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PubMed1980

Acid and alkaline phosphatases in histologically defined areas of the sheep uterus and placenta: histochemical and microfluorometric analyses.

Acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in different structures of the sheep uterus and placenta by semiquantitative histochemistry of frozen sections (days 10-80 of pregnancy) and quantitative microfluorometry of freeze-dried sections (days 10-145 of pregnancy). Histochemically, lowest activity for acid phosphatase was found in the uterine glands, but biochemically it was lowest in the maternal caruncles. Histochemical acid phosphatase activity in the uterine glands and maternal caruncles increased on day 80 of gestation; however, biochemically, the activity decreased in the glands but did not change in the maternal caruncles during pregnancy. Weak histochemical staining was found in the luminal epithelium on days 25 and 80 of gestation compared with other days, whereas biochemically the activity was high at these times. Histochemically, alkaline phosphatase activity in athe luminal epithelium, uterine glands and maternal caruncles was high and did not change during pregnancy. Fluorometrically, the activity decreased in the luminal epithelium but it increased in the uterine glands and maternal caruncles. Histochemical data showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity in the maternal caruncles and trophoblast than in the foetal cotyledons, but biochemically no activity was detected in the trophoblast and foetal cotyledons.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Coordinate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen syntheses by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes.

The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) (2.3 x 10(-12) - 1.4 x 10(-6) [M]) on alkaline phosphatase, collagen, and cell proliferation were examined in primary cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes prepared from the distal epiphyseal growth plate of the tibias of 12-day chick embryos. 1,25(OH)2D3 showed time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the alkaline phosphatase and collagen levels. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity became detectable at 2 x 10(-11) [M] and reached 10% of control at 10(-7) [M]. The concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 giving a 50% inhibition of the enzyme level was approximately 3 x 10(-10) [M]. Of the two extracellular collagen pools, a cell-associated matrix pool showed a more dramatic decrease (to 10% of control) than a culture medium pool (to 50% of control) at increased 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations. The degree of inhibition was different for each type of chondrocyte-specific collagen (types II, IX, X, and XI). Types II and IX were inhibited in a parallel manner to only 60-80% of control. On the other hand, types X and XI were more greatly reduced up to 10% of control, and their dose-dependent inhibitory curves were similar to that of alkaline phosphatase. On cell proliferation, 1,25(OH)2D3 had a biphasic effect: stimulation at 10(-10)-10(-8) [M] and inhibition at higher levels. The results revealed the significant involvement of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the metabolism of two probable calcification-related products, alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Postnatal ontogeny of kinetics of porcine jejunal brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and sucrase activities.

Our objectives were to determine postnatal changes in the maximal enzyme activity (V(max)) and enzyme affinity (K(m)) of jejunal mucosal membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and sucrase using a porcine model which may more closely resemble the human intestine. Jejunal brush border membrane was prepared by Mg(2+)-precipitation and differential centrifugation from pigs of suckling (8 days), weaning (28 days), post-weaning (35 days) and adult (70 days) stages. p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (0-8 mM), L-alanine-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride (0-28 mM) and sucrose (0-100 mM) were used in alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and sucrase kinetic measurements. V(max) of alkaline phosphatase was the lowest in the adult (4.27 micromol.mg(-1) protein.min(-1)), intermediate in the suckling (9.75 micromol.mg(-l) protein.min(-l)) and the highest in the weaning and post-weaning stage (12.83 and 10.40 micromol.mg(-l) protein.min(-l)). K(m) of alkaline phosphatase was high in the suckling and weaning stages (5.14 and 9.93 mM) and low in the adult (0.66 mM). V(max) of aminopeptidase N was low in the suckling (7.04 micromol.mg protein(-1).min(-1)) and high in the post-weaning stage (13.36 micromol.mg(-l) protein.min(-l)). K(m) of aminopeptidase N was the highest in the two weaning stages (2.96 and 3.39 mM), intermediate in the adult (2.33 mM) and the lowest in the suckling stage (1.66 mM). V(max) of sucrase increased from the suckling to the adult (0.48-1.30 micromol.mg(-l) protein.min(-l)). K(m) of sucrase ranged from 11.19 to 16.57 mM. There are dramatic postnatal developmental changes in both the maximal enzyme activity and enzyme affinity of jejunal brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and sucrase in the pig.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

