Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CLASSIFICATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,549 records · Page 86Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[Anatomic-therapeutic-chemical classification of drugs].

European Research Association for Pharmaceutical Market and an international group have developed the ADC Drug Classification system, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). It has been in use since 1987. According to this classification, drugs are grouped into fourteen basic groups according to the organic system of the organism where they work. These fourteen anatomical groups represent the first anatomical level and is labeled with one capital letter, as follows: A Alimentary tract and metabolism B Blood and blood forming organs C Cardiovascular system D Dermatologicals G Genito urinary system and sex hormones H Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones J General antiinfectives for systemic use L Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents M Muscle-skeletal system N Nervous system P Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents R Respiratory system S Sensory organs V Various. Drugs are further divided into therapeutic groups and subgroups (2nd and 3rd level), the 4th level is the chemical-therapeutic subgroup. The 5th level is the generic drug name. Each drug is represented by 7 numeric-character bytes code. These seven bytes are determining the group (1st anatomical classification level marked by a capital letter) with the corresponding therapeutic subgroups on the 2nd and 3rd classification level, 4th level labels the chemical-therapeutic subgroup, while the 5th level is signified by the individual chemical compounds (generic name) and is marked by an Arabic number. The importance of the ATC classification is the possibility of the international comparability, monitoring of the use and consumption from various aspects. The standardized monitoring methodology incorporates too the daily doze determining methodology (DDD). Defined Daily Dose (DDD) is the drug amount used for the most common indication, and is, therefore, the basic statistical unit of drug use monitoring. It represents not only the recommended doze, but is also the only means of acquiring the number of patients receiving that particular drug (DDD per 1000 inhabitants). This makes the basis for the comparability of drug use in various places (country, region, institution, etc.).

Europe↗
PubMed2000

[Comments on the proposal of a new WHO classification of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma].

Newly proposed WHO classification of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (17) is based on the principles of the REAL classification. According to these principles, the classification represents a list of tumor disease entities, which have been accepted by clinical practice. The entities are defined by a multiparameter approach, which involves morphology, immunophenotype and genotype of the tumor cells, as well as clinical presentation and course of the disease requiring an appropriate therapy. All the categories of the WHO classification are briefly described, together with their relationship to the categories of the Kiel classification.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A clinico-pathogenetic classification of tuberculosis of the eye].

Clinical pathogenetic classification is based on the results of many-year observation of a large group of patients in whom the tuberculous etiology of ocular disease was confirmed by a universal approach based on reliable informative diagnostic criteria. Three pathogenetic and 4 clinical forms of ocular tuberculosis were distinguished. The classification for the first time includes ocular involvement in tuberculosis of the central nervous system and tuberculosis of defense system of the eye. Tuberculous diseases of the cornea, sclera, and retinal vessels are presented in combination with uveitis of this or that localization, because they are secondary towards uveitis. The classification includes 4 sections. The diagnosis based on this classification reflects the clinical features of disease and the time course of the process. The classification is diagnostically and therapeutically oriented. It suggests a rational choice of etiological diagnosis and therapy, which is determined by the pathogenetic and clinical forms of ocular tuberculosis.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

FPSUND: a new clinical classification of urinary incontinence.

Urinary incontinence is a frequent condition that is usually clinically classified into three main subgroups: urge, stress and mixed. The latter, which can account for up to 50% of the patients, is notoriously heterogeneous. It is one of the reasons why the reports of therapeutic approaches to treat incontinence vary in the medical literature and it also explains the difficulty to compare results between studies. In an attempt to address this problem and to clarify the field of urinary incontinence, we have developed new clinical classification of urinary incontinence (FPSUND) where each symptom related to incontinence is rated from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms). In this acronym, "F" stands for frequency of micturition, "P" for the use of protection, "S" for the stress component of incontinence, "U" for urgency, "N" for the number of nocturnal micturition and "D" for the number of diurnal micturition. Urologists from nine different centers across Canada were asked to evaluate female patients suffering from urinary incontinence using the FPSUND classification. A total of 148 women, aged 18 to 70, suffering from urinary incontinence were thus enrolled in the study. A second, independent evaluation of the same patients was performed by registered nurses or by urodynamic technicians. The reproducibility of the classification between two observers, as measured by the Weighted Kappa score was excellent, with kappa scores between 0.47 and 0.74 (p<0.05). Overall, the users of the classification found it very easy to use in a clinical setting. We would like to propose the FPSUND classification of urinary incontinence as a useful mean to evaluate patients suffering from incontinence and as a way to assess treatment outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of computed tomography in the classification and management of pediatric pelvic fractures.

In adults, pelvic computed tomography (CT) scanning plays an important role in the treatment of pelvic fractures; however, the role of CT scanning in the management of pediatric pelvic fractures is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of CT scanning in the management of pelvic fractures in children. One hundred three consecutive patients were identified. All patients underwent anteroposterior plain radiographic evaluation; CT scans were performed in 62. Three orthopaedic surgeons independently reviewed the plain radiographs and determined fracture classification and management. Subsequently, each observer was shown corresponding CT scans and again determined classification and management. Interobserver agreement was calculated using Kappa statistics. After the addition of CT scans, the mean changes in classification were nine (15%) and in management two (3%). Plain radiographs alone reliably predicted the need and type of operative intervention. Kappa statistics demonstrated "excellent" agreement for classification and management without and with CT scans. We reliably determined fracture classification and management based on plain radiographs alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The periodontal disease classification system of the American Academy of Periodontology--an update.

Until recently, the accepted standard for the classification of periodontal diseases was the one agreed upon at the 1989 World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics. This classification system, however, had its weaknesses. In particular, some criteria for diagnosis were unclear, disease categories overlapped, and patients did not always fit into any one category. Also, too much emphasis was placed on the age of disease onset and rate of progression, which are often difficult to determine. Finally, no classification for diseases limited to the gingiva existed. In 1999, an International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions was organized by the American Academy of Periodontology to address these concerns and to revise the classification system. The workshop proceedings have been published in the Annals of Periodontology. The major changes to the 1989 proceedings and the rationale for these changes are summarized here. In addition, the potential impact of these changes is discussed.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic value of the modified TNM (Izumi) classification of hepatocellular carcinoma in 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing resection.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Few studies have assessed the significance of prognostic factors in cirrhotic patients undergoing resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: Overall survival and disease-free survival were evaluated in 53 cirrhotic patients undergoing hepatic resection for supervening hepatocellular carcinoma. The value of the UICC TNM classification, and the Izumi modified staging system on prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis lack of micro/macrovascular invasion were predictive for long-term outcome. The difference between stages 1 and 2 or stage 3 and 4A using the UICC TNM classification was not significant with respect to survival or disease-free survival. UICC TNM classification was modified as follows; stage 1, solitary tumor without vascular invasion; stage 2, solitary or multiple tumor(s) involving adjacent vessel branch; stage 3, tumor(s) involving major vessel branch or with regional lymph node metastases; stage 4, tumor(s) with distant metastases. TNM (modified in accordance with Izumi) showed a significant difference between each stage with respect to survival and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: A uniform tumor classification of hepatocellular carcinoma is advocated. Our results show that the UICC TNM classification for hepatocellular carcinoma is inadequate and may even on occasion lead to unnecessary resection. The modified staging system of Izumi is superior in determining outcome for cirrhotic patients with supervening hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing resection.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Study on unsupervised classification in marshland of endemic area of Schistosomiasis Japonica using satellite TM image data].

OBJECTIVE: To categorize the vegetation of marshland in the endemic areas of Schistosomiasis Japonica using satellite thematic mapper (TM)data in Liupo Village, Anhui Province. METHODS: Data of three satellite TM hands, namely TM3, TM4 and TM5, were selected to be used in classification with principal component analysis. Then, satellite TM images were applied to false color composite and unsupervised classification with computer software to manage the images. Finally, the resulting clusters were identified and reclassified by site visits to categorize the land coverage and vegetation. RESULTS: Five classifications of land coverage were generated, including poplar forest, bulrush and marshland, all with snail habitants. Based on the survey in the spring of 1998, the overall live snail density and infested snail density in the study areas were 0.510/0.11 m2 and 0.007/0.11 m2, respectively. CONCLUSION: Unsupervised classification, which is a technique for the interpretation of remotely sensed imagery, can contribute to the classification of environment with snail habitants and ecological diseases and become a new method in epidemiological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A micromorphometry-based concept for routine classification of sentinel lymph node metastases and its clinical relevance for patients with melanoma.

