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PubMedDate not supplied

Acute abdominal vagotomy reduces drinking to peripheral but not central angiotensin II.

Rats were tested two or three days after bilateral abdominal vagotomy or a laparotomy control procedure for their drinking responses to subcutaneous (1 mg-kg-1) or intracerebroventricular (100 ng) injections of angiotensin II. Vagotomy delayed the initiation of drinking and decreased 60-min water intake after subcutaneous, but not after intracerebroventricular, angiotensin II. This is the shortest postoperative interval in which the decrease in drinking after systemic injection of angiotensin II by abdominal vagotomy has been observed. The failure of vagotomy to decrease the response to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II demonstrates that the deficit after subcutaneous injection was not a nonspecific effect of recent vagotomy. These results, therefore, suggest that the abdominal vagus is necessary for normal drinking in response to circulating angiotensin II. Furthermore, the selective and acute onset of the deficit is consistent with the loss of a specific, rather than tonic facilitatory, vagal mechanism for drinking after elevation of circulating angiotensin II levels. Finally, the results imply that the physiological mechanisms which mediate the drinking responses to central and peripheral angiotensin are not identical.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1991

The regulation of feeding and drinking in rats with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-D-aspartate.

Rats bearing excitotoxic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus are hypodipsic and hypophagic, but responses to 24 h food or water deprivation are normal, as are responses to different taste stimuli. The most striking deficit present in lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats is an inability to respond as controls to dehydrating, dipsogenic or glucoprivic challenges. The present experiments examined the ability of rats bearing bilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced lesions of the lateral hypothalamus to recognize and respond to changes in their internal environments. All of the lesioned rats tested showed mild to moderate hypophagia and hypodipsia, and none responded properly by drinking over 1 h after i.p. injection of hypertonic saline. However, the addition of glucose to the water supply promoted an increase in drinking and a decrease in lab chow consumption to maintain a constant energy intake; the addition of salt to the diet promoted an increase in drinking and no change in eating; 24 h water deprivation induced the same amount of drinking in lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats as in controls; and injection i.p. of water (but not physiological saline) before drinking water was returned to rats which were 24 h water deprived suppressed drinking. These data suggest that lateral hypothalamic-lesioned rats are in receipt of normal information from their peripheries, and that they can adjust their behaviour over a period of days or minutes to changes in the internal milieu. The most consistent deficit is in responding actively and rapidly to challenging stimuli; the nature of this and the mechanisms which might produce it are discussed. We suggest that the consequences of excitotoxic lesion are better explained by disruption of input to the cortex from the lateral hypothalamus rather than by interference with metabolic processes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Can disulfiram use precipitate urges to drink alcohol?

Although pharmacological data suggest that patients taking disulfiram should have a reduced desire to drink alcohol, voluntary compliance with disulfiram treatment is quite poor. As a possible explanation for why so many patients discontinue taking disulfiram and return to excessive drinking, it was hypothesized that daily disulfiram administration might serve as a cognitive stimulus precipitating urges to drink alcohol and/or inadvertently exposing patients to additional drinking-related cues. If this is the case, then patients taking disulfiram should report more thoughts about or urges to drink alcohol. In an exploratory, uncontrolled clinical study, alcohol abusers who were taking disulfiram tended to self-record more cravings for alcohol over a two week period than did abstinent patients who were not taking disulfiram. Controlled research is needed to investigate whether disulfiram use may serve as a cue antecedent to relapse to drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

Restrained drinking: risk factor for problems with alcohol?

A seven-item Drinking Restraint Scale (DRS) has been developed which indicates that a style of alcohol consumption, equivalent in a number of ways to the style of food consumption termed eating restraint, may exist. Several hypothesized relationships between DRS scores and other drinking-related measures were confirmed. A restrained drinking style was associated with: more extreme patterns of alcohol consumption; a higher proportion of drinking occasions that result in intoxication; more external styles of alcohol consumption control; and more alcohol-related negative consequences. The latter three relationships were found even when heavy drinkers were excluded from the analysis, which suggests that these relationships are not dependent on a heavy drinking pattern. These findings encourage continued investigation of drinking restraint as a risk factor for developing problems with alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Differences and similarities in development of drinking behavior between alcoholic offspring of alcoholics and alcoholic offspring of non-alcoholics.

Self-reported initial, early, and long-term drinking behaviors, experiences, and consequences were obtained from male alcoholics completing inpatient treatment. Subjects were recruited and selected on the basis that they met DSM-III criteria for diagnosis of alcohol dependency and that their biological fathers were alcoholic (FHP; Family History Positive) or that they had no biological family history of alcoholism (FHN; Family History Negative). Results indicated that FHP subjects rated their initial taste of beer higher than FHN subjects, that FHP subjects began tasting and subsequently regularly drinking alcohol at an earlier age than FHN subjects and that there was significantly shorter elapsed time between initiating regular drinking and developing alcoholic-symptomatic problems in living among FHP alcoholics than FHN alcoholics. Although there were a few other significant differences, the drinking-behavioral histories of the two groups were remarkably similar and parallel. Taken together, results suggest that familial risk factors primarily influence the rate at which alcoholic drinking and alcoholism develop, rather than the form or pattern of alcoholic drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol withdrawal syndromes - prediction from detailed medical and drinking histories.

The predictability of the withdrawal syndrome on the basis of the drinking history immediately prior to detoxification was investigated in 43 patients admitted to an inpatient Alcoholism Service; a pilot study consisted of 17 patients and a subsequent definitive study of 26. After obtaining informed consent, blood alcohol concentrations were measured. Each subject was extensively interviewed to obtain a medical and dietary history and to determine alcohol and drug intake in the past week and months. The levels of intoxication and withdrawal signs/symptoms were assessed on admission and daily for at least 3 days. Urine and blood toxicology screens were also performed for 19 subjects. Contrary to widespread impressions, most of the patients were able to give a detailed account of their drinking and drinking-related behavior in the 3 days prior to admission and 73% could do this for the previous 7 days. Subjects were consistent in their reporting; 85% gave drinking histories consistent among interviews conducted independently by the medical, research and counseling staff. A significant correlation (r = 0.55; P less than 0.01) was found between the severity of withdrawal and the total alcohol intake in the days immediately prior to admission. No significant correlation was evident between withdrawal severity and the number of years of heavy drinking. Amounts of benzodiazepines (diazepam and flurazepam) administered by the medical staff during the first 3 days of withdrawal and for the total hospital stay were also found to be significantly correlated with withdrawal severity (r = 0.58; P less than 0.01 for both). Regression analyses of these data also confirmed the statistically significant relationships between alcohol intake and withdrawal severity and between withdrawal severity and amounts of benzodiazepines used for detoxication. Of special interest was the finding that 50% of the subjects reported no hangovers within he past year or more and 23% reported that they had never experienced a hangover, despite very heavy drinking. In addition, only 50% of the patients had regularly consumed coffee or any caffeine-containing substance; this low incidence of caffeine intake was statistically significantly less than that found in extensive surveys of the general population in which only 3-10% eschew caffeine-containing beverages. It is concluded that the severity of alcohol withdrawal can be related to a cluster of variables among which is recent alcohol intake. The present results are, at the same time, consistent with previous observations of the appreciable differences among individuals in the consequences of abrupt cessation of chronic alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol drinking in Jerusalem.

Alcohol use was assessed in a random sample of middle aged Jewish parents (1043 men and 591 women) who were interviewed at Visit 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study in Jerusalem in 1976-80. A standard questionnaire probed drinking frequency (times per week) and quantity (number of drinks per week). Only 15.7% of men and 3.8% of women drank more than twice weekly, the mean number of drinks being 3.5 and 1.3 for men and women respectively. Teetotalism was rare and most subjects (61.9% of men and 55.1% of women) drank once or twice weekly, reflecting the high proportion of the Jews who use wine for sacramental purposes. Immigrants from North Africa drank more than native born Israelis or immigrants from Asia or Europe. Drinking was most frequent among men in lower status occupations, though the opposite was true of their wives. Season had a marked impact on the quantity and type of drinking, the mean number of drinks per week reaching a maximum in late winter and a minimum in summer. More beer was consumed in summer and more spirits in winter.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Retail alcohol monopolies, underage drinking, and youth impaired driving deaths.