A potential use of a monoclonal antibody to placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) to detect lymph node metastases of seminoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of monoclonal antibodies against alkaline phosphatase (AL-P) for tumor immunolocalization in nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two monoclonal antibodies against placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) were intravenously administered to nude mice bearing AL-P producing HeLa Hep 2 tumors. Sera and tumors from 65 patients with testicular germ cell tumors were examined for PLAP levels. RESULTS: Levels of PLAP or LAP in the HeLa xenografts were shown to be comparable to levels of PLAP in seminomas, including lymph node metastases, or nonseminomas, respectively. A biodistribution study showed that the percentage of the injected dose of I-125 labelled anti-PLAP in the xenografts was rather constant at around 7% until 7 days after injection, while the percentage of the injected dose of I-125 labelled anti-LAP MAb decreased with time as in other tissues which do not contain significant amounts of PLAP or LAP. On scintiscan, the xenografts in nude mice were distinctly visualized at 7 days after injection of anti-PLAP MAb. CONCLUSIONS: These data may support the potential use of the anti-PLAP MAb for the immunodetection of lymph node metastases of seminoma.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Kinetic determination of alkaline phosphatase activity based on hydrolytic cleavage of the P-F bond in monofluorophosphate and fluoride ion-selective electrode.

Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the P-F bond in monofluorophosphate with the subsequent release of fluoride ions. A kinetic potentiometric method is described in which a fluoride ion-selective electrode is used for the sensitive and selective measurement of the released F- for the determination of alkaline phosphatase activity. It is shown that monofluorophosphate can be used as an alternative substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The reaction demonstrates a well-defined correlation with the hydrolysis of the P-O bond in 4-nitrophenyl phosphate. The serum alkaline phosphatase was determined in human serum samples by the potentiometric technique, and the results obtained compared well with a standard spectrophotometric method.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Childhood hypophosphatasia due to a de novo missense mutation in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene.

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder due to mutations in the bone alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) gene. We report here a patient with childhood hypophosphatasia diagnosed at 1.4 yr because of pectus excavatum, large anterior fontanel, rachitic skeletal changes, and low serum alkaline phosphatase. Sequencing of the ALPL gene produced evidence of two distinct missense mutations, E174K (c.571G>A), of maternal origin, and a de novo mutation, M45I (c.186G>C). The study of various microsatellite polymorphisms ruled out false paternity and therefore confirmed that M45I occurred de novo in the paternal germline or in the early development of the patient. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that M45I results in the absence of in vitro alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that the mutation is a severe allele. In conclusion, childhood hypophosphatasia in this patient is the result of compound heterozygosity for the moderate mutation E174K and a novel severe de novo mutation M45I.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The fine structure and localization of alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestinal epithelium in the postnatal developing rat.

The morphological structure and the development of alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestine of neo-natal rats were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. Until around the 14th day of neo-natal life alkaline phosphatase activity of the duodenal and jejunal epithelial cells was observed on the microvilli, the apical vacuoles and tubules, and the tubular invagination. After the 15th day, the tubulo-vacuolar system below the microvilli disappears from the duodenal and jejunal cells. Also the enzyme activity becomes localized solely on the microvillous membrane. This cytochemical pattern in the jejunum shows no change with the advance of age. Around the 23rd day, alkaline phosphatase activities of the duodenal epithelium were observed in the same sites as those in the full grown rat, i.e. on the microvilli, the lateral cell membrane, and the Golgi apparatus. During the suckling period ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in the ileal cells can be seen in the microvillous membrane, the lateral cell membrane, the tubulo-vacuolar system, and the supranuclear vacuole. At the weaning period, however, the apical tubulo-vacuolar system and the supranuclear vacuole disappear, and all the absorptive cells in the ileal epithelium are free of reaction products as has been shown to be the case in the adult rat.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Bile acids modify alkaline phosphatase induction and bile secretion pressure after bile duct obstruction in the rat.

