SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “conception”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Self-perceived competence, learning conceptions and preferred learning situations in the domain of communication.

BACKGROUND: An important purpose of education in the field of social work is the development of social-communicative competence and students' individual learning theories (ILTs) concerning this domain. AIMS: Our first aim was to develop diagnostic instruments for ILT assessment and to understand the relationships between ILT variables. Our second purpose was to study the differences in ILT variables between students of three study years. SAMPLES: A total of 396 full-time social work students participated in this study: 176 first-year, 147 second-year and 73 fourth-year students (92% women and 8% men). METHOD: Based on a theoretical framework, three questionnaires have been constructed, covering three ILT variables: self-perceived competence, learning conceptions and preferred learning situations. For scale construction, principal component analyses and reliability analyses were conducted. ANOVAs and post hoc comparisons of means were used to investigate cross-sectional differences regarding ILT variables. Pearson correlations and regression analyses were performed to gain more insight into the relationships between ILT variables. RESULTS: Five aspects of self-perceived competence, four learning conceptions and five preferred learning situations were found. Learning conceptions and self-perceived competencies were found to be predictors of students' preferred learning situations. Many differences were found between the three groups of students, especially between the first-year students and the others. CONCLUSIONS: When studying the acquisition of social-communicative competence, it is important to take students' individual learning theories into account. Increased insight into the role ILTs play can be of help in improving social work education.

Choice Behavior↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Deaf and hearing children's conceptions of the body interior.

PURPOSE: To determine if deaf and hearing children differ in their conceptions of the body interior and to examine children's conceptions of their internal bodies at three different age stages. METHOD: Eighty deaf children and 190 hearing children ages 5 to 15 years were grouped by age to reflect preoperation, concrete operation, and formal operation stages of cognitive development. The Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person and Inside-the-Body Test were administered. Results were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS: Deaf children in each of the three groups knew significantly fewer body parts than the hearing children. Adolescents knew significantly more about their body interiors than did the younger age groups. CONCLUSION: Results of this study lend empirical support to Crider's (1981) development theory of how conceptions of the body interior develop.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

The relationship between depression and self-concept discrepancy among different generations of Japanese-American women.

Investigated the relationship between real-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression among different generations and age groups of Japanese-American women in Hawaii. In contrast to the numerous results with Caucasian Ss, the present findings revealed that self-concept discrepancy and depression are related positively for certain generations (i.e., Nisel, young Sansei), but not others (i.e., old Sansei, Yonsei). It was speculated that the differences were due to acculturative and historical experiences that mediated personality pattern development. The findings also point out the ethnocentricity of one of the most supported notions in Western psychology (i.e., the relationship between self-concept discrepancy and maladjustment).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Self-concept and identified problem differences between pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents.

Examined differences in the number and types of problems as well as in self-reported self-concept between 232 middle and low SES pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents. The study also examined differences in these variables across four developmental levels of menarcheal status: Initial, Intermediate, Middle, and Established. These data were analyzed by a multiple ANOVA technique, and significant differences were found between pre- and postmenarcheal girls and between the two social class groups. Postmenarcheal adolescents had more problems, but were also higher on self-concept variables. Low SES females experienced the menarche earlier than middle class SES females, had different problems, and described themselves differently on the self-concept measures. These data were interpreted as supporting the view that menarche onset is a positive event for most young females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

The relationship of sex role to self-concept.

Investigated the relationship of sex role in 136 Ss as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory to measures of self-concept and overt anxiety. Persons who rated themselves low in both masculine and feminine attributes were found to have significantly poorer self-concept than both androgynous and masculine Ss, which suggests that this group should be distinguished from high-high scorers labeled as androgynous. There was no significant difference in self-concept between masculine and androgynous Ss, and the masculine group reported significantly lower levels of anxiety. These findings support a previous contention that it is the presence of masculine attributes rather than a balance of masculinity and femininity that is crucial to personal adjustment.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between self-concept and successful rehabilitation.

One hundred fifty-seven spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals from three SCI centers were tested to investigate the relationship between self-concept and adjustment to rehabilitation. It was hypothesized that strong positive correlations would be found that neither time since injury nor level of injury would be a factor. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) provided a measure of self-concept. Criteria for differentiating adjustment into a six-point scale was used by nurses to assess rehabilitation success. Thirteen subsets of the TSCS correlated significantly with the nurses assessment. A norm deviate score from the TSCS showed P less than .001. Variables of sex, inpatient/outpatient and time since injury were not significant; however, level of injury was slightly significant.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1996

Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: anthropomorphism in God concepts.