OBJECTIVE: To explore associations of state retail alcohol monopolies with underage drinking and alcohol-impaired driving deaths. DATA: Surveys on youth who drank alcohol and binge-drank recently and their beverage choices; census of motor vehicle fatalities by driver blood alcohol level. METHODS: Regressions estimated associations of monopolies with under-21 drinking, binge drinking, alcohol-impaired driving deaths, and odds a driver under 21 who died was alcohol-positive. RESULTS: About 93.8% of those ages 12-20 who consumed alcohol in the past month drank some wine or spirits. In states with a retail monopoly over spirits or wine and spirits, an average of 14.5% fewer high school students reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days and 16.7% fewer reported binge drinking in the past 30 days than high school students in non-monopoly states. Monopolies over both wine and spirits were associated with larger consumption reductions than monopolies over spirits only. Lower consumption rates in monopoly states, in turn, were associated with a 9.3% lower alcohol-impaired driving death rate under age 21 in monopoly states versus non-monopoly states. Alcohol monopolies may prevent 45 impaired driving deaths annually. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing existing retail alcohol monopolies should help control underage drinking and associated harms.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

Explaining adolescents' smoking and drinking behavior: the concept of smoker and drinker prototypes in relation to variables of the theory of planned behavior.

Research has demonstrated that social image factors play an important role in the course of adolescent's substance use, that is, smoking and drinking. The concept of social images or prototypes is embedded into a theoretical model called the prototype/willingness model. The present study addresses the relative value of the prototype/willingness model in relation to the theory of planned behavior. To study relations between prototypes and adolescents' willingness and intention to engage in smoking and drinking behavior, cross-sectional data among 2814 adolescents (12-16 years) were gathered. Results show that adolescents describe daily-smoking and weekly-drinking peers generally as slightly well adjusted, slightly rebellious, not really cool, and not really attractive. Positive relations were observed between smoker and drinker prototypes and adolescents' intention and willingness to smoke and drink in the future. Furthermore, regression analyses showed that prototypes of daily-smoking and weekly-drinking peers explained a significant part of the variance in intention and willingness to smoke and drink, and added significantly to the variance explained by the variables of the theory of planned behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Incorporating social anxiety into a model of college student problematic drinking.

College problem drinking and social anxiety are significant public health concerns with highly negative consequences. College students are faced with a variety of novel social situations and situations encouraging alcohol consumption. The current study involved developing a path model of college problem drinking, including social anxiety, in 316 college students referred to an alcohol intervention due to a campus alcohol violation. Contrary to hypotheses, social anxiety generally had an inverse relationship with problem drinking. As expected, perceived drinking norms had important positive, direct effects on drinking variables. However, the results generally did not support the hypotheses regarding the mediating or moderating function of the valuations of expected effects and provided little support for the mediating function of alcohol expectancies in the relations among social anxiety and alcohol variables. Therefore, it seems that the influence of peers may be more important for college students than alcohol expectancies and valuations of alcohol's effects are. College students appear to be a unique population in respect to social anxiety and problem drinking. The implications of these results for college prevention and intervention programs were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and self-efficacy as predictors of heavy drinking in college students.

Burke and Stephens (1999) [Burke, R.S., Stephens, R.S. Social anxiety and drinking in college students: A social cognitive theory analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, (1999) 513-530.] proposed a social cognitive theory of heavy drinking in college students. According to this theory, alcohol expectancies for social facilitation and self-efficacy for refusing heavy drinking in anxiety-producing social situations moderate the relationship between social anxiety and drinking. In the current study, a significant three-way interaction was observed among social anxiety, expectancies, and self-efficacy when amount and frequency of drinking was the dependent variable. As predicted by the model, socially anxious college students with low self-efficacy for avoiding heavy drinking in social situations and high positive expectancies for social facilitation reported more alcohol consumption than other socially anxious individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Excessive drinking and other problem behaviours among 14-16 year old schoolchildren.

