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PubMed1994

Breeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in urban housing of Sibu town, Sarawak.

An Aedes survey using various larval survey methods was conducted in 12 urban housing areas and 29 vacant lands in Sibu town proper. Aedes albopictus larvae were found in all areas surveyed while Aedes aegypti larvae were present in 10 localities and 4 vacant lands. There were no significant difference in the house index, breteau and larval density index of these two Aedes (Stegomyia) species from the survey areas. The proportion of containers positive with Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in area outside the house compound and near the house fencing were 3.2 times higher than outdoor compound. The indoor/outdoor breeding ratio for Ae. aegypti alone is 1.6:1. The most preferred breeding habitats outdoor were plastic cups and used tires while indoor habitats were ant traps and flower vases. In the vacant lands, the average number of larvae per containers was significantly higher than in houses and over 51% of the containers inspected were positive. Shared breeding between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae accounted for 9% in house surveys and 4.5% in vacant land survey. The use of various methods in Aedes larval survey may provide essential information in the study of vector epidemiology in dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever transmission.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Management, breeding, and reproductive performance of pine voles.

Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) serve as an interesting rodent model for studies of fossorial adaptation and mammalian mating systems. They are unusual among rodents in displaying a cooperative system of breeding. Here we describe the management of a breeding colony of pine voles. This species is relatively easy to maintain in the laboratory, although care must be taken to provide sufficient water in their diet. Details of reproduction, as well as growth and development of the young, are included. Pine voles have a smaller litter size (2.3 +/- 0.9 pups at birth) than do other arvicoline rodents but are still prolific breeders, producing, on average, a litter per month for more than 12 months. These rodents are useful for comparison with other arvicoline rodents, as well as providing an opportunity to investigate the behavior, physiology, and reproduction of an easily managed cooperatively breeding mammal.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

[Activity of coagulation factors II, V, VII and X in healthy dogs--dependence on age, sex and breed].

The activity of the coagulation factors II, V, VII and X was measured in plasmas of 167 healthy dogs of different age, sex and breeds using a test optimized for dogs. During the first months of life particularly the factor X-activity, but also the activity of factor-II-, and by way of suggestion the factor V-activity was lower in comparison to adult dogs. A dependence on the sex was only seen for the factor II- (p = 0.0497) and V-activity (p = 0.0467), which was slightly higher in not castrated female than in male dogs. Significant differences between different breeds existed for factor VII. With regard to a collective of different breeds the reference values (2.5- and 97.5%-quantile) were calculated for adult dogs (n = 111). Especially the range of the factor VII- (62-180%), and also of factor V-activity (68-137%) was wider than that of the factor II- (84-126%) and factor X-activity (77-121%).

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the chimpanzee breeding program at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research.

The history of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) breeding colony of the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research was evaluated over a 24-year period to determine age at conception, breeder rearing history, maternal competence, and infant rearing history. The records of 107 breeders and 268 live births were reviewed. Of the breeders with known rearing histories, 40 were wild-born (12 male and 28 female), 16 were reared by their mothers for at least 1 month (8 male and 8 female), and 13 were removed from their mothers immediately after birth (2 males and 11 females). The age of successful mating for males ranged from 7 to 32 years and for females from 7 to 41 years, although the upper limit indicates the age of the population and not reproductive senescence. The mother's rearing history was related to her maternal competence, defined as caring for an infant for at least 1 month. Of the wild-born females, 82% (18/22) were competent mothers. For females that had been reared in captivity with their mothers for 1 to 12 months, 71% (5/7) were competent. For females that had been removed from their mothers immediately and reared in a nursery by humans, only 14% (1/7) were competent. The rearing strategies have changed during the period under consideration. The number of infants reared by their mothers increased in the 1980s, while the number of infants removed from their mothers immediately for experimental reasons decreased and dropped to zero in the 1990s. Information on the history of the breeding colony has been used to make management decisions and to determine the expectations of the Southwest Foundation chimpanzee breeding program.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

[Use of polymorphic DNA markers for differentiation of chicken breeds of varying origin].