We investigate the problem of how nonnatural entities are represented by examining university students' concepts of God, both professed theological beliefs and concepts used in comprehension of narratives. In three story processing tasks, subjects often used an anthropomorphic God concept that is inconsistent with stated theological beliefs; and drastically distorted the narratives without any awareness of doing so. By heightening subjects' awareness of their theological beliefs, we were able to manipulate the degree of anthropomorphization. This tendency to anthropomorphize may be generalizable to other agents. God (and possibly other agents) is unintentionally anthropomorphized in some contexts, perhaps as a means of representing poorly understood nonnatural entities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Concept usage in schizophrenic children.

This study compares concept usage and categorizing behavior among schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children. Two sets of tasks were administered to each subject, the child being required to match an index object with one of a group of three choice objects. On the first task, the choice objects were related to the index object by class, function, or stimulus similarity; on the second task, the two choice objects were unrelated to the index object, while the remaining choice object was related by class or function. For both tasks the subjects were asked to state which of the choice objects was related to the index object, and why. Results indicated that the schizophrenic, normal, and brain-damaged children showed a significant improvement with increased age in utilizing class or function concepts. However, the schizophrenics, unlike the normal and brain-damaged children, did not benefit consistently from a reduction in stimulus competition. Within the schizophrenics, grouping by IQ revealed a dichotomous type of concept usage. Low IQ patients performed like the brain-damaged group; high IQ children failed to benefit from reduction in stimulus competition and produced more bizarre and irrelevant responses.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Concepts: a potboiler.

An informal, but revisionist, discussion of the role that the concept of a concept plays in recent theories of the cognitive mind. It is argued that the practically universal assumption that concepts are (at least partially) individuated by their roles in inferences is probably mistaken. A revival of conceptual atomism appears to be the indicated alternative.

Behaviorism↗

PubMed1985

Sex-role stereotype, self-concept, education and experience: do they influence decision-making?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-concept, sex-role stereotype, educational preparation and years of experience upon the nurse's attitudes regarding decision-making. The Joseph Decision-making Tool (JDMT) was designed by the investigator to measure nurses' attitudes regarding decision-making. The tool consists of 20 scenarios in which the subject is asked to make a decision regarding a patient problem. Having an alpha reliability of 0.79, the JDMT was found to be exceedingly useful and easy to administer. Self-concept was measured by the BEM Scale. A heterogeneous population of female staff nurses working in medical-surgical units of two large metropolitan hospitals was used. A stepwise multiple regression technique was used to measure the potency of the particular variables in question. In a selected sample of 85 nurses, it was found that nurses with masculine sex-type scores and diploma education (P less than 0.05) felt that nurses should assume responsibility for decision-making. Experience was found to have an inverse relationship (P less than 0.01) with the JDMT. The more experience the nurse has, the less willing she is to make decisions. The majority of nurses (62%) who participated in the study were found to have androgynous rather than feminine sex-role stereotype scores. These two findings indicate changing trends in the traditional view of staff nurses. These new findings will assist nurses in changing the current image of a typically feminine nurse with a low self-concept. This study found strengths in nurses that are often overlooked by the feminists when they study nurses.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The prospective assessment of self-concept in neglectful and physically abusive low income mothers.

Maternal self-esteem has long been associated with the quality of maternal-child interactions and many assume that low self-esteem contributes to the cause of maltreatment. Assessments of the self-concepts of maltreating parents, however, have been done only after maltreatment has occurred. Prospective measurement of self-concept would help to clarify its role in the etiology of maltreatment. In this study, 471 pregnant women completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). State protective services' records were reviewed 3 years after these children were born. When records of the 459 women with a known live-born child were reviewed, 29 were found to have maltreated their children (neglect n = 22; physical abuse n = 11; four women found to have both neglected and abused their children). Neglectful mothers had lower scores on scales measuring overall self-esteem, moral self-worth, personal and social adequacy, and perception of self-worth in family relationships than matched nonreported mothers. They described their identity and behavior more negatively and had greater general maladjustment and neurotic symptoms. Physically abusive mothers had lower scores on self-worth in family relationships. When measured prospectively, low self-esteem appears to be a risk factor for child neglect, but is not a strong predictor for physical abuse. Implications for prevention programs are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Self-concept: an outcome of a program for spinal pain.

