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PubMed1999

Effect of dietary phosphate restriction on renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in the cat.

Twenty-three cats with stable chronic renal failure (CRF) were examined in a prospective study of the effects of feeding a veterinary diet restricted in phosphorus and protein with or without an intestinal phosphate binding agent (aluminium hydroxide) on plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. Fifteen cats accepted the veterinary diet; compliance was not achieved in the remaining eight (due to limited intake by the cats or owner resistance to diet change). Feeding the veterinary diet was associated with a significant fall in plasma phosphate and PTH concentrations by five months, with only two cats requiring aluminium hydroxide therapy. The maximum decrease in plasma PTH concentration was not associated with a significant change in plasma 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol concentration. Euparathyroidism was achieved in eight cats. Conversely, in cats with CRF fed proprietary diets over the same time period, mean plasma PTH concentrations did not change significantly; indeed, in seven of the eight cats, PTH concentrations increased. Dietary therapy alone or in combination with intestinal phosphate binders does reduce PTH concentrations in cats with CRF and, when effective control of phosphate intake is achieved, plasma PTH can be normalised.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗

PubMed2005

Retrospective study of indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats. METHODS: The medical records of 59 cats that had undergone perineal urethrostomy were evaluated. Short-term follow up information (for a period of four weeks following surgery) was available for all of the cats. Long-term follow up information (for a period of at least four months) was available for 39 cats. RESULTS: Early complications occurred in 25.4 per cent of cats and late complications were observed in 28.2 per cent of cats. The most frequent late complication was recurring bacterial urinary tract Infection. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite frequent complications and recurring signs of lower urinary tract disease, 32.2 per cent of the cats had a disease-free long-term outcome (mean four years, median 3.9 years), and 88.6 per cent of clients interviewed thought that their cats had a good quality of life after surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Osteoarthritis in cats: a retrospective radiological study.

OBJECTIVES: To provide basic information about natural feline osteoarthritis (OA) as part of more extensive studies. METHODS: A retrospective study of cats (greater than one year of age) radiographed for any reason at a first opinion and referral veterinary practice was performed. Cats were classified as either having or not having radiographic OA. Computerised histories were searched for records of potential causes and clinical signs of OA. The genders and ages of the affected cats were compared with a control population using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Of 491 cats, 292 (59 per cent) had undergone a diagnostic radiograph of at least one synovial joint. Sixty-three of 292 cats (22 per cent) showed evidence of radiographic OA; 21 (33 per cent) of which also had clinically evident OA. A potential cause of OA had been recorded in only seven of 63 cats (11 per cent). The population of cats with radiographic evidence of OA was older than the control population (P<0.001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Radiographic OA was found in 22 per cent of the test population. In many cases there was no clinical evidence of OA recorded in the history, suggesting that either there is little correlation between clinical and radiographic OA or that clinical signs of OA in cats may not have been observed or recorded. Idiopathic/primary OA was common.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non-pedigree domestic cats. METHODS: The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti-B solution, prepared with Triticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A-B mismatch was estimated to be 18.6 per cent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life-threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed2006

Tracheal foreign bodies in the cat and the use of fluoroscopy for removal: 12 cases.

OBJECTIVES: To gather information to support the use of fluoroscopically guided removal of tracheal foreign bodies in cats. It was also the intent to produce a case series and look at the long-term outcome following tracheal foreign body removal. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. This looked at cases of tracheal foreign bodies in cats seen at the University of Bristol veterinary school at Langford over an eight-year period. Outcome was assessed via telephone conversations with the owners. RESULTS: Twelve cats were presented with tracheal foreign bodies during this time. Ten of these foreign bodies were successfully removed using fluoroscopy and two using bronchoscopy. All cats survived. Follow-up was available for nine cats and showed no long-term complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Forceps removal under fluoroscopic guidance is a rapid, safe, and effective method for removal of tracheal foreign bodies in cats. It should be considered as an alternative to bronchoscopy for removal of tracheal foreign bodies in cats. Indeed, in cases where bronchoscopy has failed, it can be attempted to avoid thoracotomy. Successful removal of tracheal foreign bodies in cats is associated with a good long-term outcome.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Association of laboratory data and death within one month in cats with chronic renal failure.

OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively compare the data taken at the first visit of 34 cats with chronic renal failure surviving more than one month (surviving group) and 16 cats dying within one month (non-surviving group). METHODS: Records were collected on cats with chronic renal failure presented to a private veterinary practice in Nagoya, Japan, from March 1996 to March 2005. All cats with chronic renal failure diagnosed on the basis of case histories, clinical signs (such as, lethargy, anorexia, loss of bodyweight and vomiting) and a high plasma creatinine (>180 micromol/l) were included in the study. RESULTS: Plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, packed cell volume and urine protein/creatinine ratio were significantly different between cats of the surviving and non-surviving groups. In the surviving group, survival statuses were recorded, and laboratory data was obtained within one month before death in 13 cats. In the 13 cats, plasma creatinine, packed cell volume and urine protein/creatinine ratio showed significant differences between the data taken within one month before death and that taken at first visit, and only urine protein/creatinine ratio exhibited a consistent alteration (increase) in relation to first visit data. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicated that plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, packed cell volume and urine protein/creatinine ratio were associated with death within one month and urine protein/creatinine ratio was most likely to be associated with mortality in cats with chronic renal failure.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Clinical features therapy and epidemiology of tiger snake bite in dogs and cats.

Snake bite was diagnosed in 125 dogs and 115 cats over 10 years. Young sporting dogs and young cats were mainly affected. More dogs (48%) were seen in contact with tiger snakes than cats (7%). One hundred and four (84%) dogs and 89 (76%) cats were bitten in the warmer months of the year (October to March). As the incidence rose in September/October, dogs were bitten on days when the temperature was near 20 degrees C or over. The commonest presenting signs were dilated pupils and absences of pupillary light reflex. Dyspnoea, hypothermia, hindleg ataxia and glycosuria were common features in cats. Vomiting, tachypnoea, hyperthermia and complete flaccid paralysis were often seen in dogs. The overall recovery rate after administering antivenene was 90% for cats and 83% for dogs. Death from anaphylaxis as a result of giving antivenene occurred in 3 cats and one dog. Dogs treated soon after being bitten recovered more rapidly. There was no correlation between the bite-to-treatment period and the treatment-to-recovery period for cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Osteochondrodysplasia in Scottish Fold cats.

OBJECTIVE: To better characterise the bone and joint problems which can develop in Scottish Fold cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study of cases seen in five veterinary clinics and radiographic survey of cats in a cattery. RESULTS: Six Scottish Fold cats (four castrated males, two spayed females) aged between 5 months and 6 years were presented for signs of skeletal disease including lameness, reluctance to jump, a stiff stilted gait, short misshapen distal limbs, swelling of plantar tarsometatarsal regions and short thick inflexible tails. A further four cases (one male, three females, 15 months to 11 years) were identified by radiographic screening of a cattery. A diagnosis of osteochondrodysplasia was based on characteristic radiological findings including irregularity in the size and shape of tarsal, carpal, metatarsal and metacarpal bones, phalanges and caudal vertebrae, narrowed joint spaces, and progressive new bone formation around joints of distal limbs with diffuse osteopenia of adjacent bone. A plantar exostosis caudal to the calcaneus was present in advanced cases. In all nine cases where pedigree information was available, affected cats allegedly originated from the mating of a Scottish Fold to a cat with normal ears. The severity and time of onset of physical signs, and rate of progression and extent of radiographic abnormalities, varied from case to case. Limited histological observations suggested the underlying problem may be an osteochondrodysplasia, related to inadequate cartilage maturation. Clinical signs were ameliorated by administration of pentosan subcutaneously in two of three cats in which it was trailed, and one of these also benefited from an oral glycosaminoglycan preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and radiological findings were ascribed to defective maturation and function of cartilage, particularly in the distal limbs, ears and tail. As all Scottish Fold cats suffered from osteochondrodysplasia of some degree, the best solution would be to avoid using fold-eared cats for breeding and instead use Scottish shorthairs.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of a polyurethane jugular catheter in cats placed using a modified Seldinger technique.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the placement of a new design of polyurethane jugular catheter in cats using a modification of the technique of Seldinger. The maintenance and use of these catheters for repeated blood sampling over several days in healthy and diabetic cats is reported. PROCEDURE: Thirty polyurethane jugular catheters were placed in 10 clinically healthy cats and 10 cats with diabetes mellitus using the modified Seldinger technique. Catheters were placed while the cats were under general anaesthesia. RESULTS: The catheters remained in place for a range of 2 to 14 days (median 5 days) with no major complications. In all cats patency of the catheters was maintained until removal. All cats examined had patent jugular veins when assessed 4 or more weeks after the catheters were removed. CONCLUSIONS: These polyurethane jugular catheters, when placed by a modified Seldinger technique, are effective and safe in cats, and jugular patency returns after the catheters are removed.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Toxoplasma gondii antibody in domestic cats in Melbourne.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a population of domestic cats in Melbourne. DESIGN: An ELISA assay was used to measure T gondii antibody titres in 103 cats from north-eastern Melbourne. Cats were obtained from outer suburban areas (less than 30 km from the Melbourne GPO) and from rural areas (more than 30 km from the Melbourne GPO). RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of cats were positive for T gondii IgG. Older cats tended to have higher antibody titres. There was no significant difference in the T gondii antibody titres between males and females, or between cats living in urban areas and cats from rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of cats from Melbourne have been exposed to Toxoplasma. This may have implications for the health of wildlife and humans.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Decreased sodium:potassium ratios in cats: 49 cases.

