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PubMed2005

Control of endoparasites in horses with a gel containing moxidectin and praziquantel.

A gel formulation containing moxidectin (20 g/kg) and praziquantel (125 g/kg) reduced the geometric mean faecal strongyle egg count in horses to below 100 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) for at least 12 weeks despite their being exposed continuously to reinfection from pasture grazed by treated and untreated horses. The geometric mean egg count of horses treated with a proprietary paste containing abamectin (3.7 g/kg) and praziquantel (46.2 g/kg) increased steadily from six weeks after the treatment, peaking at over 820 epg after 12 weeks. Relative to the efficacy of the abamectin/praziquantel treatment, the reduction in mean faecal egg count compared with the pretreatment counts was significantly (P<0.05) better in the horses treated with moxidectin and praziquantel from eight weeks after the treatment. Both products eliminated tapeworms from horses in a non-invasive modified critical trial.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Proximal-distal absorptive gradients in the in vivo intestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats.

Using a single-pass perfusion technique, H2O, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and glucose absorption were studied in the jejunum and proximal and distal ileum of rats either uninfected or infected with a tapeworm parasite (Hymenolepis diminuta). The effect of parasitization, region of the intestine, type of buffer, and concentration of glucose in the perfusion fluids on the transport data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate techniques. Proximal-distal flux gradients were observed for water and all the solute species studied, as well as for glucose- and bicarbonate-stimulated salt and water transport; there was a decreasing sensitivity to low pH proceeding distally. The major regional differences occurred between the proximal and distal ileum, with the fluxes in the jejunum being similar to those in the proximal ileum. Na+, H2O, and glucose transport decreased, while Cl- absorption increased, proceeding distally. The parasites diminished the rates of absorption of glucose, salt, and water, and altered the flux gradients, particularly the Na+ and HCO3- transport gradients. The differences in the gradients between control and infected animals were related to differential sensitivity of the different transport systems in the various regions of the gut to parasitism.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Migration of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and changes in 5-HT (serotonin) levels in the rat host following parenteral and oral 5-HT administration.

Changes in the distribution of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta in the rat small intestine were studied for up to 3 h following intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administration of 5-HT. Changes in 5-HT levels in the arterial circulation, intestinal lumen, and in worm tissue were also monitored. In all cases following 5-HT administration there was an anteriad migration by H. diminuta. The extent of the migration was dose dependent, the higher the dose the more marked the migration response. Normal 5-HT levels in the parasitized gut are higher than those in uninfected animals. The pattern of increasing levels of 5-HT in worm tissue directly followed the increases in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that worm 5-HT was of host origin. Blood 5-HT level similarly followed luminal increases. It is suggested that the pharmacological action of 5-HT on H. diminuta resulting in worm migration is implemented through the regulation of helminth neuromuscular activity and the carbohydrate metabolism, as has been demonstrated in other parasitic worms.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of L-glutamate and related agents on adenylate cyclase in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta.

The effect of the putative amino acid transmitter, L-glutamate, on adenylate cyclase in crude membrane preparations of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated to determine if glutamate effects the generation of the second messenger cAMP. Addition of glutamate at 10(-3) and 5.5 x 10(-9) M resulted in significant elevations in basal activity of adenylate cyclase, while concentrations in the 10(-5)-10(-7) M range caused significant depressions below basal activity. Assays with glutamate agonists and other acidic compounds showed glutamate to be the only amino acid, dicarboxylic acid, or acidic compound capable of this pattern of stimulation and inhibition. While the response of adenylate cyclase to glutamate agonists suggested that an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) type receptor may be present, glutamate agents acting as NMDA antagonists in vertebrate systems were agonists. Metabolic end products of glycolysis stimulated adenylate cyclase, suggesting that these, along with metabolic glutamate may regulate glycolytic enzymes. Only 10(-3) M L-glutamate significantly stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in tissue slices, and this response was restricted to those slices rich in nervous tissues. L-Glutamate eliminated the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulated adenylate cyclase response suggesting that glutamate can modulate the 5-HT stimulated elevations in adenylate cyclase activity. The data support the hypothesis that L-glutamate is a neurotransmitter-modulator in the cestode.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1997

The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea.

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. In addition to its annoyance to pets and humans, C. felis felis is responsible for flea bite allergy dermatitis and the transmission of dog tapeworm. The abiotic and biotic factors that affect the development of immature stages are reviewed with special emphasis given to those aspects directly affecting control. Factors influencing host selection and feeding by adults are summarized. Recent studies concerning mating and oviposition, especially as they impact the likelihood of survival by immatures, are discussed. There has been an increase in the number of reports of insecticide resistance in the past ten years. Greater attention has been placed on disrupting larval development in modern IPM programs. The immature stages of the cat flea are extremely susceptible to environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity and insect growth regulators (IGRs). In recent years, the control of cat fleas has increasingly relied on the use of IGRs applied to the host or to the indoor environment. Finally, we discuss advances in pesticide chemistry that provide tools for better control of adult fleas on the host.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Radiology of cysticercosis of the central nervous system including computed tomography.

Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease in which man serves as the intermediate host of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. The larvae have a predilection for the central nervous system and can cause a variety of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Areas of involvement are classified as intraventricular, parenchymal, arachnoidal, and mixed. The diagnosis is made primarily by roentgenographic and spinal fluid examinations. The authors reviewed 232 cases of cysticercosis involving the central nervous system. It was found that computed tomography is a useful tool in assessing this illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Cerebral sparganosis: CT characteristics.

Cerebral sparganosis is an extremely rare parasitic zoonosis caused by a migrating plerocercoid tapeworm larva, genus Spirometra. Nineteen computed tomography (CT) scans of 12 patients with cerebral sparganosis were retrospectively analyzed and correlated with clinical and pathologic data. On CT scans, the following characteristics were noted: (a) unilateral involvement; (b) extensive or multifocal areas of low density along white matter bundles, with ipsilateral ventricular dilatation and localized cortical atrophy; (c) nodular or irregular enhancement with spotty calcification; and (d) change in location of enhancing nodules on sequential scans. These pathognomonic features reflect a chronic inflammatory process with both active granulomatous lesions and widespread degeneration of brain tissue, especially in the white matter. Degeneration is probably caused by migration of the long-surviving larva along the fiber tracts of white matter.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A retrospective study comparing the different surgical procedures for the treatment of hydatid disease of the liver.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare the security and effectiveness of the different surgical procedures used for treatment of the liver infestations with larvae of the dog tapeworm (Echinoocccus granulosus). METHODS: 55 patients with echinococcal cysts in the liver were treated surgically at our department between 1987 and 1999. The patients were grouped according to the mode of surgical technique and comprised 16 anatomical liver resections, 26 pericystectomies and 13 endocystectomies. The results of the different procedures have been analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The decision which procedure was to be performed was based on the severity of the disease. Complications requiring relaparotomy occurred in 5% of all cases, not showing any predisposition to a certain technique. Blood loss and duration of hospitalization was lowest in the endocystectomy group; however, the differences were not statistically significant. At a median follow-up period of 84 months, recurrences were noted in 2 cases (4%), 1 after pericystectomy and 1 after resection. CONCLUSION: There was no substantial evidence that the more radical procedure carries a lower risk of recurrence, and there was convincing evidence that endocystectomy is the most careful procedure in regard to blood loss and duration of hospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytologic diagnosis of isolated pancreatic alveolar hydatid disease with immunologic and PCR analyses. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar hydatid disease (AHD) is a rare and severe parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis. AHD mainly involves the liver, and although it may extend progressively to the pancreas, isolated pancreatic localization has not been reported previously. CASE: A 68-year-old white female presented with a multicystic mass in the pancreas. Fine needle aspiration showed some protoscolices, free hooklets and fragments of laminated layer, which are pathognomonic features of echinococcosis. Serologic analyses by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Em2plus antigen showed high antibody reactivity of the patient's serum, which is indicative of an infection with E multilocularis. Diagnosis was finally confirmed by molecular and immunologic analyses of the cytologic material by polymerase chain reaction and direct immunofluorescence. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the value of cytology in the identification of echinococcosis, particularly when it involves extrahepatic sites, where the risk of misdiagnosis may be related to its extremely rare occurrence. Precise parasitologic tying of E multilocularis in endemic areas is important.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case of cysticercosis cerebri. Neurotologic implications.

Cysticercosis is an unusual disease entity in the United States. A case is reviewed in which a young Mexican-American female presented to an otologist's office with a headache and vertigo. Her symptoms were a manifestation of a single larval cysticercus cyst which had become lodged in the fourth ventricle resulting in an obstructive hydrocephalus and a fatal course. The epidemiology of this disease traces the life cycle of the pork tapeworm from man, normally the definitive host, to the pig, the intermediate host. It is noteworthy that the disease cysticercosis in humans is a deviation from the parasite's normal life cycle in which man serves as the intermediate host. The literature is reviewed. The broad clinical spectrum of this disease's presentation can extend from a single headache to multiple nerve palsies and convulsions. The importance of radiographic evaluation complement fixation testing and CSF evaluation in making a diagnosis is stressed. There is no known medical treatment for this disease. Surgical procedures such as primary excision and shunts to relieve intracranial pressure have had mixed results. The prognosis depends on the location and the number of infesting larva. Special note is made of this disease's endemic status in Mexico and other Latin American countries and the role that this may play in medicine practiced in the southwest United States considering the ever-increasing immigration from this area.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reducing burden of hookworm disease in the management of upper abdominal pain in the tropics.

