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PubMed1974

Diagnosis of California (La Crosse) encephalitis by precipitin techniques: a prospective study.

Counterelectrophoresis (CEP) and immunodiffusion (ID) were evaluated prospectively as methods for the early and rapid laboratory diagnosis of California encephalitis (CE). CEP and ID studies were done on paired sera from 127 patients with acute central nervous system infections. After the precipitin tests were completed, conventional hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralizing, and complement fixing antibody titers were measured. The CEP system detected antibodies in 7 (41%) of 17 CE patients during their acute illness and in all 17 patients during convalescence. The ID method was less sensitive; 3 of 17 acute sera and 16 of 17 convalescent sera were ID positive. Comparative precipitin studies indicated that La Crosse virus was the infecting California group subtype in all 17 CE patients. Because CEP can be performed in 1.5 h, is at least as sensitive as hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralizing, and complement fixing tests, and can detect prospectively 41% of CE patients during their acute illness, it is recommended as a rapid diagnostic test for CE.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1997

Cholera from raw seaweed transported from the Philippines to California.

In March 1994, a California woman without any recent travel developed acute, profuse, watery diarrhea. Her astute physician diagnosed cholera after ordering the appropriate stool culture, and the patient improved on an oral antibiotic. Epidemiologic investigation implicated seaweed from the Philippines that was transported by a friend to California and subsequently eaten raw as the vehicle of infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dual toxin-producing strain of Clostridium botulinum type Bf isolated from a California patient with infant botulism.

A retrospective study of Clostridium botulinum strains isolated from patients from California with infant botulism identified the fourth known C. botulinum strain that produces both type B and type F botulinum toxins. This unique strain represented 0.12% of the California infant botulism case isolates from 1976 to 2003. The relative concentrations of type B and F toxins produced were temperature dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A comparative karyological study of the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, Phasianidae) and California quail (Callipepla californica, Odontophoridae).

We conducted comparative chromosome painting and chromosome mapping with chicken DNA probes against the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, CCH) and California quail (Callipepla californica, CCA), which are classified into the Old World quail and the New World quail, respectively. Each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and Z painted a pair of chromosomes in the blue-breasted quail. In California quail, chicken chromosome 2 probe painted chromosomes 3 and 6, and chicken chromosome 4 probe painted chromosomes 4 and a pair of microchromosomes. Comparison of the cytogenetic maps of the two quail species with those of chicken and Japanese quail revealed that there are several intrachromosomal rearrangements, pericentric and/or paracentric inversions, in chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 between chicken and the Old World quail. In addition, a pericentric inversion was found in chromosome 8 between chicken and the three quail species. Ordering of the Z-linked DNA clones revealed the presence of multiple rearrangements in the Z chromosomes of the three quail species. Comparing these results with the molecular phylogeny of Galliformes species, it was also cytogenetically supported that the New World quail is classified into a different clade from the lineage containing chicken and the Old World quail.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The University of California at San Francisco Fetal Treatment Center: a personal perspective.

Today, the Fetal Treatment Center at the University of California, San Francisco is premier not only for its innovative and cutting-edge developments in fetal diagnosis and therapy, but in its delivery of excellent clinical care to patients from within and outside the United States. Indeed it is recognized as the pioneering institution for fetal surgery. But, the road to success and international recognition has been torturous and often tumultuous. From a personal perspective, Dr. Michael Harrison recounts the center's 25-year history--an evolution that has seen a 'California fault zone' become an epicenter of excellence for fetal therapy. Along the way, Dr. Harrison recalls the best and worst of times in the center's history particularly as they relate to fetal surgery, recalls the initial principal payers and subsequent cadre of professionals responsible for developing the center and providing the medical and surgical expertise that is the hallmark of the UCSF Fetal Treatment Center, provides a subjective assessment, a 'report card', of where they stand in fetal therapy today, and finally, gives well-deserved credit to the many talented research fellows, whom he calls the 'heart and soul' of the enterprise, whose 'fingerprints' are borne on all the advances in fetal treatment.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1999

Animals in elementary school education in California.

