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PubMed2004

Physiotherapy for pusher behaviour in a patient with post-stroke hemiplegia.

OBJECTIVE: This case report describes a specific, literature-based physiotherapy treatment and the outcome for a stroke patient with pusher behaviour. Pusher behaviour is characterized by pushing strongly towards the hemiplegic side in all positions and resisting any attempt at passive correction of posture to bring the weight towards or over the midline of the body. METHODS: The patient was a 71-year-old man with clear pusher behaviour due to a stroke. Therapy for the pushing behaviour was performed over a 3-week period. Motor function, mobility, disability, tone anomalies and pusher behaviour were assessed before and after the study period. Immediate effects of a single training session were assessed by clinical observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immediate effects on the pusher behaviour were observed when using visual and auditory feedback, but not when somatosensory input was used. These results were not maintained to the end of the treatment period. Treatment makes the patient able to use compensatory strategies for functional activities. The long-term effects should be investigated in more depth in the future.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Does reducing safety behaviours improve treatment response in patients with social phobia?

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the efficacy of instructions to drop 'safety behaviours' during exposure tasks in a cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) group treatment program for social phobia. METHOD: Fourteen subjects with social phobia received a standardised CBT treatment program and were compared to 16 subjects with social phobia who were given additional instructions to drop safety behaviours. RESULTS: Repeated measures of ANOVA between groups on a specific social phobia measure (SPAI) demonstrated significant benefit when instructions to drop safety behaviours were added to the treatment program. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of instruction to drop safety behaviours in exposure tasks in the course of CBT treatment for social phobia may be useful. This result supports the cognitive model of social phobia developed by Clark and Wells (1995), which postulates that anxiety and negative beliefs about social situations are in part maintained by engaging in safety behaviours. Further replication with larger samples is required and warranted on the basis of the present study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Absconding behaviour: an exploratory investigation in an acute inpatient unit.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify patient and environmental characteristics associated with absconding behaviour, and to gain an understanding of the behaviour from the patients' perspective. METHOD: A prospective analysis of 77 consecutive incidents of absent-without-leave (AWOL) behaviour (n = 51 patients) was undertaken to develop a profile of patient and environmental characteristics associated with absconding behaviour. In addition, semi-structured interviews were carried out with a subsample of 14 patients within 24 h of returning to hospital from being AWOL. RESULTS: Those who absconded were male (58%), under 40 years of age (74%), admitted involuntarily (78%), and had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (42%). One-third of all AWOL incidents resulted from repeated absconding by the same individuals. The first 7 days post admission was a high-risk period for absconding behaviour. Issues raised in the interviews with patients identified a number of situational and environmental factors which are likely to increase the risk of absconding. CONCLUSIONS: Situational and environmental factors are more likely than patient characteristics to be predictive of absconding behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A mother's attitude towards her infant and child behaviour five years later.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between maternal attitude to the infant at 6 months of age and behavioural outcomes at 5 years is explored, controlling for numerous demographic, child and psychosocial family factors. METHOD: Data was used from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy, an Australian longitudinal study of over 7000 mothers and children followed from pregnancy to when the children were 5 years. Measures ranging from the key variables of maternal attitude and child behaviour as well as numerous confounders were dichotomised. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between maternal negative attitude toward the infant and clinically significant levels of child behaviour problems and other infant risks, early social risks, and concurrent social risks. RESULTS: The results suggest that maternal negative attitude towards the infant at 6 months is an independent predictor of child behaviour problems at 5 years. This association remained significant for boys' externalizing behaviours and girls' internalizing behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The findings lend support to the concept of a sensitive period in early infancy; the need for a broad perspective in the assessment of the mother-infant relationship and the need for early intervention with dysfunctional mother-infant dyads.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The integration of behaviour into comparative physiology.