The study investigates excessive drinking and associations with other problem behaviours in 2078 school students aged 14-16 years in seven London secondary schools. Using a cross-sectional design, a self-completion questionnaire assessed lifetime and recent (past month) alcohol and drug consumption, attitudes to alcohol use education, alcohol-related problems, psychological problems, educational aspirations, truancy, and delinquent behaviour. Excessive drinking was operationally defined as 10 or more units of alcohol per drinking occasion. At least one episode of excessive drinking was reported by 32% of the sample, with 10% reporting five or more episodes. Excessive drinking was positively associated with frequency of cigarette smoking, use of cannabis, positive attitudes towards illicit drugs, low educational aspirations, higher depression scores, frequent truancy, and involvement in delinquent behaviours. Excessive drinking is a problematic behaviour in its own right but it is also a marker for other problem behaviours, including illicit drug misuse and delinquency. Understanding and responding to alcohol misuse among adolescents requires attention to psychological, social and developmental factors other than alcohol consumption alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Validation of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire--Revised in an Adolescent Sample (DRSEQ-RA).

Adolescent drinking is a significant issue yet valid psychometric tools designed for this group are scarce. The Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire--Revised Adolescent Version (DRSEQ-RA) is designed to assess an individual's belief in their ability to resist drinking alcohol. The original DRSEQ-R consists of three factors reflecting social pressure refusal self-efficacy, opportunistic refusal self-efficacy and emotional relief refusal self-efficacy. A large sample of 2020 adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years completed the DRSEQ and measures of alcohol consumption in small groups. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the three factor structure was confirmed. All three factors were negatively correlated with both frequency and volume of alcohol consumption. Drinkers reported lower drinking refusal self-efficacy than non-drinkers. Taken together, these results suggest that the adolescent version of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (DRSEQ-RA) is a reliable and valid measure of drinking refusal self-efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Predictors of drinking immediacy following daily sadness: an application of survival analysis to experience sampling data.

Previous studies of daily assessments show modest mood-drinking covariation as a function of gender and coping motives; however previous analyses also assume a fixed interval across all individuals in the onset of drinking following negative mood. The current study used survival analysis and experience sampling methods to test whether gender and coping motives predicted shorter sadness-to-drinking intervals among those with greater alcohol-related drinking consequences. A sample of 85 college students (46% male; 78% Caucasian) completed daily assessments over 28 days. Survival analyses showed that women drank more on days following elevated sadness when they reported being motivated to drink to cope and having experienced alcohol-related consequences. For men, the two groups showing greater drinking risk following days of elevated sadness did not report alcohol-related consequences, with those reporting the presence of coping motives showing the greatest risk. Implications of these findings for self-medication mechanisms are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Binge drinking and health-related quality of life: do popular perceptions match reality?

BACKGROUND: Popular culture (movies, television shows, advertising) often portrays drinking to the point of intoxication as either humorous or associated with enjoyable social activities that enhance quality of life. This study examined the association between binge drinking (consuming five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among U.S. adults. METHODS: Data are from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a continuous random-digit-dial telephone survey of adults aged >/=18 years conducted in all states. This survey included questions about alcohol consumption and HRQOL. RESULTS: In 2001, 52% of U.S. adults were current drinkers (one or more drinks in the past 30 days). Of current drinkers, 11% were frequent binge drinkers (three or more episodes in past month) and 14% were infrequent binge drinkers (one to two episodes in past month). After adjusting for confounding factors, frequent binge drinkers were more likely than non-binge drinkers to experience >/=14 unhealthy days (physical or mental) in the past month (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.24-1.56), primarily because they had more mentally unhealthy days than non-binge drinkers (AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.32-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent binge drinking is associated with significantly worse HRQOL and mental distress, including stress, depression, and emotional problems. Effective interventions to prevent binge drinking should be widely adopted and may help improve quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Alcohol drinking and risk of hospitalization for heart failure with and without associated coronary artery disease.