The purpose of this project was to provide preliminary, descriptive data concerning the uses of nonhuman animals in northern California elementary school classrooms. The project comprised a mail survey that was sent to all elementary school teachers in Stanislaus County, California, followed by a workshop with survey respondents. Information gathered included that about animals and the use of animals, the learning objectives for the animal-related instructional activities, and the kinds of resources that would help teachers to improve or expand their existing animal-related activities or to create new ones. Most of the teachers were keeping either live animals or a variety of nonliving specimens in the classroom. They reported that animals and information about animals are popular and effective foci of instruction throughout the primary grades. The majority of respondents stated that live animals, in addition to providing formal lessons in science and cross-curricular instruction, are important for teaching children humane values. They also reported the many drawbacks of maintaining live classroom animals, such as the responsibility and cost of ongoing care, potential health and safety issues for the children, and concerns about the welfare of the animals. Because animals used in precollege education are not subject to legal regulations in the United States, some degree of oversight by the school or school district may help to avert potential problems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Three narcissism scales for the California Q-set.

Three observer-based narcissism scales were developed from factor scores based on a California Q-set (CAQ) narcissism prototype. Each of the three scales--Willfulness, Hypersensitivity, and Autonomy--correlated with observer and self-report narcissism measures in the derivation sample of 105 women and a cross-validation sample of 175 men and 175 women. California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Adjective Check List (ACL), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) correlates and partner ACL ratings suggested that the Willfulness scale represents self-assuredness, rebelliousness, and exhibitionism characteristic of overt or phallic narcissism. The correlates of the Hypersensitivity scale included depression and introversion along with rebelliousness and hostility, indicative of covert narcissism. The Autonomy scale was correlated positively with creativity, empathy, achievement-orientation, and individualism, and thus assesses a healthy variant of narcissism.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Neurologic complications following chiropractic manipulation: a survey of California neurologists.

To obtain an estimate of how often practicing neurologists in California encounter unexpected strokes, myelopathies, or radiculopathies following chiropractic manipulation, we surveyed each member of the American Academy of Neurology in California and inquired about the number of patients evaluated over the preceding 2 years who suffered a neurologic complication within 24 hours of chiropractic manipulation. Four hundred eighty-six neurologists were surveyed, 177 responded; 55 strokes, 16 myelopathies, and 30 radiculopathies were reported. Patients were between the ages of 21 and 60, and the majority experienced complications following cervical manipulation. Most of the patients continued to have persistent neurologic deficits 3 months after the onset, and about one-half had marked or severe deficits. Nearly all of the strokes involved the posterior circulation and almost one-half were angiographically proven. Patients, physicians, and chiropractors should be aware of the risk of neurologic complications associated with chiropractic manipulation.

Carotid Artery Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).

The metabolic rate (MR) of four adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), two males and two females, was quantified during trained submersion and stationing behavior in laboratory tanks. MR was measured, at rest and for single submersions of increasing duration (1-7 min), by measuring oxygen consumption using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. Standard MR was measured under conditions defined for basal MR and was found to be 1.9 to 3 times that predicted for terrestrial animals of similar size. Submersion MRs were calculated from the post-submersion oxygen debt and declined to as little as 47 % of standard MR on the longest submersions. This hypometabolic response was proportional to the duration of submersion and was greatest for the maximum duration submersions. Short submersions produced MRs equivalent to measured standard MR. These data suggest that although California sea lions maintain an elevated metabolism under standard conditions, they are capable of reducing their metabolism in response to the needs of diving. Such metabolic flexibility enables sea lions to moderate their oxygen use during diving and to extend their aerobic diving capability.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Air pollution and bronchitic symptoms in Southern California children with asthma.

