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PubMedDate not supplied

Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside, California.

The PTEAM Study was the first large-scale probability-based study of personal exposure to particles. Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Air Resources Board of California, it was carried out by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) and the Harvard University School of Public Health (HSPH). HSPH designed and constructed a 4-lpm, battery-operated personal monitor for inhalable particles (PM10) that could be worn comfortably for up to 14 hours by persons from 10 to 70 years old. The monitor was worn for two consecutive 12-hour periods (day and night) during the fall of 1990 by 178 participants representing 139,000 nonsmoking residents of Riverside, California. Nearly identical monitors were employed to collect concurrent indoor and outdoor samples. The monitors were equipped with a different sampling nozzle to collect fine particles (PM2.5). Population-weighted daytime personal PM10 exposures averaged 150 +/- 9 (SE) micrograms/m3, compared to concurrent indoor and outdoor concentrations of 95 +/- 6 micrograms/m3. This suggested the existence of excess mass near the person, a "personal cloud" that appeared related to personal activities. Fourteen of 15 prevalent elements also were evaluated in the personal samples. The two major indoor sources of indoor particles were smoking and cooking; even in these homes, however, more than half of the indoor particles came from outdoors, and a substantial portion of the indoor particles were of undetermined indoor origin. Outdoor concentrations near the homes were well correlated with outdoor concentrations at the central site, supporting the idea of using the central site as an indicator of of ambient concentrations over a wider area. Indoor concentrations were only weakly correlated with outdoor concentrations, however, and personal exposures were even more poorly correlated with outdoor concentrations. Elemental profiles were obtained for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (major contributions from potassium and chlorine) and cooking emissions (aluminum, iron, calcium, and chlorine). These profiles can be used in future source apportionment studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Utility of tuberculin and anergy skin testing in predicting tuberculosis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Thailand.

SETTING: Chiang Rai, the northernmost province of Thailand, where extensive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has resulted in a rapid increase in tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of tuberculin and anergy skin testing to identify latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected persons. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to examine reactivity to tuberculin and two control antigens (mumps and candida) in HIV-negative and HIV-positive blood donors and female sex workers. RESULTS: HIV-positive persons had markedly decreased tuberculin reactivity; 14%, 19%, and 40% had an induration of > or = 10 mm, > or = 5 mm, > or = 2 mm, respectively, while 51% of 525 HIV-negative persons had an induration of > or = 10 mm (P < 0.001). Mumps and candida positivity (reactions of > or = 3 mm) were found in 94% and 78% of HIV-negative persons compared with 72% and 61% of HIV-positive persons, respectively (P < 0.001). Although HIV-positive persons had markedly less tuberculin reactivity even at higher CD4+ cell counts (> 400 cells/microL), reactivity to mumps and candida was present in more than half of HIV-positive persons with low CD4+ cell counts (< or = 200 cells/microL). Reaction to control antigens did not predict tuberculin reactivity. CONCLUSION: In this setting, tuberculin and anergy skin testing have a low predictive value in detecting M. tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected persons, and therefore such testing has a limited role in identifying HIV-infected persons who may benefit from tuberculosis preventive therapy programs.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personal sampling of airborne particles: method performance and data quality.

A study of personal exposure to respirable particles (PM10) and fine particles (FP) was conducted in groups of 50-70 year-old adults and primary school children in the Netherlands. Four to eight personal measurements per subject were conducted, on weekdays only. Averaging time was 24 hours. Method performance was evaluated regarding compliance, flow, weighing procedure, field blanks and co-located operation of the personal samplers with stationary methods. Furthermore, the possibility that subjects change their behavior due to the wearing of personal sampling equipment was studied by comparing time activity on days of personal sampling with time activity other weekdays. Compliance was high; 95% of the subjects who agreed to continue participating after the first measurement, successfully completed the study, and, expect for the first two days of FP sampling, over 90% of all personal measurements were successful. All pre and post sampling flow readings were within 10% of the required flow rate of 4 L/min. For PM10 precision of the gravimetric analyses was 2.8 microgram/m3 and 0.7 micrograms/m3 for filters weighted on an analytical and a micro-balance respectively. The detection limit was 10.8 micrograms/m3 and 8.6 micrograms/m3 respectively. For FP, weighing precision was 0.4 micrograms/m3 and the detection limit was 5.3 micrograms/m3. All measurements were above the detection limit. Co-located operation of the personal sampler with stationary samplers gave highly correlated concentration (R > 0.90). Outdoor PM10 concentrations measured with the personal sampler were on average 4% higher compared to a Sierra Anderson (SA) inlet and 9% higher compared to a PM10 Harvard Impactor (HI). With the FP cyclone 6% higher classroom concentrations were measured compared to a PM2.5 HI. Adults spent significantly less time outdoor (0.5 hour) and more time at home (0.9 hour) on days of personal sampling compared to other weekdays. For children no significant differences in time activity were found.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Hierarchical relationships between borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity among personality disorders is widely considered problematic. The validity of one proposed solution, diagnostic hierarchies, was investigated in the current study with respect to borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. METHOD: One approach used discriminant functions, derived from multiple psycho-social domains, that were used to classify comorbid individuals from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder study (CLPS) to explore the possibility of hierarchical precedence of one personality disorder over another. A second approach examined the incremental increase in R(2)-value in predicting functioning and personality provided by each diagnosis over each other diagnosis. RESULTS: Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was consistently subordinate to other diagnoses, whereas other indications of hierarchical relationships were domain-specific. CONCLUSION: Results indicate minimal support for an over-arching hierarchical pattern among studied personality disorders, and suggest the inclusion of all relevant diagnoses in clinical practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Diagnosing personality disorders in the community. A comparison of self-report and interview measures.

The rapidly expanding empirical study of personality disorders is the result of the publication of operational diagnostic criteria in DSM-III and the development of instruments to assess these criteria. Few researchers have examined the comparability of measures of personality disorders, and to our knowledge there are no studies of the factors associated with discordance between measures. In the present study, 697 relatives of psychiatric patients and healthy controls were interviewed with the Structured Interview for Personality Disorders (SIDP) and completed the Personality Disorders Questionnaire (PDQ). Significantly more individuals had a personality disorder according to the SIDP; however, multiple personality disorders were more frequently diagnosed on the PDQ. Schizotypal, compulsive, dependent, and borderline personality disorders were significantly more frequently diagnosed by the PDQ, whereas the SIDP more frequently diagnosed antisocial and passive-aggressive personality disorder. The corresponding dimensional scores of the two measures were all significantly correlated; however, the concordance for categorical diagnoses was poor. Discrepancies between the PDQ and the SIPD dimensional scores were significantly associated with current level of depressive symptoms and PDQ lie scale scores.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of psychiatric disorder and personality variables in a sample of older people who had committed suicide and to compare the rates in a subgroup of this sample with those in a control group of people who died from natural causes. DESIGN: Descriptive psychological autopsy study, including interviews with informants, of psychiatric and personality factors in 100 suicides in older people. Case-control study using subgroup of 54 cases and matched control group. SETTING: Four counties and one large urban area in central England, UK. SUBJECTS: Individuals 60 years old and over at the time of death who had died between 1 January 1995 and 1 May 1998, and whose deaths had received a coroner's verdict of suicide (or an open or accidental verdict, where the circumstances of death indicated probable suicide). The control group was an age-and sex-matched sample of people dying through natural causes in the same time period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ICD-10 psychiatric disorder, personality disorder and trait accentuation. MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-seven per cent of the suicide sample had a psychiatric disorder at the time of death, most often depression (63%). Personality disorder or personality trait accentuation was present in 44%, with anankastic or anxious traits the most frequent. Depression, personality disorder, and personality trait accentuation emerged as predictors of suicide in the case-control analysis. CONCLUSION: Personality factors, as well as depression, are important risk factors for suicide in older people.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Using the SWAP-200 in a personality-disordered forensic population: is it valid, reliable and useful?

BACKGROUND: Treatment and risk management of forensic patients relies heavily on diagnosing psychopathology, yet the reliability of clinical diagnoses of personality disorder has been found to be only fair to low. Structured instruments for the global assessment of personality disorder are infrequently used in clinical assessments possibly due to their limited validity and clinical utility. AIMS/METHODS: The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200) was developed in an effort to address these limitations. Although good reliability and validity in relation to clinicians' diagnosis of personality disorder has been reported, to date the validity of this instrument has not been assessed in relation to other standardized instruments or in a personality-disordered, forensic population. This study aims to establish the reliability and validity of the SWAP-200 against other diagnostic instruments and measures of interpersonal functioning in a personality disordered forensic population. RESULTS: This paper reports the results of 30 subjects from a high secure hospital in the UK who were assessed with the SWAP-200, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II), the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Chart of Interpersonal Reactions in Closed Living Environments (CIRCLE). Preliminary results suggest that the SWAP-200 is a reliable instrument for the diagnosis of personality disorder in forensic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although the small sample size allows only preliminary conclusions about the validity of this instrument, early results show a reduction of the diagnosis of comorbidity compared with the SCID-II, together with an increased number of expected associations between independent measures of interpersonal functioning and categories of personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Are the vulnerability effects of personality and psychosocial functioning on depression accounted for by subthreshold symptoms?

Previous studies could not evaluate adequately the extent to which deviant levels of personality measures and psychosocial functioning found before and after a major depressive episode (MDE) should be attributed to subthreshold depressive symptoms. Our aim is to investigate whether pre- and post-MDE personality alterations and psychosocial disability truly reflect vulnerability, or whether they can be accounted for by the presence of subthreshold depressive symptoms. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health and Incidence Study, a prospective general population study with three waves. Psychopathology was measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Course of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Life Chart Instrument in a cohort of 195 respondents with a new or recurrent MDE between waves 2 and 3. Personality and psychosocial functioning were assessed with, respectively, four and two different measures. Alterations in measurements of personality and psychosocial functioning were present before onset and after remission of an MDE. Most pre- and postonset alterations occurred in the presence of subthreshold depressive symptoms. But even without these subthreshold symptoms, some alterations in measurements of personality and psychosocial functioning were found before and after an MDE. Depressive complaints between waves 2 and 3 were retrospectively assessed, and only a limited set of brief questionnaires was used to assess personality styles and psychosocial functioning. It is unlikely that the pre- and post-MDE alterations in personality and psychosocial functioning observed in earlier studies are entirely due to subthreshold depressive symptoms. This suggests that a depressive episode is interwoven in a long-standing and enduring pattern of mild personality deviance and limitations in psychosocial functioning.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of personality.

The aim of this study was to investigate the links between adolescent risk-taking and personality in a comprehensive manner, as opposed to focusing on any one particular risk or personality factor as has occurred in much previous research. We conceptualized risk-taking broadly through use of the Adolescent Risk Questionnaire (ARQ) which yields information relating to risk judgements and behaviours in four areas (i.e. thrill-seeking risk behaviours, reckless risks, rebellious risks and antisocial risks). Personality was conceptualized using the Five-factor Model of personality, a comprehensive trait model of personality. The ARQ and the NEO Five-factor Inventory were administered to 459 school-based adolescents aged 11 to 18 years. Consistent with past research, younger adolescents and girls generally reported engaging in risk behaviours less frequently than older adolescents and boys. Also, younger adolescents and girls generally rated the ARQ behaviours as more risky than their older male counterparts. This was in line with the significant negative correlations found between risk judgements and risk behaviours of all types. Also consistent with past research, few age differences were found for the personality traits. Sex differences were evident, with female adolescents scoring higher on neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness than male adolescents. Together, risk judgements, personality factors, age and sex were found to be significant predictors of risk behaviours; however, the personality factor of significance was found to differ depending upon the risk type. This was also true for age and sex which differed in importance depending upon the risk type. Overall, these factors were most successful in predicting rebellious risk-taking and least successful in predicting thrill-seeking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Personality factors predisposing to depression correlate significantly negatively with M1-muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptor densities on blood cells.

