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PubMed1991

Muscarinic receptors and mucus secretion in swine tracheal epithelium: effects of subacute organophosphate treatment.

This swine trachea study was undertaken to examine the effects of nerve agents on mucus gland cell function. Subacute treatment of swine with soman, sarin, and VX inhibits acetylcholinesterase and leads to down-regulation of muscarinic receptors in tracheal submucosal gland cells. Muscarinic receptor density in isolated cells as determined by [3H]QNB binding was reduced by 60-65% and that measured using [3H]NMS was decreased by 65-73%. Subacute treatment of swine for 7 days with soman and VX caused a small, significant increase in the fraction of receptors with high affinity for carbachol. The decrease in receptor density was accompanied by a decrease in acetylcholine-induced mucus secretion. The decrease in mucus secretion was not due to a decrease in the ability of the cells to produce or release mucus since cross-tolerance did not develop to methoxamine-induced mucus secretion. Therefore, we conclude that in mucus gland cells tolerance development can be linked functionally to muscarinic receptor loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of cDNA of swine pepsinogen: involvement of the amino-terminal portion of the activation peptide segment in restoration of the functional protein.

A clone, pSPcA2, which carries the full-length swine pepsinogen cDNA was isolated. The coding sequence comprised the signal peptide [15 amino acids (aa)], the activation peptide segment (44 aa) and mature pepsin (327 aa). The deduced amino acid sequence agrees with the published sequence with two exceptions. Asparagine instead of aspartate is present at aa positions 19 and 308. Two types of plasmids, pAS and pUCtacSPc series, were constructed for expressing swine pepsinogen cDNA. These plasmids directed the synthesis of polypeptides which were detected by employing an antibody to swine pepsinogen. However, all the polypeptides formed aggregates and showed no acid protease activity. Only the protein directed by pAS5 regained the acid protease activity after renaturation procedures. The activity was completely inhibited by pepstatin. Furthermore, the renatured pAS5 protein was spontaneously converted to pepsin under acidic conditions. The presence of Arg-8 in the activation peptide segment appears important for the stabilization of the pepsinogen molecule.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Determination of ceftiofur and its desfuroylceftiofur-related metabolites in swine tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography.

An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of ceftiofur-related metabolites that have the potential to be microbiologically active in swine muscle, kidney, liver and fat. Its performance was evaluated against incurred-residue swine tissues. This method is based on the cleavage of the disulfide and/or thioester bonds between the metabolites and their conjugate sulfur containing moiety using dithioerythritol to yield desfuroylceftiofur, and further stabilization to desfuroylceftiofur acetamide. The limit of quantitation was 0.1 micrograms ceftiofur equivalents/g tissue. The assay is specific for ceftiofur-related metabolites when evaluated against commercially available antibiotics for swine.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

The effect of epinephrine versus methoxamine on regional myocardial blood flow and defibrillation rates following a prolonged cardiorespiratory arrest in a swine model.

Recent studies in swine have shown that larger doses of epinephrine than those currently employed for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly improve regional myocardial blood flow following prolonged cardiac arrest. The dose-response effect of a pure alpha-adrenergic agonist, methoxamine, on regional myocardial blood flow has not been investigated in this setting. This study compared the effect of high-dose epinephrine with graded doses of methoxamine on regional myocardial blood flow, oxygen delivery/utilization, and defibrillation rates during CPR. Twenty swine were instrumented for regional myocardial blood flow measurements using radiolabeled tracer microspheres. Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption were made during normal sinus rhythm. Ventricular fibrillation was then induced. Following 10 minutes of ventricular fibrillation, CPR was initiated with a pneumatic compressor. Regional myocardial blood flow, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption were then measured during CPR. Following 3 minutes of CPR, the swine were allocated to one of four treatment groups (five per group): group I, epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg; group II, methoxamine 0.1 mg/kg; group III, methoxamine 1.0 mg/kg; and group IV, methoxamine 10.0 mg/kg. One minute after drug administration, regional myocardial blood flow, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption measurements again were made. Three and one half minutes after drug administration, defibrillation was attempted. Regional myocardial blood flow following drug administration was compared using an analysis of covariance. Epinephrine (0.2 mg/kg) significantly improved myocardial blood flow (P less than .002) for all tissues examined compared with all doses of methoxamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Recovery of phosphorous from swine wastewater through crystallization.