Bile acids induce synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by cultured hepatocytes. To test whether bile acids account for this enzyme's elevation during cholestasis, we developed an experimental model in which the content of the bile acid pool is controlled at the beginning of cholestasis. After depleting the bile acid pool by external biliary drainage, we obstructed bile flow in four groups of rats and then replenished the pool in three groups with taurocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate, or tauroursodeoxycholate, respectively, and replaced no bile acid in the fourth. Hepatic bile acid concentrations were elevated in all obstructed groups; however, the levels were higher in the groups that received bile acid replacement. Cholate was not metabolized, but both chenodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate were transformed to beta-muricholate. Although hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity rose in all obstructed animals, the levels achieved were higher in each group treated with bile acids than in the group that was not. Increases in plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase occurred only after treatment with cholate or chenodeoxycholate. Bile secretion pressure was higher after ursodeoxycholate or no bile acid treatment but was lower after cholate or chenodeoxycholate replacement. Thus, all bile acids tested induced hepatic alkaline phosphatase to some degree, but only certain ones--those which reduced bile secretion pressure--released the enzyme into plasma. We conclude that, in the rat, the hepatic response to acute cholestasis is influenced by the composition of the intrahepatic bile acid pool and that various bile acids have significantly different effects on this response.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1973

Plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels in normal British schoolchildren.

In a cross-sectional survey 624 schoolchildren were screened for plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase levels. Plasma magnesium and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes were also estimated in some cases.No significant difference was found between adult and childhood values for calcium and magnesium. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus varied with both age and sex. The magnitude of these variations in normal ranges is of clear importance in assessing data from individual paediatric or adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Radiation effects on alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in anatomically different regions of mouse intestine.

The effect of gamma irradiation on alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate has been studied in three anatomically different regions of the small intestine at a surface dose of 400 R. Both the enzymatic activities were shown to be enhanced in duodenum, jejunum and ileum 24 hours after irradiation. The activity of alkaline phosphatase on day 3 tendeed to be low as compared to day 1 post irradiation, but glucose-6-phosphatase continued to rise even after day 3. Maximum rise of glucose-6-phosphatase was observed in the jejunum. On day 9, alkaline phosphatase was diminished below the controls in the whole of intestine, but appeared to be normal on day 10. Glucose-6-phosphatase in duodenum and jejunum on the other hand was comparable to that of control mice; but in ileum, the activity of this enzyme was below the normal values. Physiological significances of these enzymes in intestine has been discussed.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and serum cholesterol in relation to secretor status and blood groups in myocardial infarction patients.

The relation of total serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol in convalescing patients of myocardial infarction with secretor status and blood groups have been studied. Serum cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels showed significant difference in secretors (98) and nonsecretors (56) in myocardial groups. Total cholesterol and total serum alkaline phosphatase levels showed significant difference in secretors when blood groups A and O are compared. While in nonsecretors, significant values obtained in A/O, A/B for cholesterol and A/B, A/AB for alkaline phosphatase levels.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

The prognostic value of preoperative alkaline phosphatase for resection of solitary liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.

A retrospective review was undertaken to determine the influence of preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels on the prognosis of patients who had undergone resection of liver metastasis from colorectal adenocarcinoma at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. From March 1967 to March 1985, 26 patients underwent laparotomy who were thought to have solitary liver metastasis. Twenty of these patients were divided into two groups: group A consisted of seven patients who survived at least 24 months without any evidence of disease and were free of disease at the time of this report. Group B consisted of 13 patients who recurred or died from metastases following liver resection. The preoperative levels of alkaline phosphatase clearly showed that an elevated level before surgery was associated with a poor prognosis in the majority of cases. In group A only one of seven patients had an elevated level where seven of 13 patients in group B had elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels. In conclusion, preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels may be helpful in determining the prognosis of patients considered for curative resection of solitary liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Alkaline phosphatase positive precursors of adipocytes in the human bone marrow.

Developing fat cells in the bone marrow of leukaemic patients treated with chemotherapy were found to be endowed with membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase. Since alkaline phosphatase is a cytochemical marker of 'reticular' cells, this observation provides cytochemical evidence that reticular cells may convert to adipocytes when marrow cellularity abruptly decreases.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Thyroid hormone stimulates alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured rat osteoblastic cells (ROS 17/2.8) through 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine nuclear receptors.

