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PubMed1978

Sex differences in responses of children to the Hand Test.

The Hand Test was administered to 69 boys and 65 girls enrolled in the second grade. Significant differences were found on 11 of the 24 variables. Girls gave significantly more Exhibition and Failure responses, took longer to organize and verbalize a perception (AIRT) and longer to respond to the cards (H - L). Boys gave significantly more Active, Environmental, Description. Withdrawal and Pathology responses; had a higher Acting Out Score (AOS); and gave a greater number of responses (R).

Acting Out↗
PubMed1990

The role of subject verbalization in generalized correspondence.

We examined the role of subject verbalization in the generalization of verbal-nonverbal correspondence. Twelve kindergarten children underwent correspondence training (subject verbalization) or received reinforcement for performing an experimenter-selected behavior (experimenter verbalization). A reversal design, along with the introduction of a multiple baseline design across behaviors, was used to assess functional relations. Pupils who received correspondence training demonstrated greater generalization. Our findings suggest that subject verbalization may be necessary to accomplish generalized correspondence.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

Interactions between encoding and retrieval in the domain of sequence-learning.

In this article, the authors propose to characterize sequence learning in terms of automatic versus non-automatic processing and to apply this contrast independently to knowledge acquisition and retrieval. In several experiments of sequence learning, automaticity of both the acquisition and retrieval of the acquired knowledge was independently assessed. It was found that the sequence learning order can be demonstrated under all combinations of knowledge acquisition and retrieval. In particular, at least in the simple sequences the authors used, this applies in cases in which both the acquisition and the retrieval of knowledge are strictly automatic--that is, when neither is required for the task nor beneficial to deliberate behavior. The proposed framework has implications for the notion of sequence learning and the investigation of learning in general.

Association Learning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intentionality as measured in the persistence and elaboration of communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

In human infancy, 2 criteria for intentional communication are (a) persistence in and (b) elaboration of communication when initial attempts to communicate fail. Twenty-nine chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were presented with both desirable (a banana) and undesirable food (commercial primate chow). Three conditions were administered: (a) the banana was delivered (successful communication), (b) half of the banana was delivered (partially successful communication), and (c) the chow was delivered (failed communication). The chimpanzees exhibited persistence in and elaboration of their communication in every condition except when the banana was delivered. Thus, their communication was about a specific item, demonstrating that both intentionality and nonverbal reference are capacities shared by humans with our nearest living relatives, the great apes.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1995

Effect of object and movement cues on receptive communication by preschool children with mental retardation.

Preschool children with mental retardation typically have delays in language comprehension that may result in difficulty understanding spoken messages. The effect of the systematic application of object and movement cues was investigated to determine whether either or both cues would facilitate children's comprehension of a partner's intended referent during play and snack activities. Children were presented with stimulus items that the communication partner referred to under three conditions: object cue and speech, movement cue and speech, or speech alone. All children identified the intended referents with fewer trials to criterion when object or movement cues were used with speech than when speech alone was employed.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

A relationship between gonadotropins and visuospatial function.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels were negatively correlated with visuospatial function in two successive testing sessions in 32 young adult men. Men with high concentrations of FSH performed poorly on three-dimensional tests and tests of point localization. Men with low concentrations tended to perform better. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) tended to correlate positively with verbal/sequential skills and with two of the visuospatial skills for one session; testosterone was positively correlated with one spatial test. Multiple regression between the average performance on visuospatial tests and the three hormones produced Rs of 0.67 and 0.60, accounting for 39% and 29% of the variance, respectively, in Sessions 1 and 2. In women, the hormonal/behavior relationships were less clear although in many ways similar. For example, FSH was negatively correlated with one visuospatial test but only after the effects of estradiol and progesterone were partialled out. FSH was positively correlated with word fluency as was LH. With respect to sex differences women were poorer than men on the visuospatial tests and better on verbal fluency which is consistent with women's generally higher FSH levels and the negative relationship between FSH and visuospatial skills and the positive relationship with fluency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Development of hand-eye dominance in relation to verbal self-regulation of motor behavior.

The development of the relation between hand-eye dominance and verbal self-control of motor behavior was examined with 4- and 5-year-olds. Performances of subjects falling into either crossed or consistent hand-eye dominance categories were compared on a two-choice button-pushing task. Children performed this with their dominant hand in one of two conditions: verbalizing and not verbalizing their button-pushing activity. Results showed that crossed hand-eye dominant children gave significantly poorer performances than consistent hand-eye dominant children and that the former used their self-instructions in a motoric manner. These findings were interpreted as supporting the view that the functions of cerebral hemispheres in children with crossed dominance are more immature than those in children with consistent dominance.

Child↗
PubMed1988

The effects of social context and verbal skill on the stereotypic and task-involved behaviour of autistic children.

