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PubMed1984

Desensitization of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. Beta-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation is correlated with attenuation of adenylate cyclase activity.

Preincubation of turkey erythrocytes with beta-adrenergic agonists leads to an attenuation of the responsiveness of adenylate cyclase to subsequent hormonal stimulation. Recently, our laboratory has shown (Stadel, J. M., Nambi, P., Shorr, R. G. L., Sawyer, D. D., Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 80, 3173-3177) using 32Pi incorporation that phosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor accompanies this desensitization process. We now report that, as determined from intracellular [gamma-32P] ATP specific activity measurements, this phosphorylation reaction occurs in a stoichiometric fashion. Under basal conditions there exists 0.75 +/- 0.1 mol of phosphate per mol of receptor whereas under maximally desensitized conditions this ratio increases to 2.34 +/- 0.13 mol/mol. This phosphorylation of the receptor is dose-dependent with respect to isoproterenol and exhibits a dose-response curve coincidental with that for isoproterenol-induced desensitization of adenylate cyclase. The time courses for receptor phosphorylation and adenylate cyclase desensitization are identical. In addition, the rate of resensitization of adenylate cyclase activity is comparable to the rate of return of the phosphate/receptor stoichiometries to control levels. Both the phosphorylation and desensitization reactions are pharmacologically specific as indicated by the high degree of stereoselectivity, rank order of catecholamines, and blockade by the specific beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. Incubation of turkey erythrocytes with cAMP and cAMP analogs maximally activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase but only partially mimics isoproterenol in promoting phosphorylation of the receptor in concordance with their partial effects in inducing desensitization. Conversely, activators or inhibitors of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase or protein kinase C do not affect the isoproterenol-induced desensitization. These results indicate that desensitization of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase is highly correlated with phosphorylation of the beta-adrenergic receptor and that these events are mediated, at least partially, by cAMP.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic evidence of infectious bursal disease virus serotype II infection in Minnesota turkeys.

Serum samples from seven randomly selected Minnesota turkey flocks were tested for antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus serotype I (Lukert strain, isolated from chickens, and North Carolina strain, isolated from turkeys) using a virus-neutralization (VN) test. All flocks were found to have low antibody titers to both Lukert and North Carolina strains. Five out of the seven flocks had high VN titers to the Missouri strain, a serotype II virus isolated from turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Turkey respiratory tract adenoviruses: oncogenic potential in neonatal hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

The tumorigenic properties of 3 turkey adenoviruses (CUA, NC-K, and MST) isolated from turkeys with respiratory tract disease and injected into neonatal hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been determined. One of 30 adenovirus isolates (CUA) induced tumors at the site of inoculation (subcutaneously or intracranially) in neonatal hamsters. The tumors were identified as fibrosarcomas and undifferentiated sarcomas. The tumors were found to be free of infective virus, but hamsters which had tumors produced antibody to the virus-specific tumor antigen detectable by the complement-fixation test. The antibody titers for the tumor antigen were from 1:8 to 1:16. Abnormalities were not observed in the major organs collected from hamsters inoculated with the virus. Inoculations of hamster embryo cells and of adult and baby hamster kidney cells with the 3 turkey adenoviruses at a high multiplicity of infection did not produce transformed cells in monolayers. Hamster cells were permissive for CUA virus, since cytopathic effect was observed in 3 to 5 days after inoculation.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity for chickens of a reovirus isolated from turkeys.

A viral agent that was isolated from livers of commercial turkey poults that died at approximately two weeks of age was characterized as a reovirus. Experimental infection of day-old chickens with this reovirus isolate resulted in the development of tenosynovitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. In vitro neutralization of the turkey reovirus isolate by antiserum against chicken reovirus correlated with in vivo protection of maternally immune chickens from day-old oral challenge with the turkey reovirus isolate.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Distinctions in beta-adrenergic receptor interactions with the magnesium-guanine nucleotide coupling proteins in turkey erythrocyte and S49 lymphoma membranes.

