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PubMed1998

A panel study of migration, self-selection and household real income.

"The impact of migration on income for Swedish multi-adult households is examined using panel data pertaining to a sample of stable household constellations during the period 1980-1990. In contrast to previous studies, data on household disposable income is employed in estimating the income function. The empirical results indicate no significant effect on real disposable income from migration. In addition, the hypothesis of no self-selection, or zero correlation between the errors in the decision function and the income function, cannot be rejected."

Demography↗
PubMed1998

The performance of immigrants in the Norwegian labor market.

"This paper tests the assimilation hypothesis with Norwegian data. Using both cross-section and cohort analyses, the results show that the 1970-1979 immigrant cohort experienced an earnings growth of about 11% between 1980 and 1990, when their earnings profile was compared to that of natives. This is lower than the 19% assimilation rate predicted by the cross-section method. On the contrary, the results reveal a rapid earnings divergence across cohorts, and between the 1960-1969 cohort and natives."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Effects of oral contraceptives on plasma neutral amino acids and cholesterol during a menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: Concentrations of plasma neutral amino acids, i.e. threonine, serine, asparagine, glycine, alanine, citrulline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, and serum cholesterol, were determined at the follicular (Day 4), mid-cycle (Day 16) and luteal (Day 25) phases of the menstrual cycle in 15 users of the new generation of combined oral contraceptives (OC), 11 on multiphase combined OC, and 17 controls. RESULTS: The controls showed a decrease in the sum of amino acids to 95% at mid-cycle and 90% in the luteal phase relative to the follicular phase, and a significant decrease in the tyrosine level at the luteal relative to the follicular phase. Since there was no significant difference between the two OC subgroups in the levels of the specified variables at either of the phases, the two groups were considered together. The sum of amino acids in the OC group decreased to 89% at mid-cycle and 91% at the luteal phase relative to the follicular phase, indicating less metabolic effect than reported for older OC formulations. Compared to the controls, the OC group showed significant increased threonine level at the luteal phase, decreased glycine levels at mid-cycle and the luteal phases, decreased citrulline level at mid-cycle, and markedly decreased tyrosine levels at the mid-cycle and luteal phases. Neither total nor high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol differed significantly between the control and OC groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the metabolic effects of the new generation combined OC on neutral amino acids and cholesterol are only modest to slight, except for the effect on tyrosine, the brain noradrenaline precursor, which may cause disturbances of various noradrenaline-mediated central functions in susceptible subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin is unaffected by gender and contraceptive steroids.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: The effect of gender and concomitant use of contraceptive steroids on the absorption and metabolism of oxybutynin was investigated in 49 healthy volunteers, 24 females and 25 males. Serum concentrations of oxybutynin and its active metabolite, N-desethyloxybutynin, were measured for up to 48 h after ingestion of a single dose of 10 mg oxybutynin. RESULTS: Intake of oral contraceptive steroids had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxybutynin or its metabolite. Both in males and females, the mean area under the curve (AUC0-t) of N-desethyloxybutynin was about 13 times higher and the peak concentration (Cmax) 15 to 19 times higher than the AUC0-t and Cmax of the parent oxybutynin, with no significant differences between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of orally administered oxybutynin shows a considerable interindividual variability, but is unaffected by gender and use of contraceptive steroids.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive method, and iron supplementation.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of menstruation, method of contraception, and iron supplementation on iron status in young Danish women, and to assess whether iron deficiency could be predicted from the pattern of menstruation. Iron status was examined by measuring serum (S-) ferritin and hemoglobin (Hb) in 268 randomly selected, healthy, menstruating, nonpregnant Danish women aged 18-30 years. Iron deficiency (S-ferritin <16 microg/l) was observed in 9.7%, of the women, iron deficiency anemia (S-ferritin < 13 microg/l and Hb < 121 g/l) in 2.2%. Iron supplementation, predominantly as vitamin-mineral tablets containing 14-20 mg of ferrous iron was used by 35.1%. The median serum ferritin was similar in non-iron users and in iron users, whereas the prevalence of iron deficiency was 12.6% in nonusers vs. 4.3% in users, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia 3.4% in nonusers vs. 0%, in users (p=0.17) In non-iron-supplemented women, S-ferritin levels were inversely correlated with the duration of menstrual bleeding (rs= -0.25, p<0.001) and with the women's assessment of the intensity of menstrual bleeding (r(s)= -0.27, p<0.001), whereas no such correlations were found in iron-supplemented women. The results demonstrate that even moderate daily doses of ferrous iron can influence iron status in women with small iron stores. Women using hormonal contraceptives had menstrual bleeding of significantly shorter duration than those using intrauterine devices (IUD) or other methods. There was a high prevalence of small and absent body iron stores in young women, suggesting that preventive measures should be focused on those women whose menstruation lasts 5 days or longer, who have menstrual bleeding of strong intensity, who use an IUD without gestagen, and who are blood donors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Lipid effects of an intrauterine levonorgestrel device or oral vs. vaginal natural progesterone in post-menopausal women treated with percutaneous estradiol.

BACKGROUND: The ideal progestin for combined hormone replacement therapy should be free of adverse effects on lipid metabolism. We therefore examined lipid profiles during continuous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with an estradiol-gel combined with either a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) or oral/vaginal natural progesterone. METHODS: Sixty menopausal women recruited in this open, non-randomised parallel three-group study received percutaneous gel containing 1.5 mg of estradiol daily. Progestin was administered to the women with an LNG-IUD (n = 20), as oral natural progesterone (n = 21) 100 mg daily on the 1-25 calendar days of the month or as vaginal progesterone (n = 19) 100-200 mg daily on the 1-25 calendar days of the month. Serum concentrations for total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured at 0, 6 and 12 months. The median (and 95% confidence interval) of the serum SHBG, total, LDL-, HDL- cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of the study and the ratio of 6 and 12 months values to baseline values were calculated. RESULTS: Total cholesterol was significantly decreased (8%) in the vaginal progesterone group at the end of the trial. HDL-cholesterol did not change in either of the progesterone groups, while a slight but transient decrease (median 15%) was seen at 6 months in the LNG-IUD group. There were no significant changes in triglycerides or LDL-cholesterol concentrations in any group. SHBG did not change significantly in the LNG-IUD and vaginal progesterone groups, while a slight but transient increase was seen in oral P group at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: As the only significant harmful effect observed was a transient decrease in HDL-cholesterol in the LNG-IUