Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “school functioning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Cognition, sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Sleep-disordered breathing in children has been associated with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) on sleep, respiration and cognitive function in children of pre-school age with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) from a low-income community population. Altogether, 19 children attending state-funded pre-school programmes underwent overnight polysomnography and cognitive assessment before and following surgical treatment for OSA; 19 matched controls were also assessed. Following T&A, OSA subjects' delta sleep increased, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, and respiratory and arousal indices improved. There were no significant differences in OSA subjects' post-operative sleep or respiratory measures compared to controls. Prior to T&A, cognitive scores were significantly lower in OSA subjects versus controls; following T&A, OSA subjects' scores improved compared to pre-operative scores and did not differ from those of matched controls. Following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, at-risk pre-schoolers recruited directly from the community showed normalised sleep and respiratory patterns and improved cognitive scores. These findings, in this uniquely vulnerable population, which is unlikely to seek evaluation and treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, underscore the potential value of outreach screening programmes for sleep-disordered breathing, particularly among low-income groups of pre-school age.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1998

Hunger in children in the United States: potential behavioral and emotional correlates.

OBJECTIVE: Results from a recent series of surveys from 9 states and the District of Columbia by the Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project (CCHIP) provide an estimate that 4 million American children experience prolonged periodic food insufficiency and hunger each year, 8% of the children under the age of 12 in this country. The same studies show that an additional 10 million children are at risk for hunger. The current study examined the relationship between hunger as defined by the CCHIP measure (food insufficiency attributable to constrained resources) and variables reflecting the psychosocial functioning of low-income, school-aged children. METHODS: The study group included 328 parents and children from a CCHIP study of families with at least 1 child under the age of 12 years living in the city of Pittsburgh and the surrounding Allegheny County. A two-stage area probability sampling design with standard cluster techniques was used. All parents whose child was between the ages of 6 and 12 years at the time of interview were asked to complete a Pediatric Symptom Checklist, a brief parent-report questionnaire that assesses children's emotional and behavioral symptoms. Hunger status was defined by parent responses to the standard 8 food-insufficiency questions from the CCHIP survey that are used to classify households and children as "hungry," "at-risk for hunger," or "not hungry." RESULTS: In an area probability sample of low-income families, those defined as hungry on the CCHIP measure were significantly more likely to have clinical levels of psychosocial dysfunction on the Pediatric Symptom Checklist than children defined as at-risk for hunger or not hungry. Analysis of individual items and factor scores on the Pediatric Symptom Checklist showed that virtually all behavioral, emotional, and academic problems were more prevalent in hungry children, but that aggression and anxiety had the strongest degree of association with experiences of hunger. CONCLUSION: Children from families that report multiple experiences of food insufficiency and hunger are more likely to show behavioral, emotional, and academic problems on a standardized measure of psychosocial dysfunction than children from the same low-income communities whose families do not report experiences of hunger. Although causality cannot be determined from a cross-sectional design, the strength of these findings suggests the importance of greater awareness on the part of health care providers and public health officials of the role of food insufficiency and hunger in the lives of poor children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional outcome of visually handicapped children cared for at the Department of Visual Stimulation--"Fundação Altino Ventura"].

PURPOSE: To analyze the functional outcome of visually handicapped children. METHODS: Twenty-seven children were evaluated using the standard functional PEDI test. Seventeen who attended school at "Escola Municipal Alto do Maracanã", Recife - Pernambuco, Brazil, had normal visual acuity and the other ten had visual handicap, and were cared for at Stimulation Visual Department - "Fundação Altino Ventura", in the same city. RESULTS: The children who had visual handicap showed significantly worse performance in self-care and mobility than normal children. CONCLUSION: Visual handicap may have limited the performance regarding self-care, mobility, understanding, communication, home works, in the studied group.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Functional communication training using assistive devices: recruiting natural communities of reinforcement.

We evaluated the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) as an intervention for the problem behavior exhibited by 5 students with severe disabilities both in school and in the community. Following an assessment of the function of their problem behavior, the students were taught to use assistive communication devices in school to request the objects and activities that presumably were maintaining their behavior. Multiple baseline data collected across the students indicated that not only did the students use their devices successfully, but the intervention also reduced their problem behavior. In addition, data from community settings showed generalization to untrained community members. These results replicate other successful efforts to use FCT with individuals having limited communication skills, and demonstrate the value of teaching skills to recruit natural communities of reinforcement in order to generalize intervention effects to meaningful nontraining environments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Meningococcal vaccines. Current status and future possibilities.