BACKGROUND: Sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratios are often reported in feline biochemical panels, although the importance of this measurement has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to document the range of feline disease states associated with a decreased Na:K ratio, to determine the prevalence of this biochemical abnormality in a referral hospital population, and to identify any particular disease that was more likely to have a decreased Na:K ratio. METHODS: A group of 49 cats with decreased Na:K ratios was compared with a group of 50 cats with normal Na:K ratios that were randomly selected from the same hospital population. RESULTS: Twelve of the 49 cats (24.5%) had gastrointestinal disease, 10 (20.4%) had urinary disease, 8 (16.3%) had endocrine disease, 8 (16.3%) had cardiorespiratory disease, and 5 (10.0%) had diseases affecting other body systems. Six (12.2%) had artifactually decreased Na:K ratios. No cat was identified with hypoadrenocorticism. Statistical analysis revealed that, although none of these disease states was significantly over- or under-represented in the affected group, a significantly higher proportion of cats with decreased Na:K ratio had body cavity effusions (P = .025). Serum potassium concentrations were significantly higher in the affected group (P < .0001), but there was no significant difference in mean sodium concentration between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased Na:K ratios frequently occur in cats with diseases other than hypoadrenocorticism, including cats with effusions. These findings should be considered when evaluating cats with this biochemical abnormality.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of therapy on susceptibility to urinary tract infection in male cats with indwelling urethral catheters.

Indwelling urinary catheters with a closed urine collection system were maintained in 30 male cats for 3 days after induction of irritant cystitis. All cats received subcutaneous fluids during the 3 days the catheters were in place. The effects of four different treatment regimens on urinary tract infection rates, incidence of urethral obstruction, and development of urinary tract lesions over a 10-day period were compared with results in a nontreated group. Treatments were 1) amoxicillin for 5 days PO; 2) prednisolone for 5 days PO; 3) both amoxicillin and prednisolone for 5 days PO; and 4) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 days intravesicularly. Euthanasia was done before the end of the 10-day experimental period if the cats had two bouts of urethral obstruction or if the cats became uremic for causes unrelated to urethral obstruction. Seven cats were euthanatized before the conclusion of the experiment. These cats had been treated with prednisolone, prednisolone and amoxicillin, or DMSO. All cats that received amoxicillin alone or no therapy survived the 10-day period. Mortality was due to repeated urethral obstruction or to uremia associated with pyelonephritis or papillitis. Urinary tract infection rate was similar in all groups. The group treated with prednisolone alone had the highest incidence of renal infection. Inflammatory lesions in the lower urinary tract were similar in all groups. In conclusion, persistent urinary tract infection often develops in cats with cystitis after indwelling urethral catheterization even when closed systems of urine drainage are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amoxicillin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of lower urinary tract signs to seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus in cats.

A group of 41 cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease was compared to a group of 41 cats without any history of disease for prevalence of seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The group of healthy cats was similar in age and gender to the group of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease. Three of the cats with lower urinary tract disease and one control cat were seropositive for FIV. This difference was not statistically significant. The most common cause of lower urinary tract signs was idiopathic. Only 7 cats had urinary tract infection, most associated with perineal urethrostomy or catheterization. Six of the cats with bacterial urinary tract infections were FIV negative.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Feline lymphoma (145 cases): proliferation indices, cluster of differentiation 3 immunoreactivity, and their association with prognosis in 90 cats.

Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue samples from 145 cats with lymphoma were analyzed for cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3, a surface antigen) immunoreactivity, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) frequency, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA-LI). This information along with signalment, anatomic site, and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen status was used to determine the potential of these indicators to predict response to therapy, remission, and survival times, and to characterize cats with lymphoma in the era of general availability of FeLV testing and vaccination. Alimentary lymphoma, primarily occurring in older, FeLV-negative cats, was the most common site of involvement. Although the majority of tumors from FeLV-positive cats were CD3-immunoreactive, only one half of CD3-immunoreactive tumors occurred in FeLV-positive cats. Median remission duration and survival times were 126 days and 143 days, respectively, for all cats. Measures of tumor cell proliferation (AgNOR frequency and PCNA-LI) and CD3-immunoreactivity were not predictive of outcome. When all prognostic factors were accounted for by multivariate analysis, response to therapy, FeLV status, and clinical substage were predictive of outcome. FeLV-negative cats that achieved a complete response following induction therapy were likely to have durable (i.e., > 6-month) responses, particularly when doxorubicin was included in the chemotherapy protocol. However, FeLV-positive cats had significantly shorter remission and survival times with available chemotherapeutic protocols.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Susceptibility of domestic cats to infections with Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites from human sources.