A prospective study of the stool samples of 129 rural patients with symptoms of upper abdominal pain, tenderness and indigestion was carried out from 2 February 1998 to 31 December 1998 and followed up to June 1999. The age range was 11-85 years, female:male ratio 2.4:1: 102 specimens were positive for helminths--Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) 80 (62%); Trichuris trichuria (threadworm) 12 (9.3%); Ascaris lumbricoides (large roundworm) 10 (7.76%); Strongyloides stercoralis three (2.3%); Taenia saginata (tapeworm) three (2.3%). The female:male ratio for hookworm was 3:1. Treatment with appropriate anthelminthic agents were given serially at each visit according to the result of faecal examination. At 6 months follow up 88 patients were free of symptoms, 60 of which were caused by helminths the hookworm group. Stool 'test and treat' strategy appears to be a cost-effective approach in the management of these patients.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1995

Pleural Mesocestoides and cardiac shock in an obese vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Only one case of infection by tetrathyridia larvae of the tapeworm genus Mesocestoides was detected in 416 necropsies of captive vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Two hundred nine larvae were distributed between both pleural cavities. Mass and size ranges of larvae were determined. A plasma cell reaction indicated a humoral immune response to parasite antigens, which may have contributed to acute, lethal cardiac shock. Coagulative myocytolysis was confirmed. The history of this case and associated circumstantial evidence and reports in the literature suggest that infection of primates by tetrathyridia probably occurs after capture rather than before.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of taenia saginata cysticercosis by immunohistochemical test on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded bovine lesions.

A new method of diagnosing cysticercus or larval stage of the human tapeworm, Taenia saginata, also known as Cysticercus bovis, in formalin-fixed bovine tissue was developed using a monoclonal antibody to T. saginata and avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry. Grossly recognizable viable and degenerate cysts were identifiable after immunohistochemical staining and could be differentiated from Sarcocystis, Actinobacillus, or non-cyst, normal bovine structures. Thenew test should permit laboratory confirmation of suspected T. saginata cysticercus lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pulmonary echinococcosis.

Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Four species are recognised and the vast majority of infestations in humans are caused by E. granulosus. E. granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, which has a worldwide distribution. Humans are exposed less frequently to E. multilocularis, which causes alveolar echinococcosis. E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus are rare species and cause polycystic echinococcosis. In cystic echinococcosis, humans are an accidental host and are usually infected by handling an infected dog. The liver and lungs are the most frequently involved organs. Pulmonary disease appears to be more common in younger individuals. Although most patients are asymptomatic, some may occasionally expectorate the contents of the cyst or develop symptoms related to compression of the surrounding structures. Other symptoms of hydatid disease can result from the release of antigenic material and secondary immunological reactions that develop from cyst rupture. The cysts are characteristically seen as solitary or multiple circumscribed or oval masses on imaging. Detection of antibody directed against specific echinococcal antigens is found in only approximately half of patients with pulmonary cysts. Surgical excision of the cyst is the treatment of choice whenever feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Neurocysticercosis in the United States: review of an important emerging infection.

OBJECTIVE: To review published clinical studies on neurocysticercosis (NCC) in the United States over the past two decades and comment on epidemiologic trends and treatment. METHODS: This review is based on a search of the literature citing NCC cases diagnosed in the United States utilizing PUBMED for the years 1980 through early 2004. Case series, case reports, epidemiologic studies, and treatment of NCC were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 1,494 patients with NCC were reported in the United States among large case series (n > 20) between 1980 and early 2004. Common onset symptoms for these patients included seizures (66%), hydrocephalus (16%), and headaches (15%). The majority presented with parenchymal NCC (91%), with the remainder having ventricular cysts (6%), subarachnoid cysts (2%), and spinal cysts (0.2%). A total of 76 cases of NCC were likely acquired within the United States during the period of this review. A higher risk for acquiring NCC has been documented in patients who have traveled to endemic regions, are of Hispanic ethnicity, and have contact with Taenia solium tapeworm carriers. CONCLUSIONS: An increasing number of NCC cases have been reported in the US literature over the past 50 years, suggesting that the prevalence of this disease may be on the rise. Because neurologists are often involved with the diagnosis and management of NCC in the United States, it is important that they become familiar with this disorder, as they will play an important role in efforts to control the disease.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Synthetic studies on glycosphingolipids from protostomia phyla: synthesis of a glycosphingolipid analogue from the parasite Spirometra erinacei.

Novel neutral glycosphingolipids isolated from the plerocercoids of a tapeworm, Spirometra erinacei, may be expected to be involved in host-parasite interactions. We have synthesized this glycosphingolipid analogue containing 2-branched fatty alkyl residue in place of ceramide. Glycosylation of nonreducing-end trisaccharide derivative 15 with the reducing-end disaccharide derivative 17 in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf) gave the desired oligosaccharide derivative in good yield. The fully per-O-acylated 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glycoside 19 was converted to glycosylimidate 20, which was condensed with 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanol and subsequently deacylated to give the target glycosphingolipid analogue 22.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Caprine enteritis associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.

Yersiniosis was prevalent among a caprine herd during the late autumn of 2003 in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. The disease affected 29 of about 100 lactating goats, but not dried or nonparous goats, mature male goats or kids. Four animals died within an epidemic period of 20 days. Affected animals developed decreased milk production with subsequent watery diarrhea, neutrophilia with increased band forms and multiple microabscesses characteristic of yersiniosis in the intestinal mucosa from the jejunum to caecum as well as in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype III was isolated from intestinal contents and mesenteric lymph nodes. The organism was also cultured from clinically normal dried animals. The outbreak might have been precipitated by multiple stress factors, such as lactation, cold weather, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection resulting in abscess formation and tapeworm and coccidium parasitisms.

Animals↗