To investigate the increased alkaline phosphatase activity of bone origin in patients with hyperthyroidism, we studied the thyroid hormone effects on alkaline phosphatase activity in a clonal rat osteoblastic cell line (ROS 17/2.8). T4 and T3 increased alkaline phosphatase activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The minimal effective T4 and T3 concentrations in medium containing 10% thyroid hormone-depleted fetal calf serum were 10(-8) M (free T4, 8 X 10(-11) M) and 10(-9) M (free T3, 4 X 10(-11) M), respectively. ROS 17/2.8 cells possessed high affinity, low capacity nuclear receptors specific for T3 [dissociation constant (Kd) approximately 150 pM; maximal binding capacity, approximately 2000 T3 binding sites per nucleus]. The relative affinity of T3, T4, rT3, MIT, and DIT were in good agreement with their biological activity. These findings suggest that rat osteoblast-like cells contain T3 nuclear receptors and that alkaline phosphatase activity is stimulated by thyroid hormone via a nuclear receptor-mediated process at free thyroid hormone concentrations attainable in patients with Graves' disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Purification of alkaline phosphatase from the intestinal content of common seal (Phoca vitulina larga) by immunoaffinity chromatography.

1. A monoclonal antibody APP, 1 against harp seal alkaline phosphatase has been prepared. It was found that the antibody was cross-reacted with the intestinal alkaline phosphatase of common seal Phoca vitulina larga. 2. Purified antibody was linked to Sepharose 4B and used for immunoaffinity chromatographic purification of alkaline phosphatase from the intestinal content of common seal. A spec. act. of the purified enzyme was 7300 units per mg of protein. 3. The enzyme in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and SDS was migrated as a single band of Mr 67,000. The value of the apparent Km for common seal alkaline phosphatase was equal to 3.7 mM.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the theca of ovarian follicles of the hen throughout follicular development.

Within the hen's ovary, the theca tissue of small follicles that have not yet entered the preovulatory hierarchy is a major contributor to ovarian steroidogenesis. Relatively little is known about developmental stages in the theca layer within this pool of follicles and of the histological properties of this tissue. In pigs and sheep, alkaline phosphatase activity has been identified in the theca of preovulatory follicles and in theca-derived cells in the corpus luteum. The objectives of this study were to document morphological changes in the theca layer through pre- and postovulatory follicular development, and to assess alkaline phosphatase activity at these developmental stages. Ovarian tissue containing small white, large white, small yellow, large yellow, and postovulatory follicles (POF) was obtained from mature White Leghorn hens and embedded in either methacrylate for morphological assessment or paraffin for alkaline phosphatase histochemistry. Alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be specific for cells of the theca interna in preovulatory follicles. Activity was first detectable in very small white follicles, the earliest stage in which the theca interna could be distinguished from the theca externa, and highest in the yellow yolky follicles. After ovulation, activity decreased to undetectable levels by the POF4 to 5 stages in POF within 4 to 5 d after ovulation. This study has shown that in the domestic hen, alkaline phosphatase activity is present in cells adjacent to the basal lamina of the theca interna of preovulatory follicles and POF up to 4 to 5 d after ovulation. Identification of the functional significance of this histological reaction will provide new information on ovarian function in the hen.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Marked elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with AIDS.

We have observed many patients with AIDS who have unexplained marked elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase. To determine the frequency of alkaline phosphatase elevations in patients with AIDS, and to identify diagnoses, medications, and demographic factors associated with such elevations, we conducted a retrospective study of the first 90 consecutive AIDS cases in hospitals affiliated with the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, Colorado. We found elevations of alkaline phosphatase in excess of 1,000 IU/L in 17% of consecutive patients with AIDS. This level of elevation was less frequent in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma but there was otherwise no significant association with diagnoses or medications, or transmission categories for AIDS. The majority of the patients with elevations to this level did not have documented opportunistic infections or biliary tract dilatation previously described in the "cholangitis" syndrome in AIDS patients. Other explanations for these elevations for this common laboratory finding may exist.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