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PubMed1997

Occupational exposure to machining fluids and laryngeal cancer risk: contrasting results using two separate control groups.

This death certificate-based case-control study linked Connecticut Tumor Registry and Connecticut Division of Vital Statistics death data to determine whether machining fluid exposure is associated with laryngeal cancer risk. Laryngeal cancer cases were compared with oral cancer controls and general population controls. Level of exposure to machining fluids was imputed from the usual occupation and industry on the death certificate. Because exposure was infrequent among females, analysis was limited to males. When cases were compared to oral cancer controls, high exposure to machining fluids was associated with laryngeal cancer (odds ratio = 1.48; 95% confidence interval = 1.01-2.16), with a p-value for trend of 0.08. When cases were compared to population controls, no association between machining fluid exposure and laryngeal cancer was observed. A possible reason for the contrasting results, other than chance, is that exposure data quality for the cases and oral cancer controls may have differed from that of the population controls.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2000

Population dynamics of the feral macaques in the Kowloon Hills of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong's feral monkey population is controversial. Many people complain about the aggressiveness of the monkeys, while some conservationists urge the government to deal with the problem in a way that will not harm the monkeys. The population dynamics of the macaques in the Kowloon Hills were studied in 1992 and 1993. Vital statistics are provided from this study as a first step in resolving the problems of human provisioning and wildlife management. It is unlikely that these macaques are indigenous to the area. They are the descendents of macaques that were released in the early twentieth century to control the spread of a local poisonous plant, the strychnos, which contains alkaloids poisonous to livestock and humans but which is a favorite food of the macaques. The macaque population expanded dramatically during the 1980s. The census method employed in this study is direct head count and photo-identification. At the end of 1993, the estimated abundance was 690 (+/-6) in eight social groups in the Kowloon Hills. Species found were rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 65.3%, longtailed (M. fascicularis) 2.2%, Tibetan (M. thibetana) 0.2%, and hybrids 32.3%. The overall home ranges occupied 2.15 km2, resulting in a very high macaque density of 326 per km2. The birth rates were 56.9% and 69.4% in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Mean adult sex ratio (M:F) was 1:2.2 for social groups and 1:1.6 including all peripheral males. The main mortality factor was road accidents and these contributed to the "missing rate" of 9.8% and 10.6% in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Population growth was 5.6% in 1992 and 7.8% in 1993. The estimated macaque population in the year 2000 will be around 1,100 if conditions remain favorable. Management strategies are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Excess and deficit lung cancer mortality in three ethnic groups in Texas.

Based on Texas vital statistics for 1969-71, patterns of lung cancer mortality in three ethnic groups are examined. Among males, the risk of lung cancer for Mexican Americans is considerably lower than for Blacks and Anglos for ages under 75 and slightly higher for older ages. Among females, Mexican American exhibit a distinct excess of lung cancer mortality for ages 70 and over and a deficit for younger ages. The excess among Mexican American females is confined mainly to the older foreign-born women and the excess is reduced for ages 45-60 and diminishes for younger immigrants. This suggests that the excess risk among Mexican Americans will completely disappear within a generation and a general deficit pattern will emerge for all ages. The implications of the diminishing excess and the emerging deficit lung cancer mortality among Mexican Americans clearly call for further study in exploring the effect of cultural change on mortality patterns, particularly for cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico 1969-1977.

We assessed the occurrence of malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico from 1969-1977. Incidence data, collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry, were supplemented with mortality data supplied by the State Bureau of Vital Statistics. These data were analyzed for variation by site, sex, and ethnic group. Malignant melanoma occurrence varied with ethnicity. Incidence rates for non-Hispanic whites (Anglos) exceeded comparison US rates, and were approximately six times higher than for other ethnic groups. Annual incidence rates for Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks of both sexes ranged from 0.0-1.8 cases per 100,000. As anticipated from other studies, the lower extremities were the most common site in Anglo women, and the trunk was the most common site in Anglo men. In contrast, the trunk was the most common site for both Hispanic men and women. A statistically significant trend of increasing incidence was demonstrated only for the Anglo women. Mortality rates varied widely during the study period and did not correlate with incidence rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Trends in gastric cancer sex ratio in the United States.

Recent reports have suggested that the male/female ratio for gastric cancer has decreased over time and that the mean age of cases has increased. The authors calculated age- and sex-specific mortality rates for gastric cancer from 1950 through 1979 for whites using data from US Vital Statistics and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. Whereas sex ratios based on crude mortality rates showed a decrease over time from 1.7 in 1950 to 1.5 in 1979, similar ratios based on age-adjusted mortality rates showed an increase from 1.8 to 2.1. An increase in mean age at death over time was consistent with the increase in age of the population. The authors conclude that factors responsible for the decrease in gastric cancer mortality in the United States appear to have affected males and females equally. The overall data do not support the emergence of a new form of gastric cancer with a sex ratio or age pattern different from that found in the past.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Japan. A second look.

Vital statistics were examined for the years 1955 through 1985 for Japanese natives and United States whites to elucidate changes in cancer mortality and related antecedent patterns of life-style in these two populations. Results show that lung cancer rates are rapidly accelerating among Japanese males as a consequence of their prior history of heavy cigarette smoking. Oropharyngeal cancer rates are also rising in Japan paralleling increases in alcohol and tobacco utilization. As the Japanese life-style and diet continue to become more "westernized," the rates of malignancies of the breast, ovary, corpus uteri, prostate, pancreas, and colon also continue to rise. Nevertheless, the mortality patterns of certain malignancies, viz., laryngeal, esophageal, and urinary bladder cancer, are discrepant with their established risk factor associations, suggesting the existence of other differences in risk factor exposure between the two countries. Epidemiologists and health educators need to develop innovative international programs of investigation and health promotion with preventive impact on common malignancies associated with risk factors of life-style.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Antigenic stimulation and multiple myeloma. A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: A causal relationship between antigenic conditions and multiple myeloma was suggested by case reports. Although controlled studies identified associations with individual conditions, they failed to give overall support to the hypothesis. Using a prospective cohort representative of the U.S. population, the authors hypothesized that immune-stimulating conditions are a risk factor for multiple myeloma. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort of 14,407 persons were interviewed from 1971 to 1975 by the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital status with cause of death and hospitalizations were ascertained from 1982 to 1985 and in 1986. From the initial questionnaire, four risk factors were constructed: allergies (asthma, hives, hay fever, food allergies, and other allergies); autoimmune conditions (arthritis, thyroid disease and/or medication, rheumatic fever, diabetes, pernicious anemia); chronic bacterial conditions (chronic bronchitis or emphysema, chronic cough, tuberculosis, ulcers); and inflammatory conditions (gout, gallstones, recurrent or chronic enteritis, pleurisy). RESULTS: Eighteen multiple myeloma (MM) cases were documented. The rate ratio (RR) of MM increased as the number of reported inflammatory conditions increased (one condition, RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.3; 2 or more conditions, RR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.5-12.4). The RR of myeloma also increased (P = 0.0002) with time since start of inflammatory conditions (RR = 1.6 for every 10 years of exposure). When cases were restricted to those with more than five years of follow-up, myeloma risk increased with the number of inflammatory conditions (two conditions, RR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.5-13.8). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of cases is small and exposure may be misclassified, the prospective nature of the study design strengthens the results of the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Contrasting trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in New Mexico's Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, American Indians, and blacks.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer has increased in epidemic proportions during the 1980s. Although marked differences in ethnic and racial temporal trends for prostate cancer have been observed both in the United States and internationally, the trends in Hispanics and American Indians have not been described extensively. METHODS: To characterize the occurrence of prostate cancer among non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks in New Mexico, the authors examined cancer incidence data collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry for the period 1969-1991 and mortality data collected by the New Mexico Bureau of Vital Statistics for the period 1958-1991. RESULTS: From 1969 to 1991, age-adjusted incidence rates increased from 74.4 to 139.1 per 100,000 (87%) among non-Hispanic whites and from 54.0 to 94.7 (75%) among Hispanics. American Indians had the lowest incidence rates of all groups. Over the same period, incidence rates for local-stage cancers increased by 93% and 81% among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, respectively, but were stable for American Indians and blacks, whereas rates for regional-stage cancers increased sharply. Incidence rates of distant-stage disease decreased among non-Hispanic whites from 1969 through 1991. In contrast, incidence rates of distant-stage disease among Hispanics increased through 1982. From 1983 to date, age-adjusted mortality rates of prostate cancer decreased among all groups except Hispanics. CONCLUSION: The patterns of incidence and mortality are consistent with a stage migration. The recent decrease in age-adjusted prostate cancer mortality rates for non-Hispanic whites is consistent with that expected following the decrease in distant-stage disease incidence. Differential access to medical care and prostate cancer screening may account for these trends.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