Twelve autistic children's rates of Stereotypy, Task Involvement and Non Involvement were observed in three settings representing levels of interpersonal contact: Individual Attention, Group Attention and Play. The children were assigned in two groups reflecting high and low verbal skills and overall level of autistic disturbance was used as a covariate. Results showed that the highest levels of Task Involvement and the lowest levels of Stereotypy and Non Involvement were associated with the highest level of interpersonal contact. Verbal skill level predicted higher rates of prosocial behaviour overall, and interacted with the setting measures for Stereotypic behaviours, indicating that the low verbal children tended to self-stimulate most when no demands were made on their behaviour. Implications for further research and educational practice are briefly discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Visual interaction in recently admitted and chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients.

Several reports have suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye-contact. However, previous work, much of it methodologically unsatisfactory, has been based almost always on the clinical psychiatric interview, with the result that several important questions remain unanswered. In particular, we do not know how schizophrenic patients behave in free conversation, how their behaviour with another patient may differ from their behaviour with a psychiatrically normal partner, nor even whether they show individual consistency across encounters. The first study was designed to examine these questions, by observing recently admitted schizophrenic patients in two free dyadic conversations, one with a schizophrenic partner and one with a psychiatrically normal partner, and comparing them with three control groups: depressive patients; patients suffering from neurotic or personality disorders; and psychiatrically normal chest patients. The second study went on to test whether the early descriptions of gross abnormality may be more appropriate to chronic long-stay patients than to recently admitted patients, and the design consisted of a comparison between the two groups. The first study revealed a quite unexpected pattern of results. Consistently across their two encounters, schizophrenic subjects behaved similarly for the most part to all three control groups, normal and abnormal alike. Moreover, the few differences which did emerge conflicted sharply with previous findings, including the writer's, and were no more marked in patient-patient than patient-normal encounters. The second study revealed no differences between chronic long-stay and recently admitted schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that the differences in findings between the present two studies and previous reports are most likely to be attributable to differences in verbal content: schizophrenic patients show abnormalities of visual interaction when talking about personal matters, but behave quite normally when the topic is not of immediate personal relevance.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical symptomatology of epileptic seizures of temporal origin].

Many discrepancies still exist in the description of clinical symptoms and signs attributable to a paroxysmal disorganization of temporal structures. They result from various methodological appraisals of clinical, electrophysiological and neuroradiological data concerning partial epilepsies. However a study of anatomo-electroclinical correlations in temporal seizures yield an easy pattern when the methods of elaboration, the criteria of validity and their meaning are strictly defined. An analysis of temporal seizures, recorded, filmed and described clinically in 300 patients having had a pre-surgical SEEG examination is the basis of a proposed classification of their main clinical features. The structures supposed to be ictally disorganized are, for each category, as follows: simple and complex visual and auditory hallucinations and illusions are due to a discharge beginning in the temporal-occipital or superior (posterior or anterior) temporal cortex. Memory troubles like dreamy-state are due to a simultaneous impairment of some neo-cortical areas and of Ammon's horn. Instinctive-affective troubles, like genital and sexual signs, or symptoms, emotional, mood, affective troubles seem to be linked to discharges in hippocampal and juxta-insular, internal perisylvian areas. Autonomous (cardiac, digestive, etc.) troubles are linked to a disorganization of basal limbic structures and especially of the perisylvian cortex. Motor and verbal automatisms have different meanings: only chewing is due to a discharge in the amygdalian area and in its hypothalamic efferents. Cognitive impairment is difficult to classify.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Type A behavior and cardiovascular responses during verbalization in cardiac patients.

While the physiological mechanisms linking Type A behavior pattern (TABP) to increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk are unknown, extreme cardiovascular reactivity to daily activities and stressors has been proposed as a mechanism for promoting the progression of atherosclerosis and CHD. Verbalization, either talking or reading aloud, is known to cause significant increases in the blood pressure and heart rates of individuals, including cardiac patients. Blood pressure and heart rate responses of 111 Type A and Type B cardiac patients during verbalization were examined in this study. Blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly during verbalization for all patients. The TABP, measured with both the structured interview and the Jenkins Activity Survey, had little relation to cardiovascular responses.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1990

Social skills and relapse history in outpatient schizophrenics.