BACKGROUND: The sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) as the primary targets for lymphatic metastases can be removed selectively by gamma probe-guided sentinel lymph nodectomy (SLNE) in nearly all patients with cutaneous melanoma. Correspondingly high standards in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and microstaging are required for the evaluation of SLNs. METHODS: Since 1995, the authors have performed SLNE in 389 lymph node regions (LNRs) on 342 patients with melanoma. The harvested 636 SLNs and a further 1394 nonsentinel lymph nodes (non-SLNs) were evaluated by standardized, semiserial section histology, including immunohistochemistry. For each LNR, this technique permitted routine S classification using two simple morphometric parameters: the number of tumor-involved, 1-mm slices of the SLNs (n) and the centripetal depth of metastatic cell invasion (d). S1 was defined by 1 < or = n < or = 2 and d < or = 1 mm, equivalent to localized peripheral tumor cell deposits; S2 was defined by n > 2 and d < or = 1 mm, indicating more extended peripheral metastases; S3 was defined by d > 1 mm in SNLs with deeper metastatic infiltration; and S0 meant no detectable tumor cells (n = 0). RESULTS: The authors diagnosed 325 SLNs as S0, 24 SLNs as S1, 22 SLNs as S2, and 18 SLNs as S3. The occurrence of at least one melanoma-positive non-SLN subsequent regional completion lymph node dissection (RCLND) significantly increased from 0 of 12 in S1 SLNs to 2 of 13 in S2 SLNs and 9 of 15 in S3 SLNs (P = 0.001; chi-square test). Like the T classification of the primary melanoma, the S classification proved to be a highly significant predictor for distant metastasis (P < 0.001). It turned out to be an independent factor of influence on distant metastasis and survival in multivariate Cox analyses, which included tumor thickness, primary tumor site, patient gender, and patient age as covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented recommend the S-staging concept as a promising option to fill a gap between the T and conventional N component of the pTNM classification. If its predictive capacity can be confirmed in multicenter studies, then the S classification may become the decisive criterion for or against RCLND, and a combined T plus S staging system will help to improve prognostically relevant stratification of melanoma patients in adjuvant therapy trials.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[New classification of leukemia].

By keeping a cytomorphological basis for the diagnosis of leukemia according to the FAB classification, a new classification system was proposed by the WHO group, which incorporated four genetically established entities of acute leukemia. This classification also made some changes in MDS categories and provided new criteria for diagnosing acute myeloid leukemia. Combined use of this classification with the FAB classification will promote investigations into leukemia.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Classification of dysphonias based on the primary etiologic factor (part I)].

INTRODUCTION: Phonation is a complex integral function of the organism. Regular phonation is characterized by: clarity and adequate pitch. Dysphonia is a disorder of phonation. It may have many acoustic forms, but hoarseness is the best known symptom of dysphonia. Acoustic phenomena are caused by: aperiodicity of vocal vibration, turbulent air flow in the glottis and incomplete glottis closure. PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF DYSPHONIAS: The best known classification of dysphonias was introduced by Perello. There are two groups: organic dysphonias and functional dysphonias. On the 8th Congress of Union of European Phoniatricians, in Koszeg (Hungary, 1979), Majdevac proposed a new classification. CLASSIFICATION OF DYSPHONIAS: We are proposing a new classification, made according to the primary etiologic factor in dysphonias. In this paper, we shall consider the first four. I DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Hyperkinetic dysphonia grade I 2. Hyperkinetic dysphonia grade II 3. Hypokinetic dysphonia 4. Contact hyperplastic dysphonia 5. Dysodic dysphonia II DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY NEUROGENIC DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Central dysphonias 2. Spasmodic (spastic) dysphonia 3. Dysphonia caused by myasthenia gravis 4. Dysphonia within skull base syndromes 5. Dysphonia caused by unilateral palsy of the inferior laryngeal nerve 6. Dysphonia caused by bilateral palsy of the inferior laryngeal nerve 7. Dysphonia caused by palsy of the superior laryngeal nerve III DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY PSYCHOGENIC DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Psychogenic aphonia 2. Psychogenic dysphonia 3. False mutation IV DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY SOMATIC DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Dysphonia caused by insufficiency of vocal cords 2. Dysphonia caused by oedema of vocal cords 3. Dysphonia caused by laryngitis (secondary functional) 4. Cord-ventricular voice 5. Posttraumatic dysphonia 6. Arthrogenic dysphonia 7. Presbyphonia CONCLUSION: Dysphonia is a disorder of phonation which originates at the glottis level. When disorders of phonation are concerned it is necessary to study the organism as a whole as well as all mechanisms which take part in voice production. In that case the damaged part of the phonation system can be diagnosed, which enables efficient medical treatment of the disorder.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of the GALEN methodology on holistic classifications for professions allied to medicine.