All the phosphate rock Japan needs must be presently imported from abroad because the country has no subterranean phosphorous resources. Therefore, there is a need to accelerate the development of and establish the technologies for phosphorous recovery from waste and wastewater. Swine wastewater has a high potential for phosphorous recovery in Japan. A reactor for removing and recovering phosphorous from swine wastewater was designed with dual functions, crystallization through aeration and separation of formed struvite by settling. However, a dehydration, composting and characterization process was first needed before using sediment sludge, including struvite, on farmland, since the struvite will settle along with huge amounts of other suspended solids (organic matter). For the recovery of pure struvite, an accumulation device was designed and its efficiency examined. The device has a struvite-accumulation face made of stainless steel wire mesh (1 mm in diameter, 1 cm(2) square) to reduce its total weight. During submergence in the aeration column of the demonstration reactor, struvite cross-bridged and accumulated on the face of the device. The struvite could be scraped off easily with only a light brushing, and was found to be approximately 95% pure. Because this device is a very simple structure, it is thought to be acceptable to swine farmers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High yield of poly-gamma-glutamic acid from Bacillus subtilis by solid-state fermentation using swine manure as the basis of a solid substrate.

Solid-state fermentations (SSF), using swine manure as the basis of a solid substrate, were carried out for high yield of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) by Bacillus subtilis CCTCC202048. Fermentation medium and process parameters were optimized through three orthogonal array designs. The optimal medium consisted of 62.3% (w/w, dry weight basis) swine manure, 25.0% soybean cake, 5.0% wheat bran, 5.0% glutamic acid, 2.5% citric acid and 0.2% MnSO4.H2O. The optimal process parameters were 15.0 g medium with initial moisture content 60% and initial pH 9.0 in 250 ml flask, inoculation at mid-log phase with a 4% inoculum level and cultivation for 48 h at 37 degrees C. The average-PGA yield (6.0%) in triplicate under optimal conditions was obtained on the laboratory scale while it was 4.5% at compost experiment. These would lay a foundation for lessening the pollution of swine manure, increasing fertilizer efficiency and exploring a late-model organic fertilizer that retains water and nutrients.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reduction of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms by psychrophilic anaerobic digestion in swine slurries.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a low temperature anaerobic treatment to reduce viable populations of indicator microorganisms (total coliforms, Escherichia coli) and the presence of selected pathogens (Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Cryptosporidium and Giardia) in swine slurries from different sources. Experiments were carried out in 40 l Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs). Experimental results indicated that anaerobic digestion of swine manure slurry at 20 degrees C for 20 days in an intermittently fed SBR: (1) reduced indigenous populations of total coliforms by 97.94-100%; (2) reduced indigenous populations of E. coli by 99.67-100%; (3) resulted in undetectable levels of indigenous strains of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. It can be considered as a promising method for reducing indigenous indicator and pathogenic microorganisms populations in liquid swine manure slurries.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Co-composting solid swine manure with pine sawdust as organic substrate.

The main objectives of this work were to investigate the evolution of the principal physicochemical properties, i.e., bulk temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, total organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, in co-composting pine sawdust with increasing percentages of fresh solid swine manure, and thus to evaluate the most desirable manure proportion for producing organic substrates in consideration of the quality of the resulted compost. The composting was in four identical 100.5l lab vessels, using 5% each tea leaves and herb residues as conditioners. The swine manure was added in the trials at 20%, 30%, 40%, respectively, and was substituted in the control with 30% lake sludge corrected by 0.5% urea. The initial humidity of each treatment was 60+/-2%. While being aerated actively at approximately 0.3m(3)/min at intervals of 10 min/h, the mixture was composted for 29 days. The results indicated that N and P decomposition primarily occurred in the mesophilic phase, while organic carbon decomposed in the thermophilic phase and 30% swine manure with initial C/N ratio of about 40 was more desirable for composting organic substrates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development of environmentally superior treatment system to replace anaerobic swine lagoons in the USA.