Comparative physiology has traditionally focused on the physiological responses of animals to their physicochemical environment. In recent years, awareness has increased among physiologists of the potential for behavioural factors, such as the social environment of the animal, to affect physiological condition and responses. This recognition has led to an emerging trend within the field toward using multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate both behavioural and physiological techniques. Research areas in which the integrated study of behaviour and physiology has been particularly fruitful include the physiology of the social environment, sensory physiology and behaviour, and physiological constraints on behavioural ecology. The manner in which incorporating behavioural considerations has informed the physiological data collected is discussed for each of these areas using specific examples.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Measuring behavioural disturbance of elderly demented patients in the community and its effects on relatives: a factor analytic study.

In recent years increasing interest has centered on the elderly psychogeriatric patient living in the community and the part played by relatives in supporting these patients. There is a need, however, for ways of assessing the behavioural disturbance shown by such patients at home and the effect this behaviour has on relatives. Ratings by relatives of the behaviour at home of elderly dementing patients attending a geriatric psychiatry day hospital, together with the relatives' own ratings of the degree of stress and upset being experienced were obtained. Using the technique of factor analysis was shown that the patient's behaviour and the relative's reaction could be analysed into a number of separate categories and that these were differentially related to each other. Thus, for example, personal distress in the relative was related mainly to the amount of apathetic and withdrawn behaviour shown by the patient, whereas negative feelings held by the relative towards the patient were related only to the degree of disturbance of the patient's mood. The construction of scales measuring these different aspects of patient's behaviour and relative's reaction is described.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use mediate the relationship between impulsivity and drinking behaviour in adolescence?

AIMS: To investigate (1). whether aggressive and delinquent behaviour problems predict subsequent adolescent drinking behaviour; and (2). to what extent this association is mediated by alcohol expectancies and/or peer delinquency/substance use. METHODS: 147 adolescents (approximately 15 years old) were interviewed with regard to their drinking behaviour. In addition, several self-rating questionnaires were given to gather information regarding the peers of these children. RESULTS: As proposed by the Acquired Preparedness Model (APM), we found that behavioural problems were related to quantity and frequency of alcohol consumed, and that this relationship was mediated by alcohol expectancies. Regarding peer relations, we found positive correlations between drinking behaviour and peer delinquency/substance use, aggression/delinquency and alcohol expectancies. Furthermore, the association between behavioural problems and drinking decreased dramatically if peer delinquency/substance use was accounted for. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that both alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use predicted alcohol consumption of adolescents at the 1-year follow-up above and beyond the effects of age, sex, family history of alcoholism and aggression/delinquency of respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use are both crucial to the amount and frequency of adolescent alcohol use. They should be considered in designing prevention and intervention strategies in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Behavioural aspects of impulsivity in alcoholics with and without a cluster-B personality disorder.

AIMS: Studies have shown that alcoholics with a cluster-B personality disorder (cluster-B PD) are characterized by high levels of impulsivity. However, impulsivity has mainly been studied as a broad concept without its different aspects being considered. The present study compared abstinent alcoholic inpatients without any personality disorder (PD) and abstinent alcoholics with cluster-B PD on different aspects of impulsivity, i.e. self-reported impulsivity and neuropsychological indicators such as behavioural control and delay of gratification. METHODS: Forty alcohol-dependent inpatients without PD and 22 alcohol-dependent inpatients with a cluster-B PD were compared on two self-report impulsivity questionnaires (Barratt impulsiveness scale; sensation-seeking scales) and three behavioural impulsivity tasks [Go/No-Go task; delay discounting task (DDT); Stroop colour word test]. Tests were administered after stable abstinence of at least 3 weeks. RESULTS: Self-report measures of impulsivity were higher in cluster-B alcoholics than in alcoholics without PD. Behavioural tasks revealed a more differentiated pattern of impairments. On the Go/No-Go task, cluster-B alcoholics were impaired in inhibitory control but not in reaction time compared with alcoholics without PD. In contrast, no significant differences on the DDT and the Stroop were observed. CONCLUSION: Alcohol-dependent patients with and without a cluster-B PD differ in terms of behavioural inhibition but not in terms of activation or the ability to delay gratification. This finding may partly account for their impulsive and (self-) destructive behaviours. Treatment planning should pay specific attention to these impairments in behavioural control.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of continuous spinal remifentanil infusion on behaviour and spinal glutamate release evoked by subcutaneous formalin in the rat.