Meningococcal disease causes great emotion and anxiety in the families and caregivers of patients. Numbers of such patients are usually small in industrialised countries, unlike those in many regions--especially in subsahelian Africa. Vaccines have been tried for more than 80 years; at present there are available polysaccharide vaccines against groups A, C, Y and W135, and a protein-based vaccine against group B. A property common to all is their relative efficacy (75 to 100%) at school age and after, and an acceptably short persistence of antibodies. Small children pose the major challenge, in whom there is essentially evidence of clinical protection only against group A and C diseases. With vaccines against other serogroups protection is possible, but not yet proven in controlled clinical studies. The search is on for help from various modifications, including the conjugation technique, to transform the independent nature of polysaccharide response towards T cell dependence, as was done earlier in Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. First trials along this path are encouraging although, again, group B meningococci pose special problems. The next few years will probably see a new generation of meningococcal vaccines. Generally speaking, the incidence of meningococcal disease is too low to indicate vaccinations for the whole population, or even children, but some risk groups and epidemics are important exceptions. To date, bivalent group A + C or tetravalent group A + C + Y + W135 polysaccharides, or an outer membrane protein-based group B vaccine, are the products to be used when the indications, that may vary from country to country, are considered met. A strong herd immunity effect, demonstrated with group A and C vaccinations, facilitates extinction of an epidemic since large-scale vaccinations can be restricted only in the major risk groups, children and in various schools. Prompt intervention demands, however, a functioning mechanism which detects very early on a pending epidemic. Unfortunately, such a mechanism is often lacking in countries often hit by this deadly disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning disabilities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: concerns for parents and teachers.

Today more and more children are surviving childhood diseases that had been fatal in a previous generation. Medical advances and technology allow most children with cancer to enjoy long-term survival and cure. Research studies now show that there are late effects of treatment that affect growth, development, and cognitive functioning. Parents and teachers of long-term survivors of childhood cancer share concerns about deficits in cognitive functioning as it affects learning in school. Childhood cancer and the literature on cognitive late effects of treatment are discussed. Recommendations are made for early psychological evaluation and appropriate educational intervention.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Biobehavioral treatment, disability, and psychological effects of pediatric headache.

Headache is a common condition among children and adolescents, and it can result in considerable pain, distress, and functional disability. Lacking proper care, many children will continue to experience headaches into adulthood. These considerations point to the importance of prompt, effective, and early intervention for pediatric headache. Biobehavioral treatments are central to such intervention. From promotion of adherence to optimal use of abortive and prophylactic medications to health behaviors that reduce headache activity to biofeedback-assisted relaxation training, the addition of biobehavioral treatment components to a comprehensive pediatric headache care plan can lead to better initial clinical outcomes, may lessen the need for medication, and may help maintain effects over the long term. Attention to the effects of headache and the accompanying psychological distress is an equally important part of treatment. Indeed, outcomes should be measured in terms of pain parameters (headache frequency, duration, severity) and effect on functional disability and quality of life (school absences, mood, satisfaction with pain relief). Optimal care for children and adolescents with headache can be realized with collaboration among primary care practitioners and headache specialists such as child neurologists and pediatric behavioral medicine experts. Biobehavioral treatment is a foundation for provision of such care.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1990

The accreditation of undergraduate medical education in Australia.

The Australian Medical Council was established in 1985 with one of its three functions being the accreditation of medical schools and of courses leading to basic medical qualifications. The Accreditation (Standing) Committee has developed guidelines for assessment and accreditation in Australia, and commenced its programme of visits to Australian medical faculties in March 1988, with the tenth faculty scheduled to be visited in September 1993. This article describes the process of assessment and accreditation developed in Australia by the Australian Medical Council. A later article will discuss the issues in medical education that have been identified during the process of accreditation.

Accreditation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New structures for nurse education.

There are major changes taking place in the structure and organisation of nurse education. These include the amalgamation of schools and colleges of nursing, the development and formalisation of links with higher education, changes in funding arrangements introduced in April 1991, and the effects of Working Paper 10 (1), which requires schools and colleges of nursing to function in the purchaser/provider environment. As a result of these factors, particular attention is being focused on the organisational structures which are emerging in nurse education institutions. The author considers briefly the concept of organisational structure, including factors to be addressed in choosing and developing appropriate structures for specific organisations. The traditional bureaucratic structure common in nurse education establishments is discussed and evaluated and consideration is given to the development of more appropriate structures for these newly emerging nurse education institutions.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1995

The seven S's for successful management.

Becoming a successful manager in a health care agency is, for most new managers, an awesome goal. Successful management is more than knowledge of leadership roles and management functions that can be learned in school or educational workshops. Successful management involves effective use of both the manager's affective and cognitive domains. Mentoring and apprenticeship with a successful nurse leader is for many novice managers a highly valuable way to learn management skills since this allows for techniques with a successful nurse manager to be visualized and then modeled. "Seven S's" that provide a framework for managerial success are discussed.

Goals↗
PubMed1992

Role of the Primary Care Pediatrician in Adolescent Psychosocial Assessment and Intervention.

The author believes that the pediatrician is in a position to counsel adolescents and parents. Some pediatricians are uncomfortable with the idea of offering separate office hours to counsel adolescents, but once the interest is there and the physician is well versed in dealing with adolescent care, the counseling aspect of patient care becomes a natural consequence. Common areas of adolescent turmoil are addressed, including the depressed adolescent, the adolescent who is failing in school, the adolescent who is not functioning well at home, the adolescent who is using drugs, and the adolescent who is having a sexual problem.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[Symbiosis between paediatric neurology and neuropsychology: personal experience and the current panorama].