A full-scale treatment system for swine manure was developed to eliminate discharge to surface and ground waters and contamination of soil and groundwater by nutrients and heavy metals, along with related release of ammonia, odor, and pathogens. The system greatly increased the efficiency of liquid-solid separation by polymer injection to increase solids flocculation. Nitrogen management to reduce ammonia emissions was accomplished by passing the liquid through a module where bacteria transformed ammonia into harmless nitrogen gas. Subsequent alkaline treatment of the wastewater in a phosphorus module precipitated phosphorus and killed pathogens. Treated wastewater was recycled to clean swine houses and for crop irrigation. The system was tested during one year in a 4400-head finishing farm as part of the Agreement between the Attorney General of North Carolina and swine producers Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms and Frontline Farmers to replace traditional waste treatment anaerobic lagoons with environmentally superior technology. The on-farm system removed 97.6% of the suspended solids, 99.7% of BOD, 98.5% of TKN, 98.7% of soluble ammonia (NH(4)(+)-N), 95.0% of total P, 98.7% of copper and 99.0% of zinc. It also removed 97.9% of odor compounds in the liquid and reduced pathogen indicators to non-detectable levels. Based on performance obtained, it was determined that the treatment system met the Agreement's technical performance standards that define an environmentally superior technology. These findings overall showed that cleaner alternative technologies are technically and operationally feasible and that they can have significant positive impacts on the environment and the livestock industry.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

The control of adenohypophysial hormone secretion by amino acids and peptides in swine.

Several different amino acids and peptides control secretion of adenohypophysial hormones and this control may be indirect, via the modulation of hypothalamic hormone secretion. Indeed, classical hypothalamic hormones (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH], growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH], somatostatin, etc.) may be released into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vasculature, travel to the adenohypophysis and there stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones. Alternatively, some amino acids and peptides exert direct stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the adenohypophysis, thereby impacting hormone secretion. In swine, the most extensively studied modulators of adenohypophysial hormone secretion are the excitatory amino acids (ExAA), namely glutamate and aspartate, and the endogenous opioid peptides (EOP). In general, excitatory amino acids stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL). Secretion of adenohypophysial hormones induced by ExAA is primarily, but perhaps not exclusively, a consequence of action at the central nervous system. By acting primarily at the level of the central nervous system, EOP inhibit LH secretion, stimulate GH release and depending on the animal model studied, exert either stimulatory or inhibitory influences on PRL secretion. However, the EOP also inhibited LH release by direct action on the adenohypophysis. More recently, peptides such as neuropeptide-Y (NPY), orexin-B, ghrelin, galanin, and substance P have been evaluated for possible roles in controlling adenohypophysial hormone secretion in swine. For example, NPY, orexin-B, and ghrelin increased basal GH secretion and modulated the GH response to GHRH, at least in part, by direct action on the adenohypophysis. Secretion of LH was stimulated by orexin-B, galanin, and substance P from porcine pituitary cells in vitro. Because the ExAA and various peptides modulate secretion of adenohypophysial hormones, these compounds may play an important role in regulating swine growth and reproduction.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

A swine toll-like receptor 2-expressing transfectant as a potential primary screening system for immunobiotic microorganisms.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to mediate cell signaling in response to microbial cell wall components, such as peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, microbial lipoprotein, and zymosan. In this study, we cloned the swine TLR2 and used it to transfect Chinese hamster ovary K-1 cells. We demonstrated that the swine TLR2-expressing transfectant can bind not only zymosan from yeast cell wall components but also intact lactic acid bacteria, resulting in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. These findings suggest that the swine TLR2-expressing transfectant can be very useful for the primary screening of immunobiotic microorganisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Toll-like receptor 9 is expressed on follicle-associated epithelia containing M cells in swine Peyer's patches.