Injection of formalin into the hind paw of the rat evokes a biphasic nociceptive behavioural response, which is considered to be an animal model of postoperative pain in humans. The initial response (phase 1) is caused by activation of peripheral nociceptors and is followed by a second phase attributed to ongoing activity in primary afferents and increased sensitivity of dorsal horn neurones. The latter effect is thought to result from glutamate-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. In studies to date it has been difficult to discriminate mechanisms underlying phase 1 and phase 2 events because of the long-lasting half-times of intrathecally administered opioids. To further understanding of the opioid pharmacology of the two different phases of the formalin test, we have studied behavioural activity and spinal glutamate release after intrathecal administration of remifentanil, a new short-lasting mu opioid. Intrathecal remifentanil 3 micrograms microliter-1 min-1 delivered during phase 1 inhibited behavioural response during phase 1 (100%), but did not abolish subsequent phase 2 behavioural activity completely (67 (12) %). Intrathecal remifentanil administered separately in phase 1 and phase 2 revealed a similar ED50 (0.2 microgram microliter-1 min-1) for inhibition of the behavioural responses. In vivo, spinal microdialysis showed incomplete reduction in glutamate concentrations in response to intrathecal remifentanil administration; this in turn inhibited phase 1 behavioural responses. Therefore we contend that supramaximal doses of intrathecal remifentanil sufficient to inhibit phase 1 activity still permitted sufficient glutamate release to allow spinal facilitation. Incomplete suppression of spinal excitatory neurotransmitter release by intrathecal opioids is consistent with spinal wind-up that is triggered during phase 1 and results in phase 2 afferent drive. This might reflect one of the mechanisms underlying post-operative pain.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2005

Reflexive orienting in spatial neglect is biased towards behaviourally salient stimuli.

Patients with spatial neglect are impaired when detecting contralesional targets presented shortly after an ipsilesional cue. This "disengagement" deficit is believed to reflect reflexive orienting towards ipsilesional stimuli that is independent of behavioural goals. Here, we show that the extent of this spatial bias depends on the behavioural salience of ipsilesional stimuli. Healthy participants, brain-injured patients without neglect and neglect patients reacted to ipsilesional and contralesional visual targets. Prior to target presentation, a visual cue similar or dissimilar to the target was presented at target position or opposite the target. Although participants did not react to the similar cue, it had high behavioural salience since it shared features with the target stimulus. Neglect patients showed dramatically increased reaction times to contralesional targets, but only when these followed behaviourally relevant ipsilesional cues. No decrease of performance was observed with irrelevant cues. This performance pattern was not due to perceptual similarity, since the same effect was found when cue and target were semantically related but differed perceptually. Importantly, semantically related cues ceased to attract attention when they were defined as behaviourally irrelevant. These results show that neglect patients only orient attention reflexively towards ipsilesional stimuli with high behavioural salience.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Foraging behaviour in Drosophila larvae: mushroom body ablation.