The association of air pollution with the prevalence of chronic lower respiratory tract symptoms among children with a history of asthma or related symptoms was examined in a cross-sectional study. Parents of a total of 3,676 fourth, seventh, and tenth graders from classrooms in 12 communities in Southern California completed questionnaires that characterized the children's histories of respiratory illness and associated risk factors. The prevalences of bronchitis, chronic phlegm, and chronic cough were investigated among children with a history of asthma, wheeze without diagnosed asthma, and neither wheeze nor asthma. Average ambient annual exposure to ozone, particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5); [less than/equal to] 10 microm and < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter, respectively), acid vapor, and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) was estimated from monitoring stations in each community. Positive associations between air pollution and bronchitis and phlegm were observed only among children with asthma. As PM(10) increased across communities, there was a corresponding increase in the risk per interquartile range of bronchitis [odds ratio (OR) 1.4/19 microg/m(3); 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-1.8). Increased prevalence of phlegm was significantly associated with increasing exposure to all ambient pollutants except ozone. The strongest association was for NO(2), based on relative risk per interquartile range in the 12 communities (OR 2.7/24 ppb; CI, 1.4-5.3). The results suggest that children with a prior diagnosis of asthma are more likely to develop persistent lower respiratory tract symptoms when exposed to air pollution in Southern California.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).

Over 100 free-ranging adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and one Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (DA) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern California coastal waters. The vector prey item was Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and the primary DA-producing algal diatom was Psuedonitzschia australis. Postmortem examination revealed gross and histologic findings that were distinctive and aided in diagnosis. A total of 109 sea lions were examined, dying between 1 day and 10 months after admission to a marine mammal rehabilitation center. Persistent seizures with obtundation were the main clinical findings. Frequent gross findings in animals dying acutely consisted of piriform lobe malacia, myocardial pallor, bronchopneumonia, and complications related to pregnancy. Gross findings in animals dying months after intoxication included bilateral hippocampal atrophy. Histologic observations implicated limbic system seizure injury consistent with excitotoxin exposure. Peracutely, there was microvesicular hydropic degeneration within the neuropil of the hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform lobe, and other limbic structures. Acutely, there was ischemic neuronal necrosis, particularly apparent in the granular cells of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cells within the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) sectors CA4, CA3, and CA1. Dentate granular cell necrosis has not been reported in human or experimental animal DA toxicity and may be unique to sea lions. Chronically, there was gliosis, mild nonsuppurative inflammation, and loss of laminar organization in affected areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Influence of photoperiod, nutrition and water availability on reproduction of male California voles (Microtus californicus).

Male California voles were maintained in long (14L:10D) or short photoperiods (10L:14D) for 10 weeks and fed a standard diet of rabbit chow and water ad libitum. One additional group in each photoperiod received the standard diet plus supplements of spinach 3 times weekly. A fifth group was housed in 14L:10D and fed the standard diet, but for 10 weeks water availability was restricted to several hours each morning. Testes and seminal vesicles were heaviest in long-day voles fed spinach supplements and lightest in short-day voles fed only the standard diet; the latter animals manifested reduced testicular spermatogenesis. Testicular weights were also depressed in voles with restricted access to water. It is suggested that photoperiods that simulate those of winter induce regression of the reproductive organs of male California voles but the availability of green vegetation counteracts the inhibitory effects of short daylengths.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Infection rates in Dipetalogaster maximus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) by Trypanosoma cruzi in the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, México.

Infection rates of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (in the blood-sucking bug Dipetalogaster maximus [Uhler]) were determined from specimens collected at 12 localities in the Cape Region of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Eight collection sites were located in the tropical dry forest, two in desert shrub, and two in the ecotone between these two communities. Of the 245 D. maximus collected, 65% were first and second instar nymphs; 32.6% were third, fourth, and fifth instar nymphs; and 2.4% were adults. The highest proportion of specimens came from El Fandango (30%) and San Bartolo (23%) canyons and La Cruz hill (12%) in the mountain slopes facing the Gulf of California. In feces from individual bugs analyzed for T. cruzi, we found an overall infection rate of 7.0%. Infection rates increased from 4.1% in second instars to 42.% in fifth instars. High infection rates were found in bugs collected from La Poza (38.4%), El Gato (27.2%), and El Pedregoso (25%) hills; low infection rates were found in specimens from La Cruz hill and San Bartolo canyon. Specimens from some collection sites were not infected with T. cruzi.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Use of laser rhinoscopy to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).

