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PubMed1982

cAMP concentration in the rat's preoptic region and cerebral cortex during sleep deprivation and recovery induced by ambient temperature.

cAMP concentrations in the preoptic region and cerebral cortex were studied in rats during exposure to low ambient temperature (-10 degrees C) and after return to control ambient temperature (22 degrees C). Significant changes in cAMP concentration were found only in the preoptic region. On prolonged exposure to low ambient temperature the nucleotide concentration decreased and the circadian rhythm, observed in control conditions, disappeared. Return to control ambient temperature after exposure to low ambient temperature induced a steep increase and a long-lasting plateau in cAMP concentration. The results are discussed in terms of interaction between thermoregulatory and sleep-wakefulness processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A method to limit working hours and reduce sleep deprivation in an obstetrics and gynecology residency program.

We adopted a system in which a team of residents works at night and all other residents work during the day. This system allows us to limit resident work time to 75 hours a week. Residents never work more than 24 hours in a 36-hour period, and usually no more than 13 hours in a 24-hour period. All residents have 1 day off each week and at least one weekend in three off. We did not have to obtain additional residents or ancillary personnel, and residents have the same exposure to operative cases as they did under the old system. The system can work with as few as 12 residents. Sleep deprivation is reduced, resident morale is improved, and resident learning, as reflected by in-training examinations, appears to be enhanced.

Gynecology↗
PubMed1979

REM sleep deprivation increases preference for novelty in rats.

As a further test of the hypothesis that REM deprivation decreases fear, the behavior of 40 male rats was measured in a Y-maze adapted to test for preference for novelty. Prior to this test, the animals were exposed for 4 days to one of four treatments, i.e., either a dry environment control, a wet environment control, a 2-day REM deprivation period or a 4-day REM deprivation period. During the test both number of grid crossing in the novel and non-novel arms of the Y-maze and three indices of emotionality were recorded. The results were congruent with data we had reported earlier and offered convincing evidence in support of the hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Influences of partial REM sleep deprivation and awakenings on nocturnal cortisol release.

Decreasing endogenous plasma cortisol levels during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have been recently reported, suggesting a diminished or absent secretory activity of the adrenals during this period. On the other hand, episodes of light sleep (Stage 1) and intermittent wakefulness have been found to be associated with increasing plasma cortisol levels. The present experiments in 10 adult men were designed to examine whether or not REM sleep inhibits adrenocortical activity and if short periods of wakefulness increase nocturnal cortisol release. Somnopolygraphic recordings were obtained from each subject under three experimental sleep conditions: a baseline night, an REM deprivation night in which the subject's sleep was disturbed contingent upon the occurrence of REM, and a control night in which sleep was disturbed both during REM deprivation and non-REM (NREM) epochs, i.e., mostly during Stage 2 sleep. This last condition was introduced to distinguish the effects of REM deprivation from those of arousals that may per se act as stressful stimuli for cortisol release. Contrary to expectation, we found that both REM sleep deprivation and arousals in NREM epochs reduced rather than enhanced mean plasma cortisol levels as compared with baseline conditions. These findings do not support the hypothesis of an inhibitory effect of REM sleep on cortisol secretion, though present data do not refute this hypothesis. The awakenings, or the light sleep subsequent to sleep disturbance, appear to have no stimulatory effect on adrenocortical secretion. Awakenings during sleep at night may even reflect the activity of mechanisms inhibiting sleep-related increases in plasma cortisol concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

REM sleep deprivation in monocularly occluded kittens reduces the size of cells in LGN monocular segment.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In this study, we test the hypothesis that when REM-state activation (which impinges upon all lateral geniculate nucleus laminae irrespective of stimulating eye) is deprived, the monocular segment (MS) that is cut off from visual input and also deprived of REM-state activation will exhibit smaller cells, owing to the loss of extrinsic as well as intrinsic activation. DESIGN: We carried out a study comparing soma sizes in the MSs of kittens subjected to monocular deprivation (MD) + REM deprivation (RD) to two age-matched nonRD groups, MD ONLYs and MD MOMS (MD kittens living in their home cages). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Perikaryal outlines of 100 cells in each of the bilateral MSs were measured. As predicted, mean cell size in the MS connected to the patched eye of MD + RD kittens, but in neither of the control groups, was significantly smaller than in the MS afferented by the nonpatched eye. One-way ANOVAs comparing MS cell-size means from the same sides across groups were also significant, but the two MSs showed different results on post hoc tests. The ordering of MS cell-size means correlated significantly with a measure that aggregates the sources of activation reaching a particular MS and their durations. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that removal of REM-state activation during CNS development amplifies the plasticity processes generated when normal visual afferentation to central visual areas is interrupted. Our findings in the MS of the LGN indicate that during the usual operation of REM sleep, central visual-sensory sites receive intrinsic activation that, in the visual system, is additive and complementary to the stimulation obtained from extrinsic sources. In the course of early development, normative symmetrical activation of central visual areas during REM sleep may counterbalance plasticity changes caused either by absent or aberrant sensory stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Selective slow-wave sleep deprivation and time-of-night effects on cognitive performance upon awakening.

We evaluated the effects of selective slow-wave sleep (SWS) deprivation and time-of-night factors on cognitive performance upon awakening. Ten normal men slept for 6 consecutive nights in the laboratory: 1 adaptation, 2 baseline, 2 selective SWS deprivation, and 1 recovery night. Cognitive performance was assessed by means of a Descending Subtraction Task after 2, 5, and 7.5 h of sleep. There was an almost complete selective SWS suppression during both deprivation nights, and a significant SWS rebound during the recovery sleep. Regarding cognitive performance, a progressive linear decrease of sleep inertia upon successive awakenings was found during all experimental nights except for the recovery night. In addition, a significant decrease of sleep inertia was observed upon the morning awakening of the second deprivation night for the measure of performance speed, and a significant increase of sleep inertia upon the morning awakening of the recovery night for the measure of performance accuracy. The results show that cognitive performance upon awakening is adversely affected by sleep depth and that, during the sleep-wake transition, cognitive performance accuracy is more impaired than performance speed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Chewing can relieve sleepiness in a night of sleep deprivation.

Night sleepiness in two groups of student volunteers who stayed awake for one night was assessed at standardized time (22:00, 01:00, 04:00, 07:00) by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). One group (N=21) chewed the chewing gum from midnight until the end of the experiment in the morning, while the other group (N=43) was not chewing at all. The results show that both groups at the initial assessment at 22:00 were not sleepy, with similar SSS scores. Sleepiness in both groups appeared after midnight, worsening towards the morning. The students who were chewing from midnight assessed their sleepiness as lower than the students who were not chewing, which was more marked at 01:00 and 04:00. In the group of medical professionals, nurses and technicians, sleepiness was assessed by SSS in a routine night shift when they, according to their own experience, had the most difficulty overcoming it. Immediately after the assessment they chewed the chewing gum (N=60) or stood/walked (N=27) for 15 minutes. At the end of the fifteenth minute, they assessed their sleepiness again. After 15 minutes of treatment both groups of medical professionals assessed their sleepiness as relieved, with a lower SSS score, more markedly in the chewing group. The obtained results seem to indicate that chewing may alleviate sleepiness in professionals and nonprofessionals who stayed awake through the night.

Adult↗