Drosophila larvae and adults exhibit a naturally occurring genetically based behavioural polymorphism in locomotor activity while foraging. Larvae of the rover morph exhibit longer foraging trails than sitters and forage between food patches, while sitters have shorter foraging trails and forage within patches. This behaviour is influenced by levels of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PGK) encoded by the foraging (for) gene. Rover larvae have higher expression levels and higher PGK activities than do sitters. Here we discuss the importance of the for gene for studies of the mechanistic and evolutionary significance of individual differences in behaviour. We also show how structure-function analysis can be used to investigate a role for mushroom bodies in larval behaviour both in the presence and in the absence of food. Hydroxyurea fed to newly hatched larvae prevents the development of all post-embryonically derived mushroom body (MB) neuropil. This method was used to ablate MBs in rover and sitter genetic variants of foraging to test whether these structures mediate expression of the foraging behavioural polymorphism. We found that locomotor activity levels during foraging of both the rover and sitter larval morphs were not significantly influenced by MB ablation. Alternative hypotheses that may explain how variation in foraging behaviour is generated are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Association between health behaviour and self-reported health in Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to examine the associations of the selected health behaviours (daily smoking, frequent strong alcohol use, consumption of fresh vegetables less than 3 days a week and leisure time physical activity less than two/three times a week) to the self-assessed health after adjustment to the age and education in Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania. METHODS: Data from cross-sectional surveys carried out in all the above-mentioned countries were used. The methodology and questionnaires of the surveys were standardized between the participating countries within the Finbalt Health Monitor System. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of self-perceived health status on prevalence of health behaviours. RESULTS: In Finland both women and men rated their health better than both genders in all the Baltic countries. In Finland self-assessment of health is significantly associated with most health behaviours, but in the Baltic counties the associations are weak or unstable. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that in Finland as in many other stable countries self-assessed health status was related to health behaviours and can be used as an indicator of health behaviours. In the Baltic countries, factors other than health behaviours may be more relevant to the self assessment of health status.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Understanding pedestrians' road crossing decisions: an application of the theory of planned behaviour.

This paper reports a study applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of pedestrians' road crossing intentions. Respondents (N = 210) completed questionnaires which included scenarios of three potentially dangerous road crossing behaviours, followed by measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, self-identity and intention. The results indicated that the social psychological variables under consideration were able to explain between 39 and 52% of the variance in intentions to cross the road in the manner depicted in the scenarios. The perceived behavioural control component of the TPB emerged as the strongest predictor of pedestrians' intentions, suggesting that perceptions of control have an important role to play in road safety behaviour. The results are discussed in relation to the predictive utility of the TPB in this area and possible interventions to encourage safe road crossing behaviour.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

The 'balance intervention' for promoting caloric compensatory behaviours in response to overeating: a formative evaluation.

To help people prevent weight gain, the Netherlands Nutrition Centre initiated the 'balance intervention', which promotes moderation of food intake and/or increased physical activity in response to occasions of overeating. The aim of this study was to determine whether intervention materials were appreciated, encouraged information seeking and increased motivation and caloric compensatory behaviours. A three-group randomized trial with pre-intervention measures (n = 963, response 86%) and post-intervention measures (n = 857) using electronic questionnaires was conducted among participants aged 25-40 years, recruited from an Internet research panel. The first group received a printed brochure and electronic newsletters (print group), the second group was exposed to radio advertisements (radio group) and the third group was the control group. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of the materials on self-reported prevalence of overeating, attitudes, perceived behavioural control, intentions and compensatory behaviours. At follow-up, we found significantly more positive attitudes, intentions and dietary action in the print and radio groups. However, participants who received the radio advertisement had a significantly lower perceived behavioural control. No effects were found on the prevalence of overeating. The results indicate that the intervention materials have potential for increasing people's attitudes, motivation and self-reported behaviour actions, with a possible negative side-effect on perceived behavioural control.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Health risk behaviours and ethnicity in Hawaii.

This study has examined the relationships of health-related behaviours to sociodemographic factors with special emphasis on ethnicity in Hawaii. Behavioural variables investigated were non-use of car seat belts, overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, heavier alcohol use, and driving while intoxicated. Sociodemographic factors considered were ethnicity, island, sex, age, education, employment status, marital status, and household income. Major ethnic groups studied were Caucasians, Hawaiians including part-Hawaiians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. The relationships of ethnic factors with the behavioural characteristics were studied by logistic regression after fitting significant non-ethnic sociodemographic variables. Multiple risk behaviour was investigated by canonical correlation analysis. Different behavioural factors were found to be associated with different sets of non-ethnic socioeconomic variables. There were significant ethnic differences in individual at-risk behaviours except for driving while intoxicated. Overweight was most prevalent among Hawaiians followed by Caucasians. Caucasians and Hawaiians were at higher risk for non-use of seat belts, cigarette smoking, and heavier alcohol use compared to Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. Orientals were physically less active than Caucasians and Hawaiians. Implications of the observed ethnic differences are discussed.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utilizing culture and behaviour in epidemiological models of alcohol consumption and consequences for Western nations.

