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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: implications for understanding social anxiety.

The amygdala has long been implicated in the mediation of emotional and social behaviors. Because there are very few human subjects with selective bilateral damage of the amygdala, much of the evidence for these functional associations has come from studies employing animal subjects. Macaque monkeys live in complex, highly organized social groups that are characterized by stable and hierarchical relationships among individuals who engage in complex forms of social communication, such as facial expressions. Understanding the role of the amygdala in animals that display a level of social sophistication approaching that of humans will help in understanding the amygdala's role in human social behavior and in psychopathology such as social anxiety. Selective bilateral lesions of the amygdala in mature macaque monkeys result in a lack of fear responses to inanimate objects and a "socially uninhibited" pattern of behavior. These results imply that the amygdala functions as a protective "brake" on engagement of objects or organisms while an evaluation of potential threat is carried out. They also suggest that social anxiety may be a dysregulation or hyperactivity of the amygdala's evaluative process. Finally, recent data from developmental studies raise the possibility that, at least at some developmental stages, fear in social contexts may be subserved by different brain regions than fear of inanimate objects.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1984

[Influence of the family situation on the form of expression of neuroses].

In this research were investigated the conditions of the family environment and the contact with the parents in 3 different groups of children and adolescents who presented respectively conversion neurosis, other types of neurosis and behavior disorders of the aggressive type. The analysis of the results obtained indicated a positive correlation between the tendency to manifest emotional conflicts under the form of conversion symptoms and the course of childhood in a family inadequate environment, with the absence of one or both parents. This fact was not found in the two other groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Neurobiological factors in aggressive behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The author's aim was to review literature in the neurosciences and psychiatric clinical research reports about biological factors in aggression and the pathophysiological mechanisms that accompany aggression in neuropsychiatric syndromes. METHOD: Studies were located through computer searches of relevant experimental reports and review articles mainly from the last 25 years. RESULTS: Several studies using neuroimaging and neurophysiological and neuropathological research techniques have identified lesions in the limbic structures, temporal lobes, and frontal lobes of the brain in abnormally aggressive individuals. Several reports have associated deficiency or dysregulation of serotonin with homicidal, suicidal, and impulsive behavior. However, few studies have focused on polypeptides or second messenger systems, although abnormalities in these systems have been reported in patients with neuropsychiatric syndromes who have shown aggressive behavior. Even fewer studies focus on the correlation of brain structures and metabolic markers. CONCLUSIONS: The understanding of aggressive behavior in psychiatric patients is fragmented. Some explanations are speculative and extrapolated to clinical psychiatric syndromes from experimental data on the neurophysiology of cats, rats, and other mammals. Identification of biochemical markers that can be used in predicting patients' response to pharmacological interventions may be the next step in developing more rational treatment of violent patients.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormal behaviors of young girls with fragile X syndrome.

Mothers of 38 young girls with fragile X [fra (X)] between the ages of 4 and 11 years filled out the Child Behavior Checklist. Forty-seven percent of the girls had T scores greater than 70 on the hyperactive and social withdrawal scales. Between 26% and 15% of the girls also had high T scores on the depressed scale, on the schizoid-obsessive scale (for 6 to 11 year olds), on the schizoid or anxious scale (for 4 and 5 year olds), and on the aggressive scale. Although a high score on a scale of the Child Behavior Checklist does not constitute a medical diagnosis, it can alert clinicians to abnormal behaviors that warrant further assessment. These behaviors may also alert the clinician to the possibility of fra(X) syndrome when they are seen in their patients. The high percentage of girls with fra(X), who seem to have abnormal behaviors, provides good reason to diagnose them in their early years, not just for genetic counseling purposes, but so that they can receive appropriate intervention services.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social impairment in the "Care in the Community" cohort: the effect of deinstitutionalization and changes over time in the community.