Several homogeneous cell systems contain distinct subpopulations of beta-adrenergic receptors, distinguished by their relative sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the presence of agonist but not antagonist (G. Vauquelin and M.E. Maguire (1980) Mol. Pharmacol. 18, 363-369). The sensitivity to agonist/NEM inactivation requires receptor interaction with the magnesium-guanine nucleotide coupling proteins (G/F). We have investigated the effects of agonist/NEM treatment on Mg2+ and GTP modulation of receptor affinity in two such systems, turkey erythrocytes and murine S49 lymphoma cells. In each systems, the agonist/NEM-sensitive beta-receptor subpopulation exhibits both Mg2+ and GTP modulation of beta-receptor affinity for agonist. Further, Mg2+ and GTP are not competitive with regard to alteration of receptor affinity; that is, GTP can block the effect of Mg2+, but not vice versa. In contrast, the agonist/NEM-resistant beta-receptor subpopulation shows distinct differences in Mg2+ and GTP effects when the turkey and S49 systems are compared. The agonist/NEM-resistant population in S49 shows no effect of Mg2+ or GTP on beta-receptor affinity for agonist whereas the resistant beta-receptors of turkey erythrocytes still exhibit modulation by both GTP and Mg2+. Moreover, in this receptor population the actions of GTP and Mg2+ are apparently competitive, with increasing Mg2+ concentrations able to overcome the decrease in affinity induced by GTP. Thus, beta-receptor interaction with the metal/nucleotide coupling proteins may differ significantly in the two systems examined. An additional result of these experiments is the demonstration for S49 beta-receptors that free, unchelated GTP or GDP rather than MgGTP or MgGDP modulates receptor affinity for agonist.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of the turkey: effect of oral treatment with intestinal microflora.

One-day-old turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were orally inoculated with the intestinal contents of an adult turkey, and the intestinal tissues were studied by immunofluorescence for immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Microflora inoculation increased numbers of Ig-bearing cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues; the most uniform effects were observed at 3 days of age. As the birds grew older, this uniformity in response to the microflora inoculation was not evident in all the tissues. In the bursa of Fabricius and the large intestine of the inoculated birds, IgM-bearing cells were more numerous throughout the study period. Compared with noninoculated control turkeys, IgA-bearing cells in the cecal tonsils, and IgG- and IgA-bearing cells in the small intestine were increased at all age intervals.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Amino acid-specific ADP-ribosylation. Evidence for two distinct NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferases in turkey erythrocytes.

An NAD:arginine mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase has been purified 270,000-fold from turkey erythrocytes through a five-step chromatographic procedure to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Molecular weight determinations of the enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, Ultrogel AcA 54, and TSK 3000 SW gel filtration were consistent with Mr = 32,000. The purified enzyme utilized arginine, other low molecular weight guanidino compounds, and various proteins as ADP-ribose acceptors. The Km values for NAD and arginine methyl ester were 36 and 3,000 microM, respectively. Unlike another transferase purified from turkey erythrocytes (Moss, J., and Stanley, S.J. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 4809-4812), this enzyme was not activated by chaotropic salts or micromolar concentrations of histone. Thus, two distinct soluble ADP-ribosyltransferases may be present in turkey erythrocytes.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practical aspects of competitive exclusion for the control of Salmonella in turkeys.

In laboratory trials, a fourth-passage culture of adult chicken cecal contents was protective against challenge with Salmonella typhimurium in turkey poults raised on wood-shavings poultry litter. The culture was not protective against pre-treatment exposure to hatchery-introduced S. bredeney and was inhibited in poults that had received an antibiotic injection at the hatchery. The inhibitory effect of the hatchery antibiotic could be avoided if the cecal-culture treatment was delayed by 3 to 4 days after antibiotic injection. Under field conditions, there was a significant reduction in the salmonella contamination of turkeys and their environment when cecal culture was given to poults raised on wood-shavings litter sprayed with a quaternary ammonium compound. When used alone, both the cecal culture and the litter disinfectant were ineffective in preventing the establishment of S. heidelberg infection. Further studies are required to confirm the possibility of a synergistic effect between the two treatments. For the control of salmonella in turkeys, use of cecal cultures may be limited by the interference of antibiotics and by their failure to protect against pretreatment exposure to salmonella.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of turkeys against air-sac infection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Turkeys were vaccinated with temperature-sensitive (TS) mutants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) to determine pathogenicity and immunogenicity. TS 37 was apathogenic yet immunogenic to turkeys, TS 100 was highly pathogenic, and TS 102 was slightly pathogenic and nonimmunogenic. Five or 7 weeks after intranasal vaccination of turkeys with the TS 37 mutant, a highly statistically significant resistance against intra-air-sac challenge with the S6 strain of MG was observed.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition of hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity after altering turkey erythrocyte phospholipid composition with a nonspecific lipid transfer protein. Phosphatidylinositol uncouples catecholamine binding from adenylate cyclase activation.