Cultural differences in alcohol consumption are inescapable, but have been difficult to establish as predictor variables in epidemiological models. With respect to dependent variables, the behavioural outcomes of alcohol use have not been operationalized as successfully as the health outcomes. This study examined cultural differences in drinking by employing Levine's distinction between Temperance and non-Temperance cultures, along with other cultural, consumption, and policy predictor variables, among 21 Western countries. Dependent variables included the prevalence of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) groups (as a measure of behavioural and social problems) and a range of alcohol consumption and health measures. Level of consumption was an important determinant of the health consequences of drinking among Western nations, but not so important in determining behavioural outcomes. Culture, on the other hand, is largely determinative of behavioural outcomes and also quite critical for some health outcomes. An inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and AA membership strongly indicated that consumption is modified by cultural styles in producing drinking behaviours. Temperance cultures, which are largely Protestant, have far more AA groups and higher rates of coronary heart disease mortality, but lower cirrhosis mortality. Overall mortality does not vary according to national alcohol consumption or cultural distinctions. The percentage of alcohol consumed as wine is a strong inverse predictor of mortality in the 55-64 year age group, but the change in absolute national wine consumption is directly associated with overall all-age mortality. In conclusion, religious and cultural distinctions among Western nations strongly predict behavioural drinking problems and also enhance the prediction of death rates from diseases related to alcohol consumption. Social engineering techniques which attempt to modify well-established cultural drinking practices can have counter-productive results.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Interpersonal aggressive behaviour and alcohol consumption among young urban adolescents in France.

In order to supplement existing studies of deviant populations (alcoholics, drug addicts, jailed delinquents) and to bring to light the existence of early relationships between aggressiveness and alcohol consumption, an epidemiological survey was carried out among 1601 adolescents (aged 13-16) from a suburban area of Paris. Some types of the aggressive behaviour studied were more socially acceptable--breaking objects, hitting people, fighting--than others--threatening to use or using physical violence to obtain money or objects from people. A majority of the adolescents had already demonstrated violent behaviour, 41% showed repetitive delinquent behaviour, and 12% cumulated several types of such behaviour. The aggressive teenagers differed from the non-aggressive subjects firstly in their alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug consumption, and secondly with respect to other deviant behaviour, such as stealing, running away from home or violent victimization. A logistic regression analysis highlighted the relative importance of each type of delinquent behaviour and of the early onset of regular alcohol consumption. The discussion focuses on the complex relationship between violence and alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Intelligence and behaviour in children born after in-vitro fertilization treatment.

This study is the first to examine a large group of children born after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) who were old enough at the time of the investigation to make it possible to draw conclusions about the outcome. The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive, behavioural and social development of the children. The study comprised 99 IVF children, 33-85 months of age, from the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö, Sweden. The children's development was assessed with the Griffiths' scales of mental development. The children's behaviour was delineated through semi-structured interviews with their mothers, covering 50 different behaviours. The mothers also filled in Achenbach's Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). All children were examined by a paediatric neurologist. The results were compared to Swedish population groups. Of the children born, 66% were singletons, 22% were twins, 12% were triplets and 28% were born prematurely in gestational weeks 32-36. The cognitive development of the IVF children was excellent, and their behaviour was normal when compared with two Swedish population groups. Our conclusion was that the development, behaviour and social adaptation of the children was very satisfactory.

Adult↗