambiguous, comprehensive, and explicates the functional relationship between indirect and direct controls. Because the method of measurement is quantitative, this classification is heuristic foe mechanistic research and provides a common theoretical framework for diverse investigators interested in different aspects of the controls of eating and meal size.

Eating↗