The nonspecific lipid transfer protein from beef liver was used to modify the phospholipid composition of intact turkey erythrocytes in order to study the dependence of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity on membrane phospholipid composition. Incorporation of phosphatidylinositol into turkey erythrocytes inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in a linear, concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition was relatively specific for phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid were from 3 to 7 times less effective as inhibitors of hormone-stimulated cyclase activity. Inhibition by phosphatidylinositol was not reversible when up to 90% of the incorporated phosphatidylinositol was removed, either by incubation with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C or a second incubation with transfer protein; possibly adenylate cyclase activity depends on a small pool of phosphatidylinositol that is inaccessible to either phospholipase C hydrolysis or removal by lipid transfer protein. Phosphatidylinositol incorporation inhibits adenylate cyclase activity by uncoupling beta-adrenergic receptors from the remainder of the cyclase complex. Phosphatidylinositol incorporation had no effect on stimulation of cAMP accumulation by either cholera toxin or forskolin, indicating that inhibition occurs only at the level of receptor. Phosphodiesterase activity was not altered in phosphatidylinositol-modified cells. Inhibition of cAMP accumulation was not the result of changes in either membrane fluidity or in cAMP transport out of modified turkey erythrocytes. Phosphatidylinositol inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclase activity may serve as a useful model system for hormone-induced desensitization.

Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: efficacy against experimental infections with Alcaligenes faecalis and Pasteurella multocida.

A group of 2-week-old turkey poults was inoculated with a pathogenic strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. One week later, half the group was injected with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation. Poults were examined post-mortem on days 3, 5, and 10 post-treatment. Swabs were taken of the trachea, sinus, and lung of each poult. Poults were observed closely for clinical signs, and appropriate tissues were taken for histopathology. Results showed no evidence of therapeutic effect on A. faecalis infection in vivo, even though the organism was highly sensitive in vitro. Six-week-old turkeys were inoculated intramuscularly with 3.7 X 10(3) organisms of the P-1059 strain of Pasteurella multocida. Immediately following inoculation, half the group was treated with the long-acting oxytetracycline. Ninety percent of the untreated poults were dead 72 hours postinoculation, whereas none of the treated turkeys died. No evidence of any clinical disease was observed in the treated group during the 8-day observation period. The long-acting oxytetracycline product was highly efficacious in preventing disease caused by experimental inoculation with the P-1059 strain of P. multocida.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1984

Addition to semen of a fluid derived from the cloacal region by male turkeys.

This study was performed to clarify whether the semen from the vas deferens (receptacle) is diluted with a fluid at the moment of ejaculation in the male turkey. Semen from the receptacle and vas deferens, ejaculated semen, and the fluid ejected from the cloacal region were obtained and their characteristics were examined. The mean concentration of ejaculated semen was 7.43 X 10(6)/mm3 and that of the receptacle semen was 9.41 X 10(6)/mm3; the former has a positive aldose color reaction in contrast to a completely negative reaction in the latter, suggesting that the receptacle semen might be diluted with fluid containing aldose at ejaculation. The aldose-positive fluid was found to be produced in the cloacal region and could also be collected from vasectomized male turkeys. Thus, ejaculated turkey semen is considered to be a mixture of semen emitted from the receptacle and fluid ejected from cloacal region. The pH value, glucose content, relative viscosity, and electrophoretic mobility of protein of the ejecting fluid were similar to that of blood plasma, suggesting that the fluid might be originating from blood plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Experimental infection of turkeys with egg drop syndrome 1976 virus and studies on the application of the haemagglutination inhibition test.

