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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Toxicogenomics through the eyes of informatics: conference overview and recommendations.

Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, in conjunction with National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, hosted a conference, "Toxicogenomics through the Eyes of Informatics," in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, on 12-13 May 2003. Researchers around the world met to discuss how the application of bioinformatics tools, methodologies, and technologies will enhance our understanding of how cells and organisms respond to toxins. Conference topics included statistical methods, quantitative molecular data sets, computational algorithms for data analysis, computational modeling and simulation, challenges and opportunities in computational biology, and information technology infrastructure for data and tool management. This meeting report is a summary of conference presentations, survey results, current toxicogenomics concerns, and future directions of the toxicogenomics community. In conclusion this report discusses toxicogenomics as related to environmental agents, cell-chemical reactions, and gene-environment interactions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

A discriminant-function analysis of screening tests for excessive drinking and alcoholism.

Because a previous study among 385 psychiatric admissions had shown each of three rapid interviews to be far superior to each of nine laboratory tests in screening for excessive drinking and alcoholism, the separation of patients with these drinking patterns from normal drinkers was reexamined by the more sophisticated technique of discriminant analysis. It was thus possible to determine where there was overlap in the information provided by some tests in contrast to "new information" provided by others and whether the arbitrary cut-off points of the normal ranges of the laboratory tests were contributing to their poor sensitivity. Discriminant analysis again confirmed the good performance of the rapid interviews, particularly the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the Reich interview, but it also identified glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as the best of the laboratory tests and of comparable efficacy to the rapid interview for the group of excessive drinkers. By comparison, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volume performed poorly. Using the whole range of results rather than a single cut-off point for discriminant analysis did not alter the relative performance of the screening tests. The optimum combination of tests was that of the Reich interview and the GDH, achieving 100% sensitivity for excessive drinking and alcoholism without any decline in the specificity or predictive value of a positive test result.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Assessment of clinical trial quality and its impact on meta-analyses].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether different quality assessment tools applied to a group of clinical trials could be correlated, and what would be their impact on meta-analysis results. METHODS: Thirty-eight randomized controlled clinical trials were analyzed. These had been selected for a systematic review of the therapeutic efficacy of alpha interferon for treating chronic hepatitis B. The following tools were utilized: Maastricht (M), Delphi (D), Jadad (J) and the Cochrane Collaboration (CC) method (gold standard). The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to compare the results from the three methods. The Kappa test was used to assess the concordance between the reviewers in applying the tools, and the weighted Kappa test was applied to compare the quality ranking determined by the tools. The outcomes assessed in the meta-analyses were clearance of HBV-DNA and HBeAg. RESULTS: The studies presented regular to low quality. The concordance between reviewers varied according to the instrument utilized: D=0.12; J=0.29; M=0.33; and CC=0.53. The correlation was moderate and homogeneous (D/J=0.51; D/M=0.53; and J/M=0.52). The meta-analysis result relating to HBV-DNA ranged from RR=0.71 (95% CI: 0.66-0.77) to RR=0.67 (95% CI: 0.58-0.79). For HBeAg, the results ranged from RR=0.85 (95% CI: 0.80-0.90) to RR=0.85 ( 95% CI: 0.77-0.93). These results depended on the quality of the studies included. CONCLUSIONS: The quality assessment tools presented good correlation. In systematic reviews with the same direction of effect, the quality assessment may not significantly change the results. The Cochrane Collaboration method was the most reproducible method and easiest to apply.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Francisco Gavaldá, ahead of his time in the social statistics study of bubonic plague (1679)].

In 1651, Francisco Gavaldá (1618-1686) authored the first social statistics study on the bubonic plague which scourged western Europe in the mid-seventeenth century. specifically the plague having racked Valencia in 1647. Gavaldá was, in fact the first to study the plague not only statistically, but also from a social standpoint, denouncing the fact that it especially affected the poor, totally independently of the interests of the powerful.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMed1967

Abortion in Europe.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1980

On lies and health statistics: some Latin American examples.

New methods of demographic analysis are producing estimates of fertility and mortality which are sometimes at great variance with "official" figures generated by the statistics organizations of the different countries and which are reproduced in international reference books. This discrepancy is greatest with regard to infant mortality. Using Latin American examples, the magnitude of this discrepancy is explored, biases in estimating causes of mortality are identified, and a consideration is made of morbidity figures, which, as they are generated by health care systems with very low coverages of population, tend to seriously underrepresent the prevalent levels of disease. A structural interpretaton is made of the Latin American situation, linking this crisis of health statistics with a more general crisis of the "developmentist" model under which these systems flourished, and with an upsurge in political repression in the Continent which will tend in future to increase the inaccuracy of "official" health statistics data. Finally, alternative health statistics procedures are proposed.

Child, Preschool↗