A relationship between psychological and neurobiological predisposition factors for affective disorders has been suggested. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. As predisposition measures of affective disorders, muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors densities on blood cells and personality traits were determined in 16 male volunteers. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Freiburger Personality Inventory (FPI), and Premorbid Personality Inventory (PPI) were used for personality assessment. The erythrocyte muscarinic receptor density (mainly M1 subtype) correlated highly significantly negatively with depression on the MMPI (r = -0.71; P less than 0.001) as well as significantly positively with reactive aggressiveness (dominance) on the FPI (r = 0.48; P less than 0.05) and extraversion on the PPI (r = 0.46; P less than 0.05). The beta-adrenoceptor density on lymphocytes correlated significantly negatively with spontaneous aggressiveness (r = -0.51; P less than 0.05) on the FPI. These results are the first evidence that premorbid personality traits of depressives are related to M1-muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors densities. It is speculated that decreased beta-adrenergic receptor densities might predispose an individual to major depression whereas a decrease of M1-muscarinic receptor densities could play a role in the development of minor depressions. The findings of the present study are compatible with the postulated relationship between personality and neurobiological predisposition factors of depressive disorders. They suggest the participation of neurobiological factors in the development of personality traits predisposing to depression. However, they seem to be nonspecific for depression and are probably neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of this disorder. Additional biological or psychological factors seem to be required for the development of clinical depressions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DSM-III personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder: changes with treatment.

Twenty-seven patients meeting DSM-III diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ; a self-rating scale designed to assess the axis II personality disorders [PDs] from the DSM-III) before and after 12 weeks of treatment with clomipramine. Treatment was accompanied with reduction on several personality variables, including the number of personality diagnoses assigned, the distribution of traits in the sample, and the number of items endorsed in each personality category. The data also showed that improvement in personality functioning was significantly greater in responders compared with nonresponders or partial responders. Further investigation of the relationship between personality and treatment outcome did not provide strong support for the notion that personality factors may have prognostic significance in the treatment of OCD. These findings suggest similarities and differences with panic/agoraphobia which are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The relationship of personality to mood and anxiety states: a dimensional approach.

This study evaluates the relationship of personality to mood and anxiety states in a sample of 50 psychiatric out patients. In order to overcome arbitrariness inherent in categorical diagnoses of affective, personality and anxiety disorders, we use a dimensional approach to personality, mood and anxiety. According to our results, mood and anxiety states affect personality domains differentially. Namely, relatively large portions of personality and behavior, such as higher-order traits of novelty seeking and reward dependence, seem independent from mood and anxiety states. In contrast, the higher-order dimension of harm avoidance and its corresponding lower-order traits reflect changes in mood and anxiety to a much greater extent. Both the likelihood that large portions of personality may be independent from current mood and the likelihood that some precisely delineated personality domains tend to change simultaneously with current mood may improve our understanding of the relationship of personality to emotionality and affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Using the family history method to distinguish relatives of patients with dependent personality disorder from relatives of controls.

It has long been established that some psychiatric disorders run in families, and as a result, the family history method has become an established part of clinical and research psychiatry. Although there is much literature on the Axis I disorders, there is relatively little on the personality disorders. There are now reports that dependent personality can run in families. This report demonstrates that a standardized family history method for the DSM-III personality disorder clusters can distinguish relatives of dependent personality disorder patients from relatives of normal controls on the anxious personality disorder cluster, but cannot distinguish them from relatives of a mixed anxiety/depression group who do not have personality disorders. Relatives of the mixed anxiety/depression group did show a different pattern from the relatives of the dependent personality disorder group when all three personality disorder clusters were examined. This is the first such finding reported in the literature. Implications for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Avoidant personality disorder and implicit schema-congruent information processing bias: a pilot study with a pragmatic inference task.

Cognitive theory of personality disorders hypothesizes that each personality disorder is characterized by typical maladaptive schemes and that these schemas direct the processing of information resulting in schema-congruent biases. With regard to the avoidant personality disorder, these hypotheses were put to an initial test in a pilot study, using a self-report questionnaire to asses DSM-III-R personality pathology, a belief questionnaire to assess avoidant schemas and a pragmatic inference task to assess schema-congruent implicit attributional bias. Participants were students (n = 57) who scored high or low on DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology. As predicted from cognitive theory, DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology was associated with avoidant beliefs (t(45.1) = 4.68, p < 0.001) and avoidant beliefs were associated with schema-congruent information processing bias (t(55) = 2.17, p = 0.02, one-tailed test). However, DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology was not associated with schema-congruent information processing bias (t(55) = 0.17, p = 0.43, one-tailed test). In addition to avoidant beliefs, low self-esteem was also related to the information processing bias. Social phobia and general personality pathology, two other control variables, were not. The findings warrant further study using the pragmatic inference task in a clinical group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Can personality traits predict increases in manic and depressive symptoms?