Laser rhinoscopy was used to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The rehabilitated, adult, female sea lion developed mucopurulent, intermittent, bilateral nasal discharge and functional nasal obstruction 20 mo after acquisition by the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California. A 3-mm-thick soft tissue structure spanning the region between the soft and hard palates, a deviated nasal septum, and several nasopharyngeal polyps were identified. Biopsies and cultures of the obstructive web showed ulcerative granulation tissue with suppurative inflammation, bacterial infection, and a partial section of an arthropod larva (not speciated). Laser rhinoscopy was performed to relieve the caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction and ablate the polyps. The sea lion appeared to breathe through the nares with lessened nasal discharge for a period of 6 wk after laser therapy, but within 8 wk the mucopurulent nasal discharge returned, the obstruction had reformed, and the sea lion was euthanized. Postmortem examination confirmed antemortem diagnoses of caudal nasopharyngeal obstruction secondary to inflammatory tissue; however, no additional sections of arthropod parasites were located microscopically.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Margolisius abditus n. gen., n. sP. (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) from gill lamellae of a remora (Remora remora) collected in the Gulf of California.

Margolisius abditus n. gen., n. sp. (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) is described from female specimens collected from gill lamellae of a remora, Remora remora (L.), captured in the Gulf of California near Punta Arena, Baja California. Comparison of this species with 13 lernaeopodid genera with which it shares (a) absence of posterior trunk processes; (b) presence of a relatively long cylindrical cephalothorax, usually reflected along the dorsal surface of the trunk; and (c) a marine habitat showed that it cannot be placed in any of them, thus necessitating establishment of a new genus. Margolisius abditus n. sp. is the smallest known lernaeopodid species, its ovigerous females measuring about 0.5 mm in total length.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Four new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the whiptail stingray Dasyatis brevis in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

Examination of the spiral intestines of 29 whiptail stingrays, Dasyatis brevis, from 6 sites in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 1993 and 1996 resulted in the discovery of 4 new species of Acanthobothrium: Acanthobothrium bullardi, Acanthobothrium dasi, Acanthobothrium rajivi, and Acanthobothrium soberoni. This brings the total number of species of Acanthobothrium known from the eastern Pacific Ocean to 34. With 22 additional species reported from elasmobranchs from the western Atlantic Ocean, and over 100 species globally, the number of interspecific comparisons required to justify the designation of a new species is rather unwieldy. To facilitate these and future comparisons, and in the absence of a phylogenetic hypothesis for this genus, the 56 species of Acanthobothrium from these 2 geographic regions were categorized for 4 characters: total length (< or = or > 15 mm), number of segments (< or = or > 50 segments), number of testes (< or = or > 80), and symmetry of poral and aporal ovarian lobes. These 56 taxa and their categories are presented in tabular form. Based on these characters, A. bullardi, A. dasi, and A. rajivi are category 2 species (they are relatively small, possess few segments, relatively few testes, and exhibit asymmetrical ovaries); A. soberoni is a category 6 species (it is a relatively longer worm with a larger number of segments, but with fewer testes and an asymmetrical ovary). All 4 species differ from 1 another and from species in other geographic regions in further subtleties of these 4 characters as well as hook size and relative length of hook prongs, cirrus sac size, genital pore position, number of columns of testes anterior to the cirrus sac, and number of postvaginal testes. Five specimens that appear to represent a new species of Acanthobothroides were also collected. This species is figured and some details of the morphology are described, but the material was considered to be insufficient to allow for formal description of this species at this time. This is the first record of either of these genera of onchobothriid tapeworms from the Gulf of California.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Four new genera and five new species of lecanicephalideans (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