Methods of multilocus genome fingerprinting (DNA fingerprinting) and the polymerase chain reaction with random primers were used to detect genome variability of eleven chicken breeds. The diagnostic value of the markers used for differentiating breeds and detection of origin of several breeds of Russian selection was demonstrated. Problems connected with differences in the differential significance of the genetic markers used are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of biotechnology in animal breeding].

Biotechnological techniques are extensively used in dairy breeding programs. Thus, artificial insemination and embryo transfer (and associated techniques) constitute an integral part of modern breeding programs. In pig breeding, embryo transfer is mostly restricted to special problem areas because of its high costs. Currently this technique is used for the exchange of genetic material on an international level, for the creation of specific pathogene free herds, and in connection with cryoconservation for the setup of embryobanks in the context of the preservation of genetic resources.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the GnRH test results of beef-type breeding bull candidates.

The GnRH test results of Hungarian Fleckvieh and Charolais breeding bull candidates were evaluated by two different methods (selection based on previously fixed standard data and on standard deviation, respectively) in two breeding herds. The Leydig's cell response of the testicles to a central signal after the injection of a single dose of 100 micrograms exogenous GnRH analogue (Ovurelin inj. ad us. vet., Reanal Co. Ltd., Budapest) was evaluated. The two different selection methods used for evaluating the results of the GnRH test brought different results: on the basis of phenotypic value three, while according to the absolute value seven Hungarian Fleckvieh individuals were selected as excellent. For the evaluation of the results of GnRH treatment, the phenotypic deviation value should be used in the practice because of its easy interpretation. The relative phenotypic values changed between 84.4 and 136.6 in the Hungarian Fleckvieh and between 64.7 and 179.4 in the Charolais breed.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Breeding of bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) in captivity.

The results of studies on the breeding of South Indian bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) over 20 years at our institution are presented. The menstrual cycle and hormonal changes were similar to those reported for Macaca mulatta. It was noted that summer amenorrhoea could be eliminated by housing the monkeys in rooms supplied with humidified air. Although a fertility index (proportion of animals becoming pregnant within three exposures to a proven fertile male) of 60 to 65% was achieved by random breeding, an index of 80 to 85% was achieved by controlled breeding (prior monitoring of serum estradiol-17 beta concentration on days 7, 8, 9, and 10).

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1997

[Pain caused by breeding in dogs].

According to German animal protection law it is not aloud to breed animals if it has to be expected that the offspring will suffer pain caused by hereditary characters. This paper deals with those hereditary defects which are used directly or indirectly (because of linkage to other desirable traits) in dog breeding. By the patho-physiological symptoms and the genetics of selected hereditary defects recommendations are exemplified how these defects should be handled in breeding that pain can be avoided.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1997

Influence of type and breed of horse on serum osteocalcin concentration, and evaluation of the applicability of a bovine radioimmunoassay and a human immunoradiometric assay [corrected].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate applicability of a human osteocalcin (OC) immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for use with equine serum and compare it with a bovine radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously proven valid for such samples, and to describe the effect of type and breed of horses on serum OC concentration. ANIMALS: 100 healthy horses of either sex, classified as type I or II (draught or warmblood, respectively). Each type was represented by 2 breed groups, each comprising 25 horses. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected in the morning, and the serum was separated. Osteocalcin was measured, using commercially available RIA and IRMA kits, according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were evaluated in duplicate. RESULTS: The human IRMA did not recognize equine OC. Significant variations in the bovine RIA results were observed between types of horses. Draught horses had lower OC concentration, compared with warmblood horses. Significant difference was not observed between breeds for type of horse. Sex had no influence on serum OC values, but age was a significant covariable for both types of horses. CONCLUSIONS: No crossreactivity exists between the equine and human amino- and/or carboxy-terminus of OC, using this particular human IRMA kit. Difference in blood OC concentration exists between draught and warmblood types of horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of this human IRMA kit is not valid for equine serum. Horse type must be taken into account when evaluating OC concentration in research or clinical situations, especially if small variations in OC concentration are expected.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

[Breeding hygiene regimen and fertility performance in a swine herd of 400].

