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At least 1,549 records · Page 86Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Neurophysiological and biological bases of active and passive avoidance behaviors. Somatic consequences. Behavioral level. Semantic problems].

After a discussion concerning the semantic contents of terms such as: emotions, pulsions, motivations, as much from the physiological as from the psychological point of view as well as with regard to the role of the processes of memory and learning in their elaboration, the neurophysiological plane of fundamental behaviour patterns is approached. The role of the dorsomedian amygdala and of the lateral hypothalamus in the processes of behavioural activation as well as that of the septal area, of the hippocampus, of the lateral amygdala, of the ventro-median hypothalamus in the processes of inhibition are recalled. The action upon the environment and the reaction to the environment (conditioned or unconditioned) of this system are studied. Anxiety is considered as resulting from the inhibition of action and its endogenous or exogenous causes, as well as the mechanisms of its disappearance, are examined. The distinction between hypophyso-corticoadrenal alarm reaction and sympatho-adrenergic defence reaction is recalled. Basing himself upon the experimental work of his laboratory, the author shows that in the defence reaction it is necessary to make the distinction between the sympathetic reaction, noradrenergic, brrenergic reaction, medullo-adrenal, controlled by the system of behavioural activation. He shows the interest of such a distinction on the physio-pathological plane. Finally he approaches the biochemical level, that of the neuro-modulators and of their central role. He suggests that the effect alpha of catecholamines and the nicotinic effect of acetylcholine indeed seem to have a direct role in the control of synaptic activity, while the beta effect and the muscarinic effect could have a secondary role through the intermediary of the synthesis of cAMP and cGMP respectively. The second messengers would intervene principally in the neuronal protein synthesis and the long term memory. The work ends with a rapid summary concerning the biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms of drugs which act upon behaviour patterns. This summary is based on the outline previously elaborated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of long-term adaptation to hypoxia on the open-field behavioral reactions in rats with different types of behavior].

We studied the influence of long-term (30 days) adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia (daily lifting to 5000 m for 5 h) on behaviour of rats with different typological characteristics and levels of resistance to hypoxia. Correlation was ascertained between the resistance of rats to oxygen deficiency and the open field locomotor activity. Adaptation was shown to induce the state of increased anxiety in animals of all the groups under study. In rats with the low resistance to hypoxia adaptation led to increase of exploratory activity. In rats with high initial resistance hypoxic influences caused an increased extinction of orienting reaction at repeated testing in the open field as well as motor excitation increase. In animals with active and medial types of behaviour hypoxic influences increased exploratory activity. In animals with the medial behavioural type increased exploratory activity was changed later by general motor excitation. In rats with the passive type of behaviour adaptation resulted in decrease of the number of rearings testifying to suppression of exploratory reactions, and in the phase changes of locomotor activity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Relations with nursing home residents with dementia: an exploratory study of behavior and behavioral determinants of caregiving personnel].

The number of demented old people in residential homes is increasing. The majority of the staff of these homes is not or insufficiently trained in dealing with demented people which may cause problems in daily practice. Staff behaviour and determinants of that behaviour associated with the management of demented old people, were examined with a questionnaire. The research took place in Maastricht and its surrounding area in July 1990 in eight residential homes with a total number of 136 responding attendants. The results give insight into changes that are necessary in order to align the staff's behaviour with recommendations for dealing with demented people. The behaviour of the respondents fits rather well with recommendations to activate demented people, to communicate with them and not to change anything around them. Respondents' behaviour that is not in agreement with the recommendations is correcting and testing of the demented elderly. Moreover, there is more correcting and testing when knowledge about the effects is less and when there is less support from colleagues on the inappropriateness of correcting or testing. Training the attending staff in dealing with dementia has a positive influence on knowledge about dementia and increases the provision of recommended care. A specific training in dealing with demented old people is recommended during and after the professional training of the staff.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Chronic administration of lithium and rubidium in rats. General behavior, explorative behavior and electric activity of the brain].

We have studied the rat under chronic treatment with lithium carbonate and rubidium chloride both given ip. For a four week period we have recorded, once a week, weight, rectal temperature, tail-flick, motor co-ordination and general activity in a one-arm radial maze and in a Boissier-Simon table. At the end of the fourth week surface (SEEG) and deep EEGrams (DEEG: hippocampus, amygdala) were recorded from treated and control animals. FFT (Hanning window) was performed both for SEEG and DEEG. The findings are: 1) No changes in weight, rectal temperature, tail-flick and motor coordination (rotarod). 2) In the one-arm maze and in the Boissier-Simon table rubidium is in contrast to the effects of lithium, it causes increased activity and aggression 3) the EEGrams were analyzed by means of FFT as power in preselected bands of frequency. The results, on the whole, suggest, since these two ions have opposite effects on brain norepinephrine metabolism, that they may be useful in the treatment of PMD.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acoustically guided behavior in the early ontogeny of the long-eared owl: the characteristics of its feeding behavior and the parameters of the acoustic signal important for its stimulation].

Feeding behaviour of nestlings of long-eared owls (Asio otus) is manifested as a complex of two components, i. e., the vocal reaction (uttering of begging calls) and specific motor response. Exposure to the appropriate acoustic signals resulted in an increase in the number of begging calls and approaching reaction to the source of acoustic signals. The range of monotonal signals effective for eliciting feeding behaviour was 0.2--1.5 kHz, the most effective were the tones of 0.3--0.7 kHz. The approaching reaction to acoustic signals was rather weak up to the 5th day after hatching, clearly pronounced in the 6--11th days, and later on was abruptly substituted for the response of following the visual stimulus provoked by the acoustic stimulation. Specific acoustic afferentation is the sole stimulus for begging in nestlings up to 11 days of age, and it remains a triggering stimulus for feeding behaviour in owl nestlings throughout the period of artificial feeding under laboratory conditions (up to the 40th day after hatching.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior therapy of onchophagia and trichotillomania. Ethological and behavioral perspectives].

Emphasis is brought to similarities between informations collected from the study and treatment of patients suffering from nail biting and trichotillomania, by behavioural treatment and the concept according to which such troubles are "tics", learned responses which will become non adapted, present in a given situation, reinforced by time and progressively more resistant to extinction on the one hand, and ethological concepts which consider those behaviours as displacement of activity such as "grooming" in primates, ritual activities, free from nutritions activities, triggered by some attitudes and facilitated by the presence of fear affects, aggressivity or sexual drive.

Behavior Therapy↗