This paper presents data from a longitudinal collaborative study of The Care in the Community Sample (Cambrdige, Hayes, Knapp, Gould, & Fenyo, 1994; Cambridge et al., 2001; Knapp et al., 1992). The aim of the study was to investigate how social impairment changes are related to the move from institutional to community care using some preliminary analysis of the above data. A measure of social impairment using the Skills and Behavior Interview from the most recent follow-up of this cohort was found to be consistent with Wing's definition of social impairment, when applied to the cohort 12 years after deinsitutionalization. This measure was then used to retrospectively identify social impairment in the same sample (of approximately 250 people) at baseline (in the institution), at 1 year and at 5 years in the community. Prevalence data pointed to high levels of social impairment in the sample (50.1%) in institutions but the decrease to 39.8% after 1 year in the community was not significant (although conversation and social mixing and initiation of conversation and social interaction did improve over time). Once in the community, social impairment in general did not change over time, although there was a significant decrease in conversation and social mixing, non-verbal communication and initiation of conversation and social interaction. These results are compared to other research findings and the implications and limitations of the study discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

Bender-Gestalt signs as indicants of anxiety, withdrawal, and acting-out behaviors in adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of the Bender-Gestalt Test as a measure of acting-out, withdrawal, and anxiety tendencies in adolescents. A heterogeneous group of 40 emotionally disturbed adolescents was administered the Bender-Gestalt Test. Behavior ratings on the Devereux Adolescent Behavior Rating Scale were also obtained for each subject. Although several individual Acting-Out signs were found to be related to specific behavior ratings, the most notable findings were the significant correlations between total Bender-Gestalt Acting-Out signs and Poor Emotional Control and Inability to Delay. Bender-Gestalt Withdrawal and Anxiety signs were not found to be related significantly to specific behavior ratings.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1985

Behavioral correlates of computed tomographic (CT) scan changes in older psychiatric patients.

Fifty psychiatric inpatients aged 50 and over, with no hard neurologic findings, and with a variety of DSM-III diagnoses (adjustment disorder, affective illness, and dementia), were rated for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms using the Geriatric Rating Scale and the Nurse's Assessment of Global Symptomatology-Elderly. These clinical ratings were correlated with computed tomographic (CT) scan assessments of various superficial cerebral regions as well as with linear measures of ventricular size. Behavioral deficits in activities of daily living (ADL) plus an interactional variable, inability to respond to requests, were correlated with superior temporal and inferior parietal CT abnormalities, particularly on the left side. Suspiciousness and peculiar thinking, mood lability and irritability, as well as impaired memory with confusion, perplexity, and disorientation were also associated with atrophy in these same regions. Prefrontal area defects correlated with mood lability and deficits in visual-interactional responsiveness. Statistically controlling for effects of age and alcohol abuse did not alter the basic nature of these results. Regional cerebral specialization in relation to these results are discussed using concepts developed by Luria.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of maladaptive behaviors of athletes and nonathletes.

A comparison of maladaptive behavior tendencies of men and women who were athletes and nonathletes was undertaken. Participating students (N = 200) were divided into four groups: male athletes, male nonathletes, female athletes, and female nonathletes. Maladaptive behavior tendencies were determined from responses on C. MacAndrew's (1965) Alcoholism Scale. The statistical analysis used was an independent groups 2 x 2 analysis of variance to determine significant main effects and interaction effects. The mean maladaptive behavior score (MBS) for athletes (M = 21.87) was significantly higher (p < .05) than the MBS for nonathletes (M = 20.24). The MBS for the men (M = 21.68) was significantly higher (p < .05) than the MBS for the women (M = 20.43). No significant interaction (p > .05) between gender and athletic status was found. Male athletes are more likely than the other 3 groups to have maladaptive behavior tendencies. Research directed toward greater understanding and the development of preventive and coping techniques for this population is needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Alternatives to the mental hospital: use of residential facilities for long-term psychiatric care.

We examine the use of the mental hospital and alternative residential facilities by 149 chronic psychiatric patients in Ontario. All major movements of patients since the time of first admission were recorded, including the number of episodes and duration of hospitalization and placement in alternative facilities and in the community. Clinical and social variables thought likely to influence use were correlated with duration, placement, and mobility. In spite of the lack of formal criteria for placement, relatively discrete and homogeneous populations were found in each facility and clear patterns of use could be distinguished. For many patients, their present placement represents their most typical setting and implies a particular route through the psychiatric services. We describe factors relating to different types of movements, and emphasize the continuing importance of the mental hospital in long-term psychiatric care.

Adult↗