In the field of health care terminology it has proven to be difficult, but not impossible, to build a formal Reference Model (knowledge-model) for medical terminology. The intuition is that it is even more difficult to build such a reference model for the so called â holistic' classification schemes as used by Nursing and Allied Health Care Professionals. There is a growing perceived need for formal reference models for specific professional groups. These reference models are used in many different ways, such as for building, maintaining and manipulating classification schemes. This paper focuses on the usability of the GALEN methodology for the formalisation of the Dutch Classification of Pain (NCP) as an example of such a â holistic classification'. The first results of this exploration show that the GALEN methodology is very useful for analysing and understanding a' holistic classification'. A high number of necessary concepts from the NCP already exist within the OpenGalen Common Reference Model-2 (OCRM2). A substantial number of concepts from the NCP do not yet exist in the OCRM2 or are underspecified. Additional modelling of the OCRM2 has to be performed, to enrich the expressivity of the model.

Allied Health Occupations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Classification of dysphonias based on the primary etiologic factor (part II)].

INTRODUCTION: Phonation is a complex integral function of an organism. Regular phonation is characterized by: clearness and adequate pitch. Dysphonia is a disorder of phonation. It can have many acoustic forms, but hoarseness is the best known symptom of dysphonia. Acoustic phenomena in regard to voice are caused by: irregularities in vocal cord vibration, turbulent airflow in the glottis and obstruction of glottis. PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF DYSPHONIAS: The best known classification of dysphonias was introduced by Perello. There are two groups: 1. organic dysphonias and 2. functional dysphonias. On the 8th Congress of the Union of European Phoniatrists, in Köszeg (Hungary, 1979), Majdevac proposed a new classification. CLASSIFICATION OF DYSPHONIAS: We are proposing a new classification according to the primary etiologic factor of dysphonias. In this paper, we shall consider four gropus: from the fifth to eighth. V DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY ENDOCRINE DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Dysphonia caused by pituitary disorders 2. Dysphonia caused by thyroid gland disorders 3. Dysphonia caused by parathyroid glands disorders 4. Dysphonia caused by pancreatic function disorders 5. Dysphonia caused by suprarenal function disorders 6. Dysphonias caused by sexual glands function disorders 7. Intersexuality. VI DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY COMPLEX PROFESSIONAL REASONS: This group includes: 1. Permanent hyperkinetic dysphonia 2. Permanent hyperkinetic dysphonia with vocal cord nodules 3. Dysphonia caused by myogenic imperfect closure of vocal cords 4. Phonastenia. VII DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY PRIMARY DISPLASTIC DISORDERS: This group includes: 1. Dysphonia caused by laryngeal hypoplasia 2. Dysphonia caused by laryngeal asymmetry 3. Dysphonia caused by epiglottal anomalies 4. Dysphonia caused by laryngeal diaphragm. VIII DYSPHONIAS CAUSED BY LARYNGEAL TUMORS: This group includes: 1. Dysphonia caused by benign tumors 2. Dysphonia caused by malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: Dysphonia is a disorder of phonation which originates from glottal level. Disorders of phonation require observation of an organism as a whole and studying all mechanisms which take part in voice production. This provides examination of voice disorders, their establishment and adequate treatment.

Endocrine System Diseases↗
PubMed2000

[Classification of systemic vasculitides].

