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Results for “Biomedical Engineering”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Engineering as a clinical tool for geriatric rehabilitation.

Of all age-groups, the over-60 group has the highest percentage of people with permanent, incurable, progressive handicaps. Clinical research during the past 14 years at the National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering has shown that many elderly persons with permanent vision, hearing, speech, and mobility handicaps can be helped to be happier and more independent through a multidisciplinary team approach. The team should be led by physicians specializing in geriatric medicine and should include medical specialists, industrial engineers, efficiency and mobility experts, and task-performance trainers.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic ultrasound.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2004

Biomedical applications of optical imaging.

Developments in imaging offer real-time visualisation of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. This article considers how micro- and nanotechnology may enhance the application of optical imaging for in vivo and in vitro diagnostics.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of medical technology: the role of engineers.

Assessment of medical technologies is a multidisciplinary activity requiring the participation of engineers, clinicians and social scientists. The contribution of engineers has often been confined to the early stages of technical assessment. However, engineers have important inputs to make throughout the assessment process in their roles of developers, users and managers of technology. Engineers have found collaboration with clinical researchers possible through hospital-based work, but must also develop links with economists and other social scientists if they are to make a full contribution to comprehensive technology assessment.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2000

Tissue-engineering applications for phallic reconstruction.

Pathologic penile conditions often require reconstructive surgery. Due to the limited amount of autologous tissues available for reconstruction, other tissue substitutes have been used. Phallic reconstruction using engineered autologous genital tissue, i.e., tissue derived from the patient's own cells, may be preferable. In this article we describe tissue-engineering approaches that may be applicable to genital reconstruction.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2006

Planar biaxial creep and stress relaxation of the mitral valve anterior leaflet.

A fundamental assumption in mitral valve (MV) therapies is that a repaired or replaced valve should mimic the functionality of the native valve as closely as possible. Thus, improvements in valvular treatments are dependent on the establishment of a complete understanding of the function and mechanical properties of the native normal MV. In a recent study [Grashow et al. ABME 34(2), 2006] we demonstrated that the planar biaxial stress-strain relationship of the MV anterior leaflet (MVAL) exhibited minimal hysteresis and a stress-strain response independent of strain rate, suggesting that MVAL could be modeled as a "quasi-elastic" material. The objective of our current study was to expand these results to provide a more complete picture of the time-dependent mechanical properties of the MVAL. To accomplish this, biaxial stress-relaxation and creep studies were performed on porcine MVAL specimens. Our primary finding was that while the MVAL leaflet exhibited significant stress relaxation, it exhibited negligible creep over the 3-h test. These results furthered our assertion that the MVAL functionally behaves not as a linear or non-linear viscoelastic material, but as an anisotropic quasi-elastic material. These results appear to be unique in the soft tissue literature; suggesting that valvular tissues are unequalled in their ability to withstand significant loading without time-dependent material effects. Moreover, insight into these specialized characteristics can help guide and inform efforts directed toward surgical repair and engineered valvular tissue replacements.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Programming and engineering biological networks.

Synthetic biology aims to build new functions in living organisms. Recent work has addressed the creation of synthetic epigenetic switches in mammalian cells and synthetic intracellular communication. Fundamentally new, and potentially scaleable, modes of gene regulation have been created that enable expansion of the scope of synthetic circuits. Increasingly sophisticated models of gene regulation that include stochastic effects are beginning to predict the behaviour of small synthetic networks. Overall, these advances suggest that a combination of molecular engineering and systems engineering should allow the creation of living matter capable of performing many useful and novel functions.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smart hydrogels for in situ generated implants.