Myocardial damage from heavy alcohol intake can cause the heart failure (HF) syndrome, but the relation of lighter alcohol intake to HF has rarely been studied. We examined the risk of HF hospitalization among 126,236 subjects who supplied data about alcohol during health examinations from 1978 to 1985. Among 2,594 subjects who were subsequently hospitalized for HF, record review established an association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and HF (CAD-HF) in 1,559 patients. Among the remaining 1,035 subjects who had HF (non-CAD-HF), we attempted determination of preponderant etiologic and contributory factors. Analyses used Cox models that were controlled for 7 covariates, with usual alcohol intake studied categorically compared with that in subjects who did not drink alcohol. Heavier drinkers (> or =3 drinks/day) but not light to moderate drinkers had increased risk of non-CAD-HF; e.g., relative risk for subjects who reported > or =6 drinks/day was 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.6). This association of non-CAD-HF with heavy drinking was limited to subsets with cardiomyopathy or of unclear preponderant etiology. Alcohol drinking was inversely related to risk of CAD-HF (e.g., at 1 to 2 drinks/day, relative risk 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 0.7), with consistency across subgroups of age, gender, ethnicity, education, smoking status, interval to diagnosis, and presence or absence of baseline heart disease or systemic hypertension. Moderate drinking was inversely related to non-CAD-HF only in subjects who had diabetes mellitus (n = 252). In conclusion, heavy, but not light, alcohol drinking is associated with increased risk of non-CAD-HF and that apparent protection by alcohol drinking against CAD-HF risk provides confirmation of a protective effect of alcohol against CAD.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: the role of drinking goal selection.

The behavioral problems and cognitive deficits resulting from even small amounts of prenatal alcohol exposure can be significant and enduring but completely preventable. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a prenatal drinking goal selected during a brief intervention for 115 pregnant women and their partners on subsequent consumption. Higher proportions of women having their first pregnancy chose abstinence as a goal over drinking reduction. Goal selection was highly predictive of subsequent drinking behavior. Interestingly, the participants who were abstinent at enrollment and who chose to remain abstinent had the highest rates of abstinence. In contrast, the women who chose cutting down on drinking were the least likely to drink less subsequently, despite recognizing more situations putting them at risk for drinking and identifying more alternatives to consumption. We conclude that goal choice in behavioral self-management of alcohol use by pregnant women is critical.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of repeated exposure to fruit drinks on intake, pleasantness and boredom in young and elderly adults.

The effect of a repeated monotonous exposure on ad libitum intake, pleasantness and boredom in elderly people in a real life situation is unclear. We therefore investigated the effects of repeated exposure to ad libitum intake of three orange-based drinks on boredom and acceptance in young and elderly people. Young (n=32) and elderly women (n=36) participated in a randomized within subjects cross over trial with three intervention periods of 12 days each followed by a 2-day wash out period. During each intervention period, the participants received 1 L of one type of drink per day. The three drinks varied in sweetness intensity. Intake was measured by weighing the returned packets and pleasantness, boredom and sweetness were rated on a 10-point scale. For the young women, mean consumption of the three drinks (p<0.01) and pleasantness decreased (p<0.01) and boredom increased (p<0.001). For the elderly women, consumption increased (p=0.03) whereas pleasantness (p=0.34) and boredom (p=0.40) were stable. In the young women, the orange peach drink which had the highest sugar content contributed the most to the effect of the repeated exposure. The consumption and pleasantness ratings for this drink decreased (r=-1.05, p=0.01 and r=-0.07, p=0.007, respectively) and boredom increased (r=0.12, p<0.001). In conclusion, elderly women experienced no increased boredom whereas young women did.

Adult↗