Changes in self-concept were studied in 50 patients with chronic spinal pain who underwent a 4 week inpatient program. Treatment included increasing quotas for activity and walking, patient education, reduction in pain medications, and reinforcement of non-pain behaviors. The instrument used to measure change was the counseling form of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). The test was administered upon admission to the program, at discharge, and at 1, 3, and 6 months following discharge. TSCS scores were also compared with those of patients who failed to complete the program and of a quasi-control group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The spinal pain group improved significantly on 8 scales of the TSCS, while scores for the arthritis patients were constant over the 6 month period. The program had a positive effect on self-concept and thus should be considered for patients with chronic spinal pain.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Self concept and drinking problems of college students raised in alcohol-abused homes.

To examine drinking problems and self concept of college students raised in homes where alcohol is abused, 148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, and the "Personal Self" section of The Tennessee Self Concept Scale. Students classified as children of alcoholics had a significantly lower self concept (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%) and lapses of memory after drinking bouts (62%) show an amount of drinking on college campuses that is truly alarming.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The disease concept of alcoholism: its impact on women's treatment.

The disease concept of alcoholism has had a dynamic impact on attitudes, policies, and treatment orientations. Despite its demonstrable effects on changing behaviors and belief systems, it remains both an acceptable and controversial entity amongst researchers and treatment personnel alike. This report provides a current focus of the disease concept as its applies to the characteristics and experiences of women alcoholics and their treatment. It especially targets the need for empowerment in this population and questions whether this important trait can be developed by the disease concept's emphasis on illness and the sick role, which inadvertently validates the feelings of powerlessness and helplessness of these women who already have been intensively socialized in dependent and subordinate roles.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sensitive domains of self-concept in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): further evidence for a multidimensional model of OCD.

Aspects of self-concept have been implicated in recent empirical and theoretical investigations of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This article extends previous theory and research by investigating the proposal that specific self-structures may be linked with OCD [e.g., Doron, G., & Kyrios, M. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of possible specific internal representations within a broader cognitive theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 415-432]. In particular, it was hypothesized that individuals who value the domains of morality, job and scholastic competence, and social acceptability, but who feel incompetent in these domains (i.e., "sensitive" domains of self), would hold a greater level of OC-related beliefs and display more OC-symptoms. The study was performed in 198 non-clinical participants, using a multidimensional measure of self-concept. As predicted, it was found that sensitivity in the four domains was related to higher levels of OC-related beliefs. Sensitivity in the domains of morality, job competence and social acceptability also related to higher levels of OC-symptoms. Further, these findings were generally maintained when controlling for global self-worth. Based on these results, it is argued that sensitivity of self-concept may be associated with OC cognitions and phenomena. Implications for theory and treatment are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMed2004

Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.

Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London] theory of communication.

Concept Formation↗

PubMed2004

The concept of alternative strategies and its relevance to psychiatry and clinical psychology.

The intent of this article is to introduce the evolutionary concept of alternative strategies into the fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology. In behavioral ecology, the term alternative strategies refers to the presence of two or more discrete behavioral variants among adults of one sex and one population when those variants serve the same functional end. Often discrete behavioral variants are associated with specific morphological, physiological, and life-history characters. The concept of alternative strategies has been applied to human behavior to explain the origin of some behavioral syndromes that are currently classified as mental disorders or emotional dysfunctions. Antisocial personality could represent a high-risk strategy of social defection associated with resource acquisition and reproduction. Insecure attachment could represent an evolved psychological mechanism that used the quality of parental care received during childhood as a cue for optimizing adult reproductive strategies. Since a major contribution of evolutionary theory is the insight that individual differences are core biological features of any animal species, including Homo sapiens, the application of the concept of alternative strategies to psychiatry and clinical psychology can be a powerful antidote to the growing tendency to medicalize human diversity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Functional connectivity in the brain--is it an elusive concept?

Even though functional brain connectivity is an influential concept in modern cognitive neuroscience, it is a very controversial notion. This is why further theoretical and methodological clarification are needed to help define precisely what is meant by functional connectivity and to help frame-associated issues. In this review we present the neurophysiological concept of functional connectivity, which utilizes in a plausible manner the notion of neural assemblies, as well as local and large-scale levels of description. Here functional connectivity is the mechanism for the coordination of activity between different neural assemblies in order to achieve a complex cognitive task or perceptual process. Our theoretical and empirical findings offer new insights into possible implications of the concept of functional connectivity for cognitive neuroscience.

Animals↗