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PubMed1991

[Li+ as a Na+ analog in ion transport process in vertebrates].

Special features of Li+ transport in several organs ensuring ion homeostasis of vertebrates (in kidneys of fishes and mammals, in gills of teleost and rectal gland of elasmobranchs) are observed in comparison to Na+ transport in the same organs. Transport processes in extrarenal excretory organs--in gills of marine teleosts and in rectal gland of marine elasmobranchs--are distinguished by low lithium-sodium selectivity, i.e. in these processes Li+ behaves very much like Na+. On the contrary, renal excretion of these ions is accompanied by significant (more than ten times) increase of [Li]/[Na] ratio in urine in comparison with that of blood plasma. At the same time, there is no difference between Li+ and Na+ in process of glomerular filtration and their transfer across proximal tubule wall; discrimination takes place in distal parts of a nephron where Li+ is not involved in the process of Na+ reabsorption. Data on lithium-sodium selectivity of the kidneys and rectal gland were obtained by a direct measurement of Li+ and Na+ concentrations in body fluids. Estimations of lithium sodium-selectivity of gills of freshwater and marine teleosts were performed by means of the balance equation of Li+ and Na+ net fluxes in processes of exchange between the animal and its environment.

Animals↗
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Moderation.

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Blood Volume↗
PubMed1986

The morphological basis of fluid balance in the interstitium of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

The morphological basis of fluid balance in the interstitium of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) was reevaluated in rats, mice and Tupaia. Three ultrastructural features in the region of the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle are described that may be important for the fluid balance in this region: (1) podocyte foot processes in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, (2) endothelial fenestrations in the wall of the incoming afferent arteriole, both facing Goormaghtigh and epithelioid cells, and (3) the mesangial-type lining of the glomerular stalk. With respect to the relevant pressure gradients, this morphology may provide the basis of bulk-fluid flow directed to the interstitium of the JGA including the Goormaghtigh cell field. Thus, the fluid balance in the lacis area and, consequently, the tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism, probably does not solely depend upon the reabsorptive transport of the macula densa. Similar considerations may be valid for the humoral control of renin secretion from juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Kinetics and extravascular retention of acetated ringer's solution during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia for thyroid surgery.

BACKGROUND: In sheep, isoflurane causes extravascular accumulation of infused crystalloid fluid. The current study evaluates whether isoflurane has a greater tendency than propofol to cause extravascular retention in surgical patients. METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing thyroid surgery lasting for 143 +/- 32 min (mean +/- SD) received an intravenous infusion of 25 ml/kg acetated Ringer's solution over 30 min. Anesthesia was randomized to consist of isoflurane or propofol supplemented by fentanyl. The distribution and elimination of the infused fluid was estimated using volume kinetics based on the fractional dilution of blood hemoglobin over 150 min. Extravascular retention of infused fluid was taken as the difference between the model-predicted elimination and the urinary excretion. The sodium and fluid balances were measured. RESULTS: The fractional plasma dilution increased gradually to approximately 30% during the infusion and thereafter remained at 15-20%. Urinary excretion averaged 11% of the infused volume. Mean arterial pressure was 10 mmHg lower in the isoflurane group (P < 0.001). The excess fluid volumes in the central and peripheral functional body fluid spaces were virtually identical in the groups. The sum of water losses by evaporation and extravascular fluid retention amounted to 2.0 +/- 2.5 ml/min for isoflurane and 2.2 +/- 2.1 ml/min for propofol. The sodium balance refuted that major fluid shifts occurred between the extracellular and intracellular spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of evaporation and extravascular retention of fluid was small during thyroid surgery, irrespective of whether anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane or propofol.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Perioperative monitoring of total body water by bio-electrical impedance in children undergoing open heart surgery.

UNLABELLED: Knowledge of the changes in total body water (TBW) following cardiac surgery (OHS) in children would be of value in fluid therapy and in researching the causes and management of capillary leak. We have validated a bioelectrical impedance technique (BEI) for non-invasive estimation of TBW in children after OHS. We report the use of this method in a longitudinal study. Twenty patients (mean age 4.7 years +/- 3.5 (SD), mean weight (WT) 16.2 kg +/- 1 kg) undergoing a variety of complex OHS procedures were studied from 1 day preoperatively to 4 days postoperatively. Anaesthetic and basic bypass (CPB) techniques were uniform. Six patients underwent CPB at less than 20 degrees C, 10 at 20 degrees - 25 degrees C and 4 at 26 degrees - 33 degrees C. TBW (BEI), core (ctemp) and peripheral (ptemp) temperatures and fluid balance (TFB) were recorded at frequent intervals. TBW (by BEI) rose (P less than 0.001) following CPB in all patients from 62% +/- 9% (SD) body weight preoperatively to 73% +/- 13% in the ICU (an increase of 11% +/- 5%). TBW remained significantly elevated until the 3rd postoperative day. Multivariate analysis (MVA) confirmed that TBW was significantly related to TFB, but not to ctemp or ptemp. MVA also revealed smaller patient size (height and weight), younger age and longer CPB time as incremental risk factors for the rise in TBW. CONCLUSIONS: (1) BEI permits the non-invasive study of TBW in children after OHS, when TBW variation may be considerable. (2) The smaller the child and the longer the CPB, the greater the rise in TBW. (3) The technique should be a valuable tool in researching the major water fluxes associated with CPB in children.

Body Composition↗