BACKGROUND: There has been limited research investigating personality traits as predictors of manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar individuals. The present study investigated the relation between personality traits and the course of bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to identify specific personality traits that predict the course of manic and depressive symptoms experienced by bipolar individuals. METHODS: The sample consisted of 39 participants with bipolar I disorder assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Personality was assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale were used to assess symptom severity on a monthly basis. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research on unipolar depression, high Neuroticism predicted increases in depressive symptoms across time while controlling for baseline symptoms. Additionally, high Conscientiousness, particularly the Achievement Striving facet, predicted increases in manic symptoms across time. LIMITATIONS: The current study was limited by the small number of participants, the reliance on a shortened version of a self-report personality measure, and the potential state-dependency of the personality measures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific personality traits may assist in predicting bipolar symptoms across time. Further studies are needed to tease apart the state-dependency of personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Does fluoxetine influence major depression by modifying five-factor personality traits?

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in the treatment of depression, though response to them is difficult to predict. The aims of this study were two-fold: (1) to determine the differences in personality profile between patients with major depression and healthy control subjects and (2) to assess the effect of treatment with fluoxetine on personality domain scores and determine whether any of the personality traits can predict the outcome of antidepressant treatment. METHODS: The study included 53 patients with major depression and 53 healthy controls. The NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) was administered to all subjects before and after 24 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine. RESULTS: The patients in an episode of major depression had a significantly different personality profile compared to healthy controls at baseline and the severity of their illness correlated with higher scores in the Neuroticism domain. Treatment with fluoxetine was associated with a reversal of high Neuroticism scores and low Extraversion scores in the whole sample and in a subgroup of responders but not in non-responders. Among the FFI personality domains, Agreeableness was a better predictor of treatment outcome than baseline HAMD-17 scores. LIMITATIONS: There was no placebo group, which would have permitted the evaluation of the effect of non-drug factors in treatment outcome and changes in personality domain scores. The sample size was only moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that (a) significant differences exist between the personality profiles of depressed patients and healthy control subjects and (b) responders to treatment with fluoxetine show significant changes in personality profile. These changes may be attributed to improvement of depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Personality traits in social phobia.

The purpose was to assess personality traits in subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of social phobia. Thirty-two subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axes I and II disorders (SCID I and II). Personality traits were assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Current and lifetime axis I co-morbidity was diagnosed in 28% and 53% of the subjects, respectively. In total, 59% had at least one personality disorder and 47% were diagnosed with an avoidant personality disorder. The social phobics scored significantly higher than a Swedish normative sample on the KSP measuring anxiety proneness, irritability, detachment, and indirect aggression but lower on the scales for socialisation and social desirability. The presence as compared to absence of avoidant personality disorder in the social phobics was associated with significantly higher psychic anxiety and inhibition of aggression. In addition, symptom severity was higher in social phobics with an avoidant personality disorder. Generally, the results support the view that social phobia and avoidant personality disorder reflect different aspects of a social anxiety spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Brain function and personality in normal males: a SPECT study using statistical parametric mapping.

Understanding the differences between individuals' personality types at a functional brain level is now possible due to recent developments in both functional brain imaging and personality models. The psychobiological model for temperament and character offers one approach to exploring personality. This study uses SPECT imaging to investigate brain function in relationship to the personality traits in the Temperament and Character Index. A general linear model approach was implemented at a voxel-by-voxel level, using quartile groupings for the personality predictors. t contrasts were used to investigate significant clusters of activation or deactivation. The results show a number of significant relationships between personality traits and regional cerebral blood flow, which show distinct nonlinear trends. All seven of the Cloninger personality traits were significantly related to regional cerebral blood flow. The results suggest that differences in brain function in some regions may reflect differences in personality traits.

Adult↗