Several classifications of systemic vasculitides have been proposed: the Chapel Hill nomenclature, the classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and Lie's classification. All have their advantages and disadvantages. The role of ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) in classification of vasculitides is now accepted. The classification systems and the contribution of ANCA have led to better distinguishing vasculitis of medium calibre vessels from that involving small vessels, and in particular to distinguish between periarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. Polyarteritis nodosa is characterised by involvement of medium calibre vessels (which can lead to vascular nephropathy or other ischemic organ involvement), whereas microscopic polyangiitis can be responsible, among other signs, for glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The new classification of hemorrhoids: PATE 2000-Sorrento. History of the scientific debate.

BACKGROUND: The history of our proposal for a new classification of hemorrhoids is very old: 7 years of scientific debate had a big impact for the study and the definition of hemorrhoids. METHODS: Nowadays many things have changed mainly in the field of treatment of hemorrhoids. New medical and surgical tools are available for the modern proctologist. RESULTS: The new classification of the disease seems to fit the necessity of introducing these modern opportunities. Many authors recognize the fundamental role and claim for the routine use of a new classification, named PATE 2000 Sorrento. Nevertheless many problems are on debate. Their resolution needs the cooperation of all the experts in order to choose the best version of the classification. CONCLUSIONS: For these reasons the authors analyse all the work carried out till now in order to see what we still need to introduce a new classification of the disease.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of the pancreas and the evolution of concepts and classification of pancreatitis].

In this paper we will try to compile briefly the most important historical facts on the pancreas, and how the concepts and classification about its major disorder, pancreatitis, has evolved. In older times, the pancreas was ignored, both as an organ and as a focus of disease. The first description of the pancreas is attributed to Herophilus. It was in the 18th century that the main duct of Wirsung was described as well as its first cannulations to perform studies on pancreatic secretion. In 1889, Fitz established pancreatitis as a nosdogic disease. In 1901, Opie proposed his "common channel" hypothesis. In 1927, Elman described the serum amylase test. In 1963, the first Marseilles Symposium favored a clinic pathologic classification of pancreatitis. In 1984 the second Marseilles Symposium revised that classification. Finally, in 1992, the Atlanta Symposium established a clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. In the years to come, we expect further refinements in the classifications, as MRI and innovative technologies become increasingly sophisticated.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

The World Health Organization classification of lymphomas.

The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) classification has been validated by a multi-institutional study, and project data showed that it is both reproducible and clinically relevant. The new World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Neoplastic Diseases of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, as a joint project of the Society of Hematopathology and European Association of Hematopathologists, is an update of the REAL classification, with minor changes based on newly available information. We analyzed the incidence of different histological types of non-Hodgkin s lymphomas diagnosed in Zagreb University Hospital Center, which were reclassified according to the WHO classification. Furthermore, we present a conceptual grouping of lymphomas into four categories (indolent, aggressive, highly aggressive, and localized indolent).

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[Classification of broncho-pulmonary cancers (WHO 1999)].

Tumour classification systems provide the foundation for tumour diagnosis and patient therapy and a critical basis for epidemiological and clinical studies. This updated classification was developed with the aim to adhere to the principles of reproducibility, clinical significance, and simplicity in order to minimize the number of unclassifiable lesions. Major changes in the revised classification as compared to the previous one (WHO 1981) include the addition of two pre-invasive lesions to squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Another change is the subclassification of adenocarcinoma: the definition of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma has been restricted to non-invasive tumours. There has been substantial evolution of concepts in neuroendocrine lung tumour classification. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is now recognized as a histologically high-grade non-small cell carcinoma showing histopathological features of neuroendocrine differentiation as well as immunohistochemical neuroendocrine markers. The large cell carcinoma class has been enriched with several variants, including the large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and the basaloid carcinoma, both of which have a poor prognosis. Finally, a new class has been defined called carcinoma with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements, which gathers a number of proliferations characterized by a spectrum of epithelial to mesenchymal differentiation. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are invaluable techniques for diagnosis and subclassification, but our intention was to render the classification simple and practical to every surgical laboratory so that most lung tumours can be classified by light microscopic criteria.

Adenocarcinoma↗