A specific breeding schedule and the subsequent reproductive performance in a 400 swine breeding herd over five years is described. The reduction of the nursing time from 49 to 28 days increased the number of litters per anno to 2.4 and of weaned piglets by six. The reproductive management is based on the 7-day-breeding schedule. Each week 22 to 23 animals are inseminated, among them eight gilts every 14 days. Mating gilts only every 14 days reduce the cost for transportation. The zoo- and biotechnique is as follows: Sows: weaning on Wednesday; 24 h later 900 IE pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) i.m., artificial insemination (AI) on Monday or Tuesday (two times), pregnancy diagnosis by transcutaneous ultrasonography on day 23/24 post insemination. Gilts: transportation (gilts are bought-in) exactly four weeks before insemination; on Saturday/ Sunday transportation induced heat; 23 days after transportation (18th/19th day of female cycle), on Friday 900 IE PMSG (with sows simultaneously); on Monday 150 micrograms GnRH-analogue i.m.; on Wednesday/Thursday AI (two times; the 2nd AI 14 h after the first), pregnancy diagnosis by transcutaneous ultrasonography on day 23/24 post insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mosquito breeding and resting in treeholes in a forest ecosystem in Orissa.

During a longitudinal study in the deciduous monsoon forest in northwest Orissa, 16 species belonging to Genera Anopheles (2), Culex (3), Aedes (8), Armigeres (1), Orthopodomyia (1) and Toxorhynchites (1) were found breeding in the treeholes, while 20 species including disease vectors An. culicifacies, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. albopictus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui were found resting. The study showed that so far malaria vectors have not exploited the breeding potential of treeholes but Aedes albopictus, vector of dengue/ dengue haemorrhagic fever in Asia, was one of the main species breeding and resting in the treeholes. The paper describes seasonality, interspecific association and some new species breeding/resting in treeholes in Orissa.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Combinations of liquid chromatography methods for the breeding of high alkaloid-containing poppies].

An analytical strategy for the determination of alkaloid content of poppy capsules was developed for the efficient plant breeding. The first step of the strategy is a screening by circular multilayer (ML) overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) with large number (28 samples/chromatoplate) of samples under UV (254 and 366 nm) light. The next step is a TLC separation with densitometric evaluation for quantitative determination of the selected samples (ca. 50% of all samples). These results are confirmed by ionpair reversed-phase (RP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the most interesting (20% of all samples) poppy capsules. If the difference of the two applied quantitative methods is higher than 10% the investigations have to be repeated by new mobile phase systems with different solvent strength and selectivity factor values to eliminate the disturbing effect of the minor compounds which appear during the plant breeding. On the basis of the analytical results two new populations were formed, one of them ("MAMOR") has high morphine (approximately 20 mg/g) content, the other one ("TEMAX") is characterized by ability of tebain (approximately 16 mg/g) accumulation. The two new poppy sorts are verification for the effectiveness of the combination of different separation techniques (OPLC, TLC, HPLC) and UV detection modes (off-line and on-line) for medicinal plant breeding.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1997

The Mossie-Buster: a hose-driven insecticide delivery tool for the control of container-breeding mosquitoes.

A novel insecticide delivery tool, the Mossie-Buster, was recently developed to control larval populations from urban breeding sites in Townsville, Australia. This functional and user-friendly control device directly targets the main breeding sites of Aedes aegypti (L.) with a focused delivery of insecticides. The Mossie-Buster comprises a commercially available device and attachments that mix an insecticide solution into the flow of water emitted from a hose. Attached to the device is a trigger for controlled insecticide release. Preliminary laboratory and field trials demonstrated the tool to be effective in eliminating all Ae. aegypti present in various typical breeding containers in different environmental conditions for a minimum of 2 wk in exposed areas to 3 months in an unexposed area.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The variability and heritability of the indices of speed and exterior characters in horses of the Orlov trotter breed].

Study of the variability and heritability of sprightliness and exterior characteristics which are the constituent factors of capacity for work of trotting horse breed, permits predicting and planning the direction of selection work in the breed, and determining the efficiency of animals selection according to phenotype. To increase the level of capacity for work of Orloff trotting horse breed, according to the paper data, more consideration should be given to correctness of the exterior, as a biomechanical basis of the horse motion.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Dutch-Belted rabbit: an alternative breed for developmental toxicity testing.

