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PubMed2005

A dualist analysis of abortion: personhood and the concept of self qua experiential subject.

There is no issue more central to the abortion debate than the controversial issue of whether the fetus is a moral person. Abortion-rights opponents almost universally claim that abortion is murder and should be legally prohibited because the fetus is a moral person at the moment of conception. Abortion-rights proponents almost universally deny the crucial assumption that the fetus is a person; on their view, whatever moral disvalue abortion involves does not rise to the level of murder and hence does not rise to the level of something that should be legally prohibited. In this essay, I argue that, under dualist assumptions about the nature of mind, the fetus is not a person until brain activity has begun.(i) First, I argue it is a necessary condition for a thing to be a moral person that it is (or has) a self. Second, I argue it is a necessary condition for a fetus to be (or have) a self, under dualist assumptions, that there has been some electrical activity in the brain. I conclude that a dualist can take the position that abortion ought to be legally permitted at least until the beginning of brain activity in the fetus.iI make no attempt to determine what conditions are sufficient for moral personhood; for this reason, the relevant claim about personhood is purely negative.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1988

Personality correlates of type A coronary-prone behavior.

The study investigates the relationship between Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and self-concept, need for approval, extroversion, neuroticism, and trait anxiety. Eighty-eight undergraduate students completed the Jenkins Activity Survey, which measures the Type A personality; the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS; Fitts, 1965); the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; the A-Trait Scale (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It was found that Type As scored lower on all the dimensions of self-concept except the physical. It was also found that Type Bs scored higher on need for approval, but only on its avoidance component. In addition, Type As scored higher on extroversion and on neuroticism. The implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social support and psychological adjustment among Latinas with arthritis: a test of a theoretical model.

BACKGROUND: Among people coping with chronic illness, tangible social support sometimes has unintended negative consequences on the recipient's psychological health. Identity processes may help explain these effects. Individuals derive self-worth and a sense of competence by enacting social roles that are central to the self-concept. PURPOSE: This study tested a model drawing from some of these theoretical propositions. The central hypothesis was that tangible support in fulfilling a highly valued role undermines self-esteem and a sense of self-efficacy, which, in turn, affect psychological adjustment. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with 98 Latina women with arthritis who rated the homemaker identity as being of central importance to the self-concept. RESULTS: A path analysis indicated that, contrary to predictions, tangible housework support was related to less psychological distress. Emotional support predicted greater psychological well-being. These relationships were not mediated by self-esteem or self-efficacy. Qualitative data revealed that half of the sample expressed either ambivalent or negative feelings about receiving housework support. CONCLUSIONS: Results may reflect social and cultural norms concerning the types of support that are helpful and appropriate from specific support providers. Future research should consider the cultural meaning and normative context of the support transaction. This study contributes to scarce literatures on the mechanisms that mediate the relationship between social support and adjustment, as well as illness and psychosocial adaptation among Latina women with chronic illness.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Motivation, altruism, and generalized compliance: a field study of organizational citizenship behaviors.

This study tests the relations among five sources of motivation and two organizational citizenship behaviors. 175 employees from 31 locations of two agriculturally based companies completed the Motivation Sources Inventory and were rated by their supervisors for demonstrated organizational citizenship behaviors. There were significant positive correlations for employees' Self-concept-Internal Motivation with Altruistic Behavior of employees; while employees' Self-concept-External Motivation showed a significant negative relation with Altruistic Behavior by employees. Surprisingly, no correlation between employees' Goal Internalization Motivation and Altruistic Behavior by employees was found. Interpretation of these findings and further research are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Management of violent acts within the scope of a pedagogic concept of self and social development--or: talking with school children about violence].

In order to deal with physical aggression in schools it is necessary to develop an educational concept in which the teachers parallel to their observations of the subject orientated learn-track include the relationship- and the self-development-track (three-track-education). In this concept of classifying dialogs which follow the conflict situations have equal importance to other events during school-lessons. The dialogs take place parallel to the lessons. This method requires a flexible organisation of the lessons in which the pupils are used to work on their own. An extension of the teachers competence is necessary. The extension of competence is related to a close observation of social events and to a development of models to explain the problematic behavior of pupils. If it becomes possible for example to interpret part of the pupils' behavior as scenic acting this new point of view may lead to new solutions. The educational concept is orientated on a model of psychoanalytical explanation in which the current situation stands in the foreground. The problem which thus becomes apparent can be now be handled by reconstructing the exterior events (interactions) and by the symbolic presentation of the interior perception (annoyance, anger, rage). Thus the pupils learn to deal with their inner turbulences in the constructive manner. For the acting in the public forms of making amends are practised. Physical aweness and fitness is seen as an important base for self- and social processes. The work of a man within a boys' group and of a woman within a girls' group offers the possibility of sexual identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Hero/heroine modeling for Puerto Rican adolescents: a preventive mental health intervention.