The objective of this study was to explore the use of reverse thermo-responsive (RTG) polymers for generating implants at their site of performance, following minimally invasive surgical procedures. Aiming at combining syringability and enhanced mechanical properties, a new family of injectable RTG-displaying polymers that exhibit improved mechanical properties was created, following two different strategies: (1) to synthesize high-molecular-weight polymers by covalenty joining poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) chains using phosgene as the coupling molecule and (2) to cross-link poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-PEO triblocks after end-capping them with triethoxysilane or methacrylate reactive groups. While the methacrylates cross-linked rapidly, the triethoxysilane groups enabled the system to cross-link gradually over time. The chain-extended PEO/PPO copolymers had molecular weights in the 39 000-54 000 interval and exhibited improved mechanical properties. Reverse thermo-responsive systems displaying gradually increasing mechanical properties were generated by cross-linking triethoxysilane-capped (EO)(99)-(PO)(67)-(EO)(99) (F127) triblocks. Over time, the ethoxysilane groups hydrolyzed and created silanol moieties that subsequently condensated. With the aim of further improving their mechanical behavior, F127 triblocks were reacted with methacryloyl chloride and the resulting dimethacrylate was subsequently cross-linked in an aqueous solution at 37 degrees C. The effect of the concentration of the F127 dimethacrylate on the mechanical properties and the porous structure of the cross-linked matrixes produced was assessed. Rheometric studies revealed that the cross-linked hydrogels attained remarkable mechanical properties and allowed the engineering of robust macroscopic constructs, such as large tubular structures. The microporosity of the matrixes produced was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Monolayered conduits as well as structures comprising two and three layers were engineered in vitro, and their compliance and burst strength were determined.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1998

Y-ligation: an efficient method for ligating single-stranded DNAs and RNAs with T4 RNA ligase.

Very efficient ligation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides was attained through a simple molecular construct, which is composed of one stem and two branches (Y-shape), with use of T4 RNA ligase. Single-stranded DNAs (naturally, RNAs also) of more than 100 nucleotides (even 800 nts) were considerably ligated, approximately as theoretically expected. Owing to the molecular construct adopted, such a tiny amount of ligation products could be amplified to a sufficient amount by PCR and then recovered as single-stranded DNAs. This advantage of being amplifiable is shown to be useful for both combinatorial chemistry and evolutionary molecular engineering, which deal with a pool of diversity molecules.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1988

Physical disability: the role of the physical scientist in the health service. A report of the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine.

The Report of the Royal College of Physicians on Physical Disability in 1986 and Beyond gives details of a Medical Disability Service to redress the present imbalance in the provisions for the physically disabled. An integral part of this service should be the provision of adequate scientific and technical resources, which could be established by making four or five new Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering appointments annually in each Region for the next ten years.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishment of a clinical engineering department in a Venezuelan national reference hospital.

Since 1976, Clinical Engineering (CE) has been studied at the Simón Bolívar University (USB) as part of the Bioengineering Studies program developed at that University. However, it was not until 1996 that Clinical Engineering activities were established in a Venezuelan hospital. This paper describes how the USB, using its own human resources, has achieved the establishment of a Clinical Engineering Department in a national reference hospital for the first time.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2000

Dynamic mechanical conditioning of collagen-gel blood vessel constructs induces remodeling in vitro.

Dynamic mechanical conditioning is investigated as a means of improving the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs composed of living cells embedded in a collagen-gel scaffold. This approach attempts to elicit a unique response from the embedded cells so as to reorganize their surrounding matrix, thus improving the overall mechanical stability of the constructs. Mechanical conditioning, in the form of cyclic strain, was applied to the tubular constructs at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 and 8 days. The response to conditioning thus evinced involved increased contraction and mechanical strength, as compared to statically cultured controls. Significant increases in ultimate stress and material modulus were seen over an 8 day culture period. Accompanying morphological changes showed increased circumferential orientation in response to the cyclic stimulus. We conclude that dynamic mechanical conditioning during tissue culture leads to an improvement in the properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs in terms of mechanical strength and histological organization. This concept, in conjunction with a proper biochemical environment, could present a better model for engineering vascular constructs.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Results of clinical tests on the fattening-stimulating action of the steroid estrogen mestranol in bulls].

Three experiments were conducted with 5 mg Mestranol per animal and die over 70 to 80 days and resulted in daily surplus gains of twelve, 14, and 18 per cent in terminal fattening of Frisian bulls. Also achieved were fodder savings by 1 kg dry matter and energy savings by 0.7 kEFr for each kilogram of gain as well as increase in slaughter weight by 8-9 kg per animal. Those favourable effects were attributed to anabolic and sexual-inhibiting action. A sedative effect on the nervous system is assumed. Combination with CAP failed to give any advantage regarding sexual inhibition and fattening result, but it rather entailed certain shortcomings, such as lower slaughter weight and stronger fat development. The development of an anabolic medicament for veterinary bio-engineering in terms of growth stimulation is suggested.

Abattoirs↗