The precise distribution and expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of TLR9 in adult and neonatal swine GALTs by real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometric analysis. The swine TLR9 gene was preferentially expressed in adult Peyer's patches (Pps) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), which contained approximately three times higher TLR9 than the spleen. Other tissues exhibited only weak expression of TLR9. In neonatal swine, elevated expression of TLR9 was detected only in MLNs. We firstly showed that highly expressive (TLR9(+)) cells were formed in Pps and MLNs. In addition, TLR9(+) cells were present not only in immune cells such as dendritic cells and B cells but also in follicle-associated epithelia (FAE) including membranous cells (M cells) in Pps. These results suggest that Pps and MLNs provide the host defense with the ability to respond to a variety of bioactive oligonucleotides (ODNs) from bacteria at a conductive site of initial immune responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cardioprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in swine with chronic myocardial ischemia.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on chronic myocardial ischemia in swine. BACKGROUND: We recently have reported that G-CSF prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction in mice and swine. It remains unclear whether G-CSF has beneficial effects on chronic myocardial ischemia. METHODS: An ameroid constrictor was placed on left circumflex coronary artery of swine. The presence of myocardial ischemia was verified at four weeks after the operation, and the animals were randomly assigned into the following two groups: 1) administration of vehicle (control group, n = 10), and 2) administration of G-CSF (10 microg/kg/day) for seven days (G-CSF group, n = 10). RESULTS: Echocardiographic examination revealed that the G-CSF treatment prevented left ventricular dilation and dysfunction at eight weeks after the operation. Stress echocardiography revealed that G-CSF ameliorated the regional contractility of chronic myocardial ischemia. Morphological analysis revealed that the extent of myocardial fibrosis of the ischemic region was less in the G-CSF group than in control group. There were more vessels and less apoptotic cells at the ischemic region of the heart of the G-CSF group than control group. Moreover, Akt1 was more strongly activated in the heart of the G-CSF group than control group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that G-CSF improves cardiac function of chronic myocardial ischemia through decreases in fibrosis and apoptotic death and an increase in vascular density in the ischemic region.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton on airway responses to inhaled swine house dust in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of swine house dust induces acute airway inflammation and increased bronchial responsiveness in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether 5-lipoxygenase products such as leukotrienes may have a role in this reaction. METHODS: Twenty-three healthy subjects were randomised into two groups receiving treatment with either zileuton (600 mg) or placebo four times a day. After 5 days of treatment, all subjects were exposed for 3h in a swine barn. Bronchial responsiveness, exhaled nitric oxide (NO), and mediators in nasal lavage (NAL), blood and urine were measured before and after the exposure. RESULTS: The exposure induced an increased bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in both groups with 2-3 doubling concentration steps, no significant difference between treatments. Leukotriene E(4) in urine increased significantly following exposure in the placebo group from 37.3 (29.1-45.6) (mean (95% confidence interval)) ng/mmol creatinine to 47.7 (36.3-59.0) ng/mmol creatinine (P<0.05), but not in the zileuton group. The post-exposure increase of LTB(4) levels in NAL fluid was totally abolished in the zileuton group (P<0.05 vs. the placebo). The levels of exhaled NO increased significantly (P<0.01), two-fold in both groups. The PGD(2) metabolite 9alpha, 11beta-PGF(2) increased in placebo-treated subjects (P<0.01; P<0.05 vs. zileuton), strengthening mast cell participation. Neutrophil counts and levels of IL-6 in peripheral blood increased in both groups, with a significantly larger increase in zileuton treated subjects (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively compared to placebo). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment with clinically recommended doses of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton did not affect the increase of bronchial reactivity induced by swine dust exposure. The intervention totally abolished the LTB(4) release in NAL fluid, but only partially inhibited the formation of leukotrienes as monitored by urinary levels. The enhanced increase of neutrophils and IL-6 in peripheral blood in the zileuton group, suggests that inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase may have pro-inflammatory effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Preselection of sex of offspring in swine for production: current status of the process and its application.