OBJECTIVE: To show the possibilities of child neurologist and neuropsychologist to share the work on many patients with neurological and behavioral pathologies. METHOD: Child neurologists and neuropsychologists have an important work to share in the future. Every expert must know what type of disease corresponds to the knowledge acquired during the studies in the University School as well as to the functions permitted by the authorities, always thinking to get the best results to the patients, the families and the surrounding people.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Delegation decision-making by registered nurses who provide direct care for patients with spinal cord impairment.

Delegation and coordination of patient care are critical skills for registered nurses (RN). Most educational programs and clinical experiences in nursing school have not prepared nurses to function in a delegation decision-making capacity. Nurses caring for individuals with spinal cord impairment (SCI) are especially challenged to provide partial or total assistance to meet the requisite care needs of this patient population. Hospital length of stay has decreased for individuals with SCI. RNs employed in long-term care (LTC) facilities have found admissions of patients with SCI occur more frequently with the onset of managed care and the increased longevity of Americans. Capitated markets within managed care require a nursing care delivery model that safely and judiciously uses nursing personnel to their fullest potential. Conger's (1993) Delegation Decision-Making Model (DDMM) utilizes all levels of personnel to their maximum potential while staying within the confines of individuals state nurse practice acts. The ability of RNs to direct the health care team is crucial to affect positive patient outcomes. The purpose of this descriptive comparative study was to ascertain baseline information on nurse delegation decision-making knowledge, job satisfaction, and level of comfort with this skill for RNs practicing in hospital and LTC settings. After reading a case study on a patient with SCI, RNs in the hospital and LTC facilities used Conger's (1993) DDMM. Scores for delegation decision-making were determined using the Nursing Assessment Decision Grid. Delegation knowledge scores were the same for RNs practicing in the hospital and LTC settings. Of interest was that RNs practicing in LTC settings cited learning delegation skills "on the job" 50% of the time compared to hospital nurses who reported learning these skills on the job 19% of the time. Additional research in the area of nurse delegation with this patient population needs to be investigated to support the findings of this study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Strategies for training standardized patient instructors for a competency exam.

The Common Achievement Test (CAT) in Japan, which will be implemented in 2005, involves a medical interview that is the core task to be completed by students during an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Standardized/Simulated Patient instructors (SPs), posing as patients in medical interviews, are trained in standard fashion in terms of expression of symptoms as well as the emotional affect of actual patients. Institution of appropriate training programs for SP instructors in the CAT is also necessary. We trained seven individuals to function as standardized patients (in-school SPs) during a three-day SP training program described in this article. Following completion of the OSCE, we conducted a comparison study among evaluations completed by the evaluators and two types of SP instructors. We observed high correlation, according to Spearman significance testing, between scores of evaluators and those of both newly trained in-school SPs and veteran SPs who had more than five years of experience. Correlation coefficients between the veteran SPs (r=0.77) and the in-school SPs (r=0.73) were nearly identical. These results suggest that our training program for SP instructors is an effective protocol, particularly with respect to reliability and efficiency.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2005

Childhood asthma: treatment update.

The prevalence of childhood asthma has risen significantly over the past four decades. A family history of atopic disease is associated with an increased likelihood of developing asthma, and environmental triggers such as tobacco smoke significantly increase the severity of daily asthma symptoms and the frequency of acute exacerbations. The goal of asthma therapy is to control symptoms, optimize lung function, and minimize days lost from school. Acute care of an asthma exacerbation involves the use of inhaled beta2 agonists delivered by a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer, or a nebulizer, supplemented by anticholinergics in more severe exacerbations. The use of systemic and inhaled corticosteroids early in an asthma attack may decrease the rate of hospitalization. Chronic care focuses on controlling asthma by treating the underlying airway inflammation. Inhaled corticosteroids are the agent of choice in preventive care, but leukotriene inhibitors and nedocromil also can be used as prophylactic therapy. Long-acting beta2 agonists may be added to one of the anti-inflammatory medications to improve control of asthma symptoms. Education programs for caregivers and self-management training for children with asthma improve outcomes. Although the control of allergens has not been demonstrated to work as monotherapy, immunotherapy as an adjunct to standard medical therapy can improve asthma control. Sublingual immunotherapy is a newer, more convenient option than injectable immunotherapy, but it requires further study. Omalizumab, a newer medication for prevention and control of moderate to severe asthma, is an expensive option.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

[The quality of vision in premature infants--first results].

In last years, thanks to the development in neonatology, the numbers of saved premature children with high co-morbidity are rapidly growing. Contrary to great advances in contemporary neonatology, the saved premature children are not spared different health's problems in the future life, including the vision. The main cause remains the retinopathy of prematurity and neurological diseases. In the study the authors present first results of their examinations of visual functions in premature children at the school age comparing with the group of healthy, mature children of the same age.

Child↗