BACKGROUND: Historical control data play a crucial role in the interpretation of observations made from developmental and reproductive toxicity studies. METHODS: In our effort to develop the Dutch-Belted rabbit as an alternative breed of rabbit for testing of small molecule pharmaceuticals, data collected from 236 untreated pregnant Dutch Belted rabbits are summarized and compared to data collected from 350 untreated pregnant New Zealand White Rabbits. RESULTS: The data presented include mean maternal body weight and food consumption values, mean maternal hematological and serum biochemical values collected during gestation, maternal reproductive (laparotomy) parameters collected at cesarean section, and incidences of spontaneous fetal morphological alterations collected during 1999-2002. Due to their smaller size the use of this breed of rabbit would require approximately 40% less drug than studies conducted with New Zealand White rabbits. Because the Dutch-Belted rabbit is pigmented this breed also offers the ability to test the potential effects of various xenobiotics on melanocyte development and to evaluate the potential sequela of drugs that have a propensity to bind melanin in the skin and pigmented retinal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, the Dutch-Belted rabbit is considered to be a practical alternative to use of the New Zealand White rabbit for these types of studies.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of flobufen in pig hepatocytes: effect of pig breed (domestic, wild) and castration.

Knowledge of the biotransformation processes of veterinary drugs and food supplements in food-producing animals is increasingly important. Residual levels of parent compounds or their metabolites in food of animal origin may differ with the breed, breeding conditions, and gender of animals. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug flobufen, 4-(2',4'-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutanoic acid (racemic or its individual enantiomers) was used as a model to evaluate differences in activity, stereoselectivity, and stereospecificity of reductases in primary cultures of hepatocytes from intact male or castrated male domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) or male wild pig (Sus scrofa scrofa). Time-dependent consumption of flobufen enantiomers and formation of dihydroflobufen (DHF) diastereoisomers as their principal metabolites in hepatocytes were measured using chiral HPLC. Flobufen reduction in hepatocytes from all three experimental groups of animals was stereoselective ((+)-R-flobufen was predominantly metabolized) and stereospecific (2R;4S-DHF and 2S;4S-DHF diastereoisomers were preferentially formed). Flobufen reductases activity in male domestic pigs was 30 times higher compared to castrated pigs. Flobufen reductases activity was similar in domestic and wild pigs. The stereospecificity and stereoselectivity of DHF production did not significantly differ with breed or castration of animal. Chiral inversion of flobufen enantiomers was also studied and differences between castrated and intact male pigs were seen.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Breeding status affects motoneuron number and muscle size in naked mole-rats: recruitment of perineal motoneurons?

Naked mole-rats live in large colonies and exhibit a strict reproductive hierarchy. Each colony has one breeding female and one to three breeding males; all other individuals are nonreproductive subordinates. Subordinates show a remarkable lack of sex differences in behavior and anatomy, but can become reproductive if removed from the colony. We recently reported that the striated perineal muscles and their innervating motoneurons, which are sexually dimorphic in all other mammals examined to date, are not dimorphic in subordinate naked mole-rats. Here we asked whether sexual differentiation of this neuromuscular system occurs when a subordinate becomes a breeder. The size and number of cells within Onuf's nucleus (homologue of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus) as well as perineal muscle volume were examined in subordinate and breeding naked mole-rats of both sexes. Sex differences in perineal motoneurons were not observed, regardless of social status. To our surprise, however, counts of motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus were increased approximately 30% in breeders of both sexes. This was accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in cells in Onuf's nucleus that were characterized by small soma size, and lacked a clear nucleus or nucleolus. Although not exhibiting typical motoneuron morphology, some of these small cells were positive for the motoneuron marker, SMI-32. The neuronal changes correlate with increased perineal muscle volumes in breeders. We propose that small, relatively undifferentiated cells are recruited to the pool of large Onuf's nucleus motoneurons when subordinate naked mole-rats become breeders.

Animals↗