Persons with schizophrenia commonly have impaired social functioning (Wallace 1984). Those with greater impairments, particularly as measured by premorbid social attainment, have a poorer clinical prognosis (Strauss and Carpenter 1972). Interventions designed to improve social competence, such as social skills training, have yielded generalizable and durable effects and may have reduced relapse rates (Wallace and Liberman 1985; Liberman et al. 1986; Hogarty et al. 1986). Thus, a valid measure of social skills should be a useful clinical and research tool. This research explores the validity of a new instrument for measuring such skills, the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills (AIPSS) (Donahoe et al., this issue). The AIPSS differs from more conventional social functioning measures because it 1) utilizes observations of role-playing, rather than self-report or third-party report; 2) provides a rating of the patient's current rather than past functioning; 3) involves videotaped simulated "real life" situations that pose challenges to the patient's ability to solve socially relevant problems; 4) permits assessment of patient's social perception, processing of social information for action planning, and verbal and nonverbal social responses. In this study, we examined the relationship between these parameters of schizophrenic patients' social functioning and their recent relapse history.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Benzodiazepine-induced modifications of dream content: the effect of flunitrazepam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine with strong hypnotic properties, on dream content. Eight normal subjects were studied in laboratory by the awakening technique, and the dream contents were rated by two judges according to nine scaled dimensions: unreality, participation of the dreamer, pleasantness, unpleasantness, verbal aggresivity, physical aggressivity, sexuality, sensoriality and time of reference in the dreamer's life. By comparison with placebo condition, flunitrazepam induced more unpleasantness, more verbal aggressivity, more physical aggressivity, and more sexuality in dreams. This increase of emotionally loaded contents can be related to a disinhibitory effect of this drug, and the possible involvement of dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Influence of psychiatric disorder on the controlling behaviour of mothers with 1-year-old infants. A study of women with maternal eating disorder, postnatal depression and a healthy comparison group.

BACKGROUND: Certain styles of parental controlling behaviour influence child development. Work with mothers with eating disorders suggests that they may be particularly controlling of their infants. AIMS: To examine the nature and specificity of maternal controlling behaviour in mothers with eating disorders compared with mothers who had experienced postnatal depression and a healthy comparison group. METHOD: Mothers with eating disorders (n=34), postnatal depression (n=39) and a healthy comparison group (n=61) and their 12-month-old infants were observed during play and mealtimes, and blind ratings made of verbal and non-verbal control exerted by the mother. RESULTS: Mothers in the eating disorder group used more verbal control, especially strong control. There were no differences between the groups on gentle verbal control and physical contact. Maternal dietary restraint was the one feature of eating disorder psychopathology associated with the use of verbal control. Marital criticism was also associated with the extent of verbal controlling behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Aspects of maternal control of infants were found to be specific to maternal eating disorder psychopathology.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and experience of harassment of people with mental health problems living in the community.

BACKGROUND: The levels and experiences of harassment of people with mental health problems in the community compared with those of the general population have not been explored. AIMS: To measure the levels and experience of harassment experienced by people with mental health problems in the community in Scotland and compare them with the general population. METHOD: Experiences of harassment were collected by interviewing 165 individuals with mental health problems and a control group of 165 people from the general population. RESULTS: Harassment in the community was found to be twice as common for individuals with mental health problems (41%) than for those in the general population (15%). The harassment commonly involved verbal abuse referring to the individual's mental health problems and was committed primarily by teenagers and neighbours. CONCLUSIONS: Harassment has a significantly higher prevalence among individuals with mental health problems living in the community and is believed to have a detrimental effect on mental health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Modality-specific cognitive function of medial and lateral human Brodmann area 6.

Despite the fact that human Brodmann area 6 (BA6), a traditional "motor" area, is active during higher motor control involving various cognitive operations, the functional specialization within BA6 in the cognitive domain is essentially unknown. Furthermore, its functional relevance in cognition has been questioned because brain activity in BA6 during cognitive tasks has often been explained away as a concomitant, latent motor process. Therefore, we examined the structural-functional relationship of human BA6 in nonmotor cognitive functions and its functional relevance using both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Subjects performed mental-operation (MO) tasks in which they serially updated verbal and spatial mental representations (MO-v and MO-s). In the fMRI experiments, activity in the medial BA6 was more increased in MO-v, whereas the activity in the lateral BA6 in both hemispheres was more in MO-s. Low-frequency rTMS to the medial BA6 disrupted only the performance of MO-v, whereas rTMS to the lateral BA6 in both hemispheres disrupted only MO-s. Hence the converging results demonstrate a functional double dissociation in which medial BA6 has a critical role in updating verbal information and lateral BA6 has a role in updating spatial information. The present study provides direct physiological evidence of modality-specific cognitive function within human BA6.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Perseveration in aphasia.

We developed a battery of tests to evaluate the relationship of perseveration to aphasia, and tested 44 subjects (18 with aphasia, 13 with right hemispheric lesions, 13 normal controls). Several major findings emerged: left hemispheric, posteriorly located, aphasia producing lesions also produced abundant perseverations, both verbal and non-verbal, which were primarily recurrent in type; right hemispheric lesions produced few perseverations, and these were primarily of the continuous type; more than half of the verbal recurrent perseverations of aphasia on a naming task were semantic in nature. We conclude that recurrent perseveration has a special, perhaps integral, link to language disorders of aphasia, particularly fluent aphasia associated with posterior lesions.

Anomia↗