It is estimated that as many as 30,000 offspring, mostly cattle, have been produced in the past 5 years using AI or some other means of transport with spermatozoa sexed by flow cytometric sperm sorting and DNA as the marker of differentiation. It is well documented that the only marker in sperm that can be effectively used for the separation of X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa is DNA. The method, as it is currently used worldwide, is commonly known as the Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology. The method is based on the separation of sperm using flow cytometric sorting to sort fluorescently (Hoechst 33342) labeled sperm based on their relative content of DNA within each population of X- and Y-spermatozoa. Currently, sperm can be produced routinely at a rate of 15 million X- and an equal number of Y-sperm per hour. The technology is being applied in livestock, laboratory animals, and zoo animals; and in humans with a success rate of 90-95% in shifting the sex ratio of offspring. Delivery of sexed sperm to the site of fertilization varies with species. Conventional AI, intrauterine insemination, intra-tubal insemination, IVF with embryo transfer and deep intrauterine insemination are effectively used to obtain pregnancies dependent on species. Although sperm of all species can be sorted with high purity, achieving pregnancies with the low numbers of sperm needed for commercial application remains particularly elusive in swine. Deep intrauterine insemination with 50-100 million sexed boar sperm per AI has given encouragement to the view that insemination with one-fiftieth of the standard insemination number will be sufficient to achieve pregnancies with sexed sperm when specialized catheters are used. Catheter design, volume of inseminate, number of sexed sperm are areas where further development is needed before routine inseminations with sexed sperm can be conducted in swine. Cryopreservation of sex-sorted sperm has been routinely applied in cattle. Although piglets have been born from frozen sex-sorted boar sperm, freezing and processing protocols in combination with sex-sorted sperm are not yet optimal for routine use. This review will discuss the most recent results and advances in sex-sorting swine sperm with emphasis on what developments must take place for the sexing technology to be applied in commercial practice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Oral immunization induces local and distant mucosal immunity in swine.

Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in semen and reproductive disease in pregnant swine might be reduced by vaccines that induce mucosal immunity in the reproductive tract. Cholera toxin (CT), when delivered orally, is a potent mucosal adjuvant and immunogen in swine. To determine if oral immunization additionally elicits immunity at distant mucosal surfaces, we examined antibody responses to CT-B subunit in the reproductive tract and oral cavity. Orally administered CT induced distant mucosal immunity, as measured by antibodies to CT-B subunit in saliva and vaginal secretions. Presentation of PRRSV nucleocapsid as a genetic fusion with CT resulted in local mucosal antibody production, but no response was observed in vaginal secretions. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using orally administered CT for the induction of immunity to reproductive pathogens in swine. However, effective induction of PRRSV-specific immune responses in the reproductive tract requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of antigenicity and adjuvanticity at distant mucosal sites.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

IL-13 replaces IL-4 in development of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDC) of swine.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a critical aspect of innate immune responses in addition to initiating adaptive immunity. In vitro generation of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDC) by culturing cells in IL-4 and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been reported for multiple species including swine. However, IL-4 is not a prominent cytokine detected in the periphery of common breeds of swine such as Yorkshire pigs. In this study, we report the generation and characterization of porcine MoDC in vitro using porcine IL-13 and porcine GM-CSF. These cells have the predicted expression of Class II MHC and T cell costimulatory molecules, phagocytic capacity and the ability to process and present antigen. Critically, porcine IL-13/GM-CSF MoDC have the unique ability to stimulate a primary mixed lymphocyte response in vitro. The type I interferon response of these MoDC to poly I:C (TLR3 ligand), LPS (TLR4 ligand) and CpG (TLR9 ligand) was tested. Of these TLR agonists, LPS or CpG did not stimulate induction of type I interferons, but a strong response was observed to poly I:C. This analysis shows that the generation of MoDCs in IL-13 yields cells of equivalent phenotype and function as IL-4 generated DC. However, for swine, in vitro generation of MoDC in IL-13 is likely to induce a more physiological cell population to study given expression of IL-4 is lacking in the periphery of these animals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of H1N1 swine influenza virus isolated in Korea.

A swine influenza H1N1 virus was isolated from a pig during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in Korea. All genes of the H1N1 isolate, including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), nucleoprotein (NP), non-structural (NS), PA, PB1 and PB2, were of swine origin. Also, all these genes showed a close phylogenic relationship with those of H1N1 viruses previously isolated from pigs in the United States. These results suggest that North American swine influenza virus has actually been transmitted to pigs in Korea.

Animals↗