A total of 53 spiral intestines from 3 species of rays collected in the Gulf of California, Baja, Mexico, was examined for cestodes of the order Lecanicephalidea. Four new genera and 5 new species were discovered as a result of this study. These are Aberrapex senticosus n. gen., n. sp., from Myliobatis californica, Paraberrapex manifestus n. gen., n. sp., from Squatina californica and Healyum harenamica n. gen., n. sp., Healyum pulvis n. sp. and Quadcuspibothrium francisi n. gen., n. sp., from Mobula japanica. Aberrapex n. gen. and Paraberrapex n. gen. can be distinguished from all other lecanicephalidean genera based on the lack of an apical structure (pars apicalis) on their scolex. Aberrapex n. gen. can be distinguished from Paraberrapex n. gen. based on the presence of an external seminal vesicle, a vagina positioned lateral rather than medial in the proglottid, and an ovary that is tetralobed rather than bilobed in cross section. Healyum n. gen. and Quadcuspibothrium n. gen. are unique among lecanicephalidean genera, including Aberrapex n. gen. and Paraberrapex n. gen., in their possession of a trilobed ovary in cross section. Quadcuspibothrium n. gen. can be distinguished from Healyum n. gen. based on its unique shape of the acetabula, which are diamond-shaped. The 2 species of Healyum n. gen. can be distinguished from one another based on the dimensions and the shape of the scolex, the diameter of the suckerlike acetabula, as well as the shape of the spiniform microtriches on the acetabular rims. Discobothrium arrhynchum is transferred to the genus Aberrapex n. gen. and the original description of this species is emended to include details of the vas deferens and the uterine duct and uterus. The microtrich patterns of the 5 new species and Aberrapex arrhynchum n. comb. are described. These are the first records of tapeworms of the Lecanicephalidea from the Gulf of California. Squatina californica and Mobula japanica represent new host records for lecanicephalidean tapeworms. The ordinal diagnosis of the Lecanicephalidea by Euzet (1994) is emended to include these 4 new genera.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

New genus with two new species of capsalid monogeneans from dasyatids in the Gulf of California.

We propose Listrocephalos n. gen. (Monogenea: Capsalidae: Entobdellinae) for 2 new capsalid species that infect the skin of 2 species of diamond stingrays (Dasyatidae) in the Gulf of California. We also provide additional observations on 2 previously described capsalid species, which infect the external body surface of stingrays and are currently in Entobdella Blainville in Lamarck, 1818, and transfer them to the proposed new genus. The members of this genus, Listrocephalos corona (Hargis, 1955) n. comb. (type species), Listrocephalos guberleti (Caballero and Bravo-Hollis, 1962) n. comb., Listrocephalos kearni n. sp., and Listrocephalos whittingtoni n. sp., differ from other entobdellines by the combination of having an anterolateral adhesive pad comprising 2 ventral columns of raised ovoid structures, I pair of glands that flank the preoral depression, a discoid and aseptate haptor that lacks a marginal valve but has clover-shaped papillae dispersed radially over its entire ventral surface, minute and nonoverlapping median haptoral sclerites, a bizarre chamber yielding a duct that opens on the surface of the penis, separate genital pores, and a gland of Goto located between the testes and ovary. Listrocephalos kearni n. sp. infects Dasyatis brevis and is most easily distinguished from its congeners by the combination of lacking penis tubules and having a convoluted proximal portion of the vas deferens that occupies the space between the ootype and ovary. Listrocephalos whittingtoni n. sp. infects Dasyatis longa and is most easily distinguished from its congeners by the combination of having penis tubules and a vaginal pore that is located posterior to the level of the uterus. We report specimens of L. corona from the ventral body surface of Dasyatis say from a new locality, Mississippi Sound, as well as specimens of L. guberleti from the skin of 2 new hosts, Urobatis maculatus and Urobatis concentricus, and a new locality, Elkhorn Slough, California. We provide a diagnostic key and a table of records for Listrocephalos spp.

Animals↗