Evidence that turkeys can be infected with virus 127 by the combined intranasal and oral route and that the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test can be used to demonstrate past infection is presented. Experimental infection of turkeys (six weeks old and six months old) with virus 127 did not result in any clinical signs. However, a rapid HI response was detectable one week later and detectable titres were found 28 weeks after infection. No antibody was detected in 392 sera examined from commercial turkey flocks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunization of turkey breeder hens against fowl cholera by combined oral and wing-web administration of attenuated (CU) pasteurella multocida.

Turkey breeder candidates were exposed to attenuated Pasteurella multocida (Clemson University strain) via both mouth (one or three times) and wing-web stick (one or two times). Significant protection lasting to 25-30 weeks post-vaccination was conferred under such immunization programs. The best protection with the fewest adverse effects of vaccination was established when orally vaccinated turkeys were subsequently vaccinated via wing-web at 20 and 25 weeks of age. High doses of attenuated P. multocida via wing-web produced lameness (synovitis and osteomyelitis) and severe wing lesions in growing turkeys.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

[Microclimate and the mortality among turkey poult broilers].

Zoohygiene studies have been carried out in the course of two years, following up periodically at 20--25-day intervals the concentration of ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide, the relative humidity, and the temperature within the houses of an industrial animal-breeding complex for the production of broiler turkey-poults. Parallel investigations have aimed at following up the morbidity and mortality rates among the birds. Part of them divided into age groups, have likewise been studied in terms of total protein and protein fractions of the blood serum along with the establishing of the blood bactericidal titer. Dependable values have been found of the interrelationship between the age of the turkey-poults and their mortality rate. The same have proved to be the values expressing the correlation between the air concentration of ammonia gas in the farm houses and the mortality rate shown. It is concluded that the mortality rates established in the turkey combine might probably be due to the action of comlex factors, mainly to inappropriate microclimate and incomplete raising technology that contribute to the appearance and development of pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic agents as well as of some noninfectious diseases.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influenza A outbreaks in Minnesota turkeys due to subtype H10N7 and possible transmission by waterfowl.

Avian influenza outbreaks in Minnesota involving the H10N7 subtype occurred on two turkey farms in 1979 and on a third in 1980. The H10N7 (Hav2 Neq1) subtype had not previously been detected in turkeys in Minnesota or reported in the United States. The clinical signs ranged from severe, with a mortality rate as high as 31%, to subclinical. Antigenically indistinguishable viruses were isolated from healthy mallards on a pond adjacent to the turkey farms, suggesting that the virus responsible for the outbreak may have been introduced by feral ducks.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Chronology of the appearance of embryonic ossification nuclei in the turkey].

252 turkey eggs were put in an incubator at 39 degrees C and relative humidity 75%. From the 8th day of incubation up to the 28th, the authors opened 12 eggs a day, 6 at 8 a.m. and 6 at 8 p.m. The embryos were fixed by 10% buffered formaline for three days, dehydrated by alcohol 96% for seven days, eviscerated, coloured by alizarin S red and by alcian blue 8GX, then made diaphanans by means of KOH solutions. Then the authors have described the appearance times of the ossification nuclei in turkey, showing that in turkey the embryonal ossification occurs in a characteristic chronological order, different from that described in other birds, even if they belong to related species.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Influence of dietary protein concentration and frequency of diet changes on rate of growth, efficiency of food utilisation and carcass quality of Large White turkeys.

1. In two experiments, diets in which the protein concentration was adjusted at differing intervals were fed to Large White turkeys for 22 or 24 weeks for males or 16 weeks for females. Four dietary protein concentration regimes were provided within each feeding plan. 2. The frequency of changes in dietary protein concentration had little influence on the rate of growth of turkeys receiving adequate dietary protein. However, lower dietary protein sufficed to maintain the maximum growth rate when the diets were changed less frequently. 3. The frequency of diet changes did not influence the efficiency of food or energy utilisation, but frequent dietary adjustments promoted efficiency of protein utilisation. 4. Higher dietary protein intake tended to increase carcass fleshing as assessed visually, without apparent effect on carcass finish. 5. Of two strains of turkeys studied, the more rapidly growing strain was less efficient in conversion of food and its constituent energy and protein into live body weight, but deposited carcass fat (finish) at an earlier age.

Animals↗