Culturally sensitive treatments of the special mental health needs of high-risk Puerto Rican adolescents are lacking. The hero/heroine intervention was based on adult Puerto Rican role models to foster ethnic identity, self-concept, and adaptive coping behavior. 90 nonclinical Puerto Rican 8th and 9th graders were screened for presenting behavior problems in school and randomly assigned to an intervention and a control group. After 19 sessions, the intervention significantly increased adolescents' ethnic identity and self-concept and reduced anxiety. Treatment outcomes varied as a function of grade level, sex, and household composition. Self-concept was negatively affected among girls from intact families. The study supports the effectiveness of the culturally sensitive modality as a preventive mental health intervention for high-risk Puerto Rican adolescents, especially from single-parent families.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1986

Factors associated with adolescent participation in a cardiovascular risk factor assessment program.

A Student Attitude Survey was administered to high school seniors to determine attitudinal and behavioral factors associated with participation in a longitudinal cardiovascular risk factor screening program. Health beliefs, attitudes, and practices were assessed as were altruism, social skills, self-concept, conformity, and academic class standing. Male participants showed higher self-concept scores than non participants. Black participants were younger than black nonparticipants and black participants also showed greater perceived control over their health and more optimistic appraisals of the worth of medical research and practice. White male participants tended to be more likely to remain home from school or to see a doctor when ill. These observations suggest that attitudinal and behavioral factors related to participation in a health-related program can be assessed in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol dependence and gender-role orientation.

OBJECTIVE: The overall increase of female alcoholism is supposed to be associated with the change of the traditional female role, and it is especially seen as a consequence of role convergence or gender-role conflicts. The aim of the present pilot study is to explore whether the approach of gender-role orientation would be empirically useful in contributing to these hypotheses. METHOD: One hundred twelve patients with alcohol dependence meeting DSM-III-R criteria were explored after detoxification; gender-role orientation was measured by a German version of the "Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire", categorising gender-role orientation into four subgroups: masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated. RESULTS: In comparison with a population-based sample, there are significant differences in the distribution of the four subgroups of gender-role orientation, showing a predominance of the undifferentiated self-concept in the alcoholic sample (49%). Alcoholic females describe themselves as rather undifferentiated, and rather feminine than masculine. Low masculinity and low femininity, as well as high femininity, correlate positively with distress, depressiveness, social anxiety, insecurity and concomitant personality disorders. CONCLUSION: Our data do not support the convergence hypothesis related to gender-role orientation, but support the traditional feminine self-concept as an unspecific risk factor for vulnerability. The question whether an undifferentiated self-concept could be a specific risk factor for alcoholism is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Self-esteem and perceived stress in young adolescents with chronic disease. Unexpected findings.

This pilot study was designed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress, self-esteem and "functional" pain in young adolescents with and without chronic disease. Twenty children with chronic disease and 15 without who were seen in a pediatric outpatient clinic completed a symptom survey, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Survey, and Lewis's Feel-Bad Scale. Adolescents with significant self-reported complaints of abdominal pain, chest pain, and headaches (without documented organic cause) scored higher on the Feel-Bad scale (p less than 0.002) and lower on the self-concept scale (p less than 0.02) than those without functional complaints. Patients with chronic disease scored higher on the self-esteem measure (61 +/- 14 versus 48 +/- 14, p less than 0.01) and lower on the stress measure (80 +/- 40 versus 120 +/- 54, p less than 0.02) than those without a chronic disease. These findings of lower stress and higher self-esteem in adolescents with chronic illness were unexpected. Possible explanations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

When children tell their friends they have AIDS: possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: Past research has demonstrated that self-disclosure of traumatic or secretive information produces observable health benefits. Self-disclosure has also been linked, albeit less consistently, to improved psychological health. The present study examined the physiological and psychological consequences of children's self-disclosure of their HIV/AIDS status to friends. METHODS: Data were collected twice, one year apart, from 64 caregiver-child dyads in which all of the children were infected with HIV. Dependent variables included the child's CD4%, self-concept, and level of behavioral problems. RESULTS: Children who had disclosed their HIV+ diagnosis to friends during the 1-year course of the study had a significantly larger increase in CD4% than children who had told their friends before the study or those children who had not yet disclosed their HIV+ diagnosis to friends. This effect remained significant when the child's age and level of medication (protease inhibitors) were statistically controlled. Self-disclosure to friends did not impact the child's behavior or self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the effect of self-disclosure in children. The results were consistent with previous studies showing the positive health consequences of self-disclosure in adults, and suggest potentially important implications for professional and familial care givers of HIV/AIDS individuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

Drug dependence and self-esteem.