The object of this study was to determine the importance of domestic cats in the epidemiology of human giardiasis. Of six laboratory-reared cats inoculated with cultured Giardia lamblia trophozoites from humans, only one showed the presence of cysts in the feces, and cysts were found on only 1 of the 80 days of observation. In a second experiment, eight cats were inoculated with G. lamblia cysts isolated from a human being. Over an 8-week period of observation, two of eight cats were found to have passed cysts in their feces, one on only one day and the other on 2 days. Postmortem examination of all of the cats found to be passing G. lamblia cysts at some time during the experiments did not reveal any small-intestinal trophozoites. These results suggest that domestic cats are relatively insusceptible to G. lamblia from humans and, consequently, that cats probably are not significant reservoir hosts of Giardia spp. infective for human beings. Moreover, it appears that the Giardia spp. which parasitize cats are distinct from those of human beings.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Experimental induction of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus re-excretion in FVR-recovered cats.

The re-excretion of feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) virus (feline herpesvirus I) by FVR-recovered cats is recorded both spontaneously and following a variety of stimuli, namely, corticosteroid administration, change of housing, and parturition and lactation. At least 27 of 33 (82%) FVR-recovered cats studied were shown to be viral carriers. The carrier state was characterised by periods of viral latency interspersed with episodes of viral shedding. Administration of 0-75 mg dexamethasone trimethylacetate and 2-25 mg prednisolone on days 0,2 and 4 resulted in re-excretion after a mean lag period of 7-2 days in 22 of 32 (69%) FVR-recovered cats on a total of 31 of 57 (54%) occasions. Rehousing resulted in virus re-excretion after a mean lag period of 7-2 days in four of 22 (18%) cats tested on a total of six of 40 (15%) occasions. Apparently spontaneous shedding occurred on a total of 10 occasions in nine of 31 (29%) cats during a mean observation period of 8-8 months. Four of six FVR-recovered queens in a total of four of 10 litters (40%) shed virus within two to 10 weeks of parturition. Serum neutralising antibody titres were generally boosted at the time of first re-infection but afterwards remained essentially constant. Although 82% of cats in these studies were shown to be viral carriers, only 45% of cats shed virus spontaneously or as a result of the natural stress situations and it is postulted that these naturally excreting cats are of most significance epidemiologically.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Clinical and laboratory findings in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.

Thirty-two cats referred to the Feline Studies Centre between June 1987 and October 1988, and 14 in-contact cats, were found to be infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Most of the 46 cats were non-pedigree and free ranging; 27 were male (19 neutered) and 19 were female (18 neutered). Their ages ranged from one to 17 years and the average age was 5.8 years. The most common clinical signs were lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, pyrexia and lymphadenopathy; most cases had multiple abnormalities. Other common signs were gingivitis, diarrhoea, rhinitis and ocular discharge. Eight cats had neoplasia. The commonest haematological abnormalities were anaemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and monocytosis. Eight cats had lymphocytosis; seven of these were in a single house-hold. Several cats had high serum globulin levels and half of those tested had high IgG levels. Seven cats had no detectable antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus even though the virus was cultured from the peripheral blood lymphocytes. During follow-up for up to 60 weeks one cat died and 23 were destroyed on humane grounds.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Antibodies to orthopoxvirus in domestic cats in Norway.

The prevalence of antibodies to orthopoxvirus in 217 sera collected from domestic cats in the western part of Norway was 10.1 per cent as measured by a competitive ELISA. In one of the seropositive cats antibodies were also detected by an immunofluorescence assay. The average age of the cats sampled was 4.9 years, but the average age of the seropositive individuals was 7.3 years, higher than the average age of clinical cowpox virus cases in Britain (4.2 years), and in Germany (3.9 years). Antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were detected in nine of 30 (30 per cent) of the seropositive cats, and in five of 30 (17 per cent) of the seronegative cats, which suggests that FIV infection may influence the susceptibility of domestic cats to orthopoxvirus, or vice versa. Orthopoxvirus infections, have recently been detected in rodent populations in several areas of Norway, and the infection may therefore be present in cats all over the country; cat owners and animal handlers should be aware of this (re)emerging zoonosis.

Animals↗