Survival from head and neck cancer in Mumbai (Bombay), India.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancers, among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world, are common in regions with a high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol habits. They account for one-fourth of male and one-tenth of female cancers in India. The authors report and discuss the survival from these cancers in Mumbai (Bombay), India. METHODS: Follow-up information on 6311 head and neck cancer patients registered in the Bombay Population-Based Cancer Registry for the period 1987-1991 was obtained by a variety of methods, including matching with death certificates from the Bombay vital statistics registration system, postal/telephone enquiries, home visits, and scrutiny of medical records. The survival for each case was determined as the duration between the date of incidence and the date of death or date of loss to follow-up or the closing date of the study (December 31, 1996). Cumulative observed and relative survival were calculated by the Hakulinen method. For comparison of results with other populations, age-standardized relative survival (ASRS) was calculated by directly standardizing age specific relative survival to the specific age distributions of the estimated global incidence of major cancers in 1985. The log rank test was used in univariate analysis to identify the potentially important prognostic variables. The variables showing statistical significance in univariate analysis were introduced stepwise into a Cox regression model to identify the independent predictors of survival. RESULTS: The 5-year relative survival rates were 74.5% for the lip, 42.7% for the anterior tongue, 25.5% for the posterior tongue, 45.1% for the mouth, 29.7% for the oropharynx, 38.7% for the nasopharynx, 29.1% for the hypopharynx, and 41.2% for the larynx. Age, marital status, religion, and site and clinical extent of disease emerged as independent predictors of survival. Age specific 5-year relative survival declined with advancing age. Single patients had a 20% excess risk of death compared with married patients. Those with cancers of the lip, mouth, nasopharynx, and larynx had a better prognosis than those with cancer at other sites. Those with regional spread of disease experienced a threefold increased risk of death, and those with distant metastasis experienced a sixfold excess risk. Less than one-fourth of cancers were localized in the organ of origin at diagnosis; 5-year survival for localized cancers ranged from 52.9% to 80.2% depending on the subsite. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant variations in survival from cancer at individual sites within the head and neck region. Comparison with other populations revealed variations that seemed to be related to differences in detection and treatment. Tobacco and alcohol control measures and early detection linked with treatment are important measures to reduce mortality from head and neck cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The Virginia Racial Integrity Act revisited: the Plecker-Laughlin correspondence: 1928-1930.

Correspondence between Walter Ashby Plecker, Virginia State Registrar of Vital Statistics between 1912 and 1938, and Harry Hamilton Laughlin, Superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor between 1910 and 1939, provides evidence of efforts to enforce the Virginia Racial Integrity Act of 1924. After antimiscegenation policy is placed in a historical context, excerpts from the letters are offered to demonstrate the zeal with which one state official pursued this "eugenic" policy.

Eugenics↗
PubMed1983

Phenotypic heterogeneity in neural tube defects: a clue to causal heterogeneity.

We report here retrospective data on 991 liveborn and stillborn infants with neural tube defects (NTDs) born to Utah residents from January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1979. Data were obtained from multiple sources including approximately 1.25 million vital statistics records and several hundred physician and hospital charts. Causal heterogeneity among NTD patients is presumed because 6% of our cases have other congenital anomalies not part of the NTD field defect. A significant association of NTDs with oral clefts is noted. Sex ratios and empiric recurrence risks for isolated NTDs and NTDs associated with other major malformations are also calculated.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation of the twinning rate in families with the fragile X syndrome.

An excess of twins in families with the Martin-Bell or fra(X) syndrome was noted previously in one family study [Fryns, 1986]. We tried to confirm this observation in a second large sample of families from a different population. We calculated the number of twin births among the total number of live births of known obligate carriers found in fra(X) families ascertained in New South Wales, Australia. We only included births of known sex and excluded triplets. There were 5 male pairs, 3 female pairs and 9 unlike sex pairs of twins born among 752 live births. Thus the twining rate was 1/44 per live birth. We compared this rate to that found in two different types of individuals: 1) the rate of 1/96 which was obtained from the 1985 vital statistics for New South Wales, and 2) the rate 1/75 obtained from a sample of live births of obligate carriers with hemophilia A. The increase in twinning among heterozygotes with the fra(X) was highly significant when compared to the census data (p less than 0.001). However, it was not significantly different from that in the hemophilia data (p less than 0.05) which were collected in the same way as in the fra(X) families.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1989

Absence of familial association between dementia of Alzheimer type and Down syndrome.

The aim of this study was to test whether there is an excess of dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) cases in Down syndrome (DS) relatives. We conducted a case-control study in families of DS children with classical trisomy 21. A control group was constituted of families of children referred to the same hospital for benign diseases. Families of 188 DS children and 185 controls were recruited. We obtained vital statistics on 1,850 (response rate 82%) grandparents and great-grandparents in the DS group and 1,525 (69%) in the control group. Rates of possible severe dementia were calculated on ancestors over age 60 years with available data on mental function, 1,336 in the DS group and 1,113 in the control group. Rates of possible severe dementia were similar in the two groups: 5.6% (78 cases) in DS and 6.2% (66 cases) in control. Dementia with insidious onset suggestive of DAT was observed in 2% (28 cases) of DS ancestors and 2.6% (28 cases) of control ancestors. Our results argue against an excess of dementia cases with insidious onset suggestive of DAT in families of children with classical trisomy 21.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Mortality rate of amyloidosis in Japan: secular trends and geographical variations.

The death rate in Japan from amyloidosis was analyzed using Japanese Vital Statistics for 1969-1985. The amyloidosis death rate has increased gradually year by year for both sexes. The changing patterns in mortality might be explained by a constantly improving ascertainment of amyloidosis. The overall amyloidosis death rate per 100,000 of the population was 0.06 during the period from 1969 to 1978. The geographical variations in the amyloidosis death rate were observed with the highest death rate in Kumamoto and Nagano prefectures (0.29 per 100,000 population) for both sexes during the period from 1979 to 1985. The amyloidosis death rates (per 100,000 population) in 2 large foci of familial amyloidosis polyneuropathy were 9.4 in Ogawa Village, Nagano Prefecture and 3.5 in Arao City, Kumamoto Prefecture during the period from 1979 to 1985. The mean age at death from amyloidosis gradually increased year by year for both sexes, although the age was 11-23 years shorter for males and 20-25 years shorter for females than that of the general population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Incidence and mortality rates of cystic fibrosis in Japan, 1969-1992.

The incidence rate and the death rate of cystic fibrosis (CF) in Japan were analyzed using Japanese Vital Statistics data for the period 1969-1992. The incidence rate was 3.1 per million live births during the period 1969-1980, where the rate was 1.5 times higher in rural than urban areas. The proportion of deaths from CF under 5 years old was 82% and under 20 years old was 94%. Overall death rates of CF per million population under 20 years of age were 0.15 for males and 0.10 for females, the difference being significant; the death rate was also significantly higher in males (2.2 per million) than females (1.3) in the first year of life. The death rate decreased from the period 1969-1973 to the period 1989-1992 for males. There were geographical variations in the incidence and the death rates among nine districts. These rates of CF were observed with the highest being in Hokkaido and the lowest in Okinawa. The death rate from CF was negatively correlated with the average temperature. The death rate was higher in rural than in urban areas during the period 1969-1985. The mean age at death from CF was 3 years for both sexes during the period 1969-1985, the value has been increased since 1979.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1983

Patterns of cancer in geographic and endogamous subdivisions of the Hutterite Brethren of Canada.

The Hutterite Brethren comprise a religious isolate and live on communal agricultural farms (colonies) in North America. In 1976 there were approximately 15,000 Canadian Brethren living in 179 colonies of the three endogamous subdivisions, the Dariusleut, Lehrerleut, and Schmiedeleut. Dariusleut and Lehrerleut colonies are located in both Alberta and Saskatchewan, and the Schmiedeleut are in Manitoba. Brethren were identified on population-based cancer registries of the three Prairie Provinces and among death registrations in the vital statistics of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The method of ascertainment was by a search for the 15 contemporary surnames and verification by address. 89 male and 91 female Brethren were identified who had cancer during the period, 1956--1975. The numbers of observed cancers were less than expected from provincial incidence rates for males and females in each province. The largest deficits were for female Brethren in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. There is a marked deficiency of cancer of the uterine cervix among female Brethren. In males there is a significant deficit of lung cancer. The Hutterite way of life contributes to a low risk for cancers of smoking-associated sites. However, there is evidence that male Brethren in Alberta may be at relatively increased risk for stomach cancer and leukemias. The site distribution patterns of cancers among the three endogamous leut are similar.

Canada↗
PubMed1987

Epidemics in nonrandomly mixing populations: a simulation.

Two stochastic, discrete-time simulation models for the spread of an epidemic through a population are presented. The models explore the effects of nonrandom mixing within the population and are based on an SIR epidemic model without vital statistics. They consider a population of preschool children, some of whom attend child care facilities. Disease transmission occurs both within the home neighborhood and at the child care facility used, if any. The two models differ in population size used, population density, the proportions of children using different kinds of care, and the functions used for calculating the probability of disease transmission. Results are presented for seven different variables--length of the epidemic in weeks, number of cases, number of cases in each kind of care (two day care centers, private homes, and children staying at home), and the number of private home providers affected by the epidemic. In addition, the distribution of total epidemic size and the progress of an epidemic are estimated from 25 epidemic trials. The effects of the location of homes of initial cases, the type of care used by initial cases, and the density of the population are discussed. Results from the simulation confirmed the importance of type of care on the risk for disease transmission. Results from all runs of the simulation showed that children who attended a day care center were most likely to become infected, children who went to a private home were intermediate, and children who did not use any day care facility were at the lowest risk. The size and length of the epidemics were related to the presence of the disease in day care centers, regardless of the location of the initial case, and the time at which the disease entered the center(s). The simulations also showed that the geographical distribution of the homes of children attending a particular center was a critical feature involved in the production of epidemics. The center with more widely distributed homes of students was less likely to experience a major epidemic than the center with clustering of student's homes within a neighborhood. This indicates that it is not simply attendance at a day care center that is critical for disease spread, but that the nature of the population of children attending a center is also of critical importance in the actual risk for disease spread within the center. These results are discussed with reference to the spread of hepatitis A among day care centers in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1997

A triethnic comparison of intracerebral hemorrhage mortality in Texas.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant cause of stroke death. Little is known about the relative risk of Hispanic Americans (HAs), African Americans (AAs), and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) for ICH mortality. Based on the high prevalence of hypertension in AAs and the low prevalence of hypertension in HAs, we expected AAs to have the highest ICH mortality rates and HAs the lowest. Race/ethnic age-specific ICH mortality rates were calculated from Texas vital statistics for the years 1980 through 1995. Rate ratios (RRs) are reported with NHWs as the referent group. There were 15,042 deaths due to ICH in Texas during this time. In the 45- to 59-year age group, AAs had an RR of 4. The RR for HAs was 1.9. In the 60- to 74-year age range, AAs had an RR of 1.7 and HAs had an RR of 1.3. In the 75+ age group, the rates were similar among all three race/ethnic groups. We conclude that there is a significant interaction of age and race/ethnicity for ICH. At younger ages, AAs and HAs have the highest ICH mortality rates. Access to care and socioeconomic status may play a role in the unexpectedly high ICH mortality rates in HAs.

Black or African American↗