A number of recent studies have dealt with variables related to self-esteem, but despite suggestions in the literature, there are few empirical studies concerned with the association between self-esteem and drug dependence. In an investigation of self-esteem, 71 subjects completed semantic differential forms for their self and ideal-self concepts. Four hypotheses were investigated. It was predicted that differences in self-esteem (as measured by the discrepancy between self and ideal-self concepts), would be found between inpatient and outpatient groups, males and females, intravenous and oral users, and between drug-dependent subjects and a control group. No differences were found between inpatients and outpatients, or between intravenous and oral groups. However, females who were dependent upon drugs were found to have lower self-esteem than males in terms of the evaluation factor. No such sex differences were found between all drug groups and the control group on the evaluation and potency factors. It is suggested that the results show considerable deficiencies of self-esteem among drug-dependent patients, and that female addicts are especially deficient in this respect. In terms of etiology, this association between drug dependence and low self-esteem may indicate that those individuals with a deficient self-image who are exposed to drugs may be at risk; this may carry implications also for alcohol and nicotine dependence. It is suggested that self-image therapy may be of value for certain drug-dependent patients, especially females.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Turning points and developmental change: subjective and "objective" assessments.

Drawing on recent developmental theories that emphasize the interplay of external and internal factors, the present study examines the interrelationship of self-defined turning points in life, and longitudinal change in self-concept and psychological well-being, among younger and older adults. Self-concept dimensions are found to be stable over time and to predict the impact of turning points.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The self image of Chinese-American adolescents: a cross-cultural comparison.

The aim of this study was to assess the self-concept of Chinese-American adolescents and then to compare them with standard samples of normal United States and Chinese adolescents. The instrument used to measure self-concept was the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ). As expected, the Chinese-American adolescent group very closely resembled the normal United States adolescent group and differed markedly from the normal Chinese adolescent group. The few areas in which the Chinese-American group significantly differed from their American peers, such as on the Sexual Attitudes Scale, appeared to be in a direction that was influenced by Chinese culture. The poorer adjustment shown on the Body and Self-Image scale by the Chinese-American adolescents points to the effect of racial stereotyping in the United States.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

[Adult apprenticeship using the Knowles model].

In her doctoral studies in adult learning, the author perceived that the application of Knowles' theory to the learning abilities of sick and healthy adults allowed a better understanding than most other theories. In this model, adults develop their knowledge, sense of control, and coping skills as they apply to situations of daily living. The reason for this is that adults' learning patterns are oriented towards their specific life skills. In fact, individuals have a desire to learn what is useful and necessary for their progress. In a learning situation, the adults' self-concept and acquired experiences are taken into account. The adult becomes the centre of the learning process. Knowles teaches educators such as nurses to particularly look at the learning needs of adults with existential problems. He insists that these needs be acknowledged and satisfied in the "here and now," with emphasis on learning rather than teaching. Knowles theory is based on four assumptions relating to the adult learner. These assumptions are concerned with self-concept, acquired experience, learning ability and benefits achieved by the immediate application of learning. The six elements that constitute the thinker's concept are explained in detail. They include: the need to know; the learner's self-concept; the role of previous experience, the willingness to learn; the motivation to learn; and a teaching orientation. Knowles differentiates between the learning patterns of adults and youths. Helping adults to learn and helping youths to learn are presented as a continuum that takes into account the holistic attributes of adults at any moment in their learning pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression.

Cognitive, developmental, and psychodynamic theories all hypothesize that negative self-concepts acquired in childhood may induce vulnerability to depression. Children at risk because of maternal major affective disorder, compared with children of medically ill and normal mothers, were examined for evidence of negative cognitions about themselves, and were found to have more negative self-concept, less positive self-schemas, and more negative attributional style. It was further predicted that negative cognitions about the self would be related to maternal depression and chronic stress, and to the quality of perceived and actual interactions with the mother. In general, the predicted associations were obtained, supporting speculations about how maternal affective disorder is associated with stress and with relatively negative and unsupportive relationships with children that in turn diminish children's self-regard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior in one learning-disabled child.

The effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior of one learning disabled boy were studied. An A-B-A-B reversal design was used with motor training administered during B phases and no motor training administered during A phases. At the end of each phase, data on motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and attention deficit were collected. Motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and teacher's ratings of attention-deficit behavior were more positive at the end of B phases than at the end of immediately previous A phases. Mother's ratings of attention-deficit were also more positive at the end of the first B phase than at the end of the first A phase but worsened from the end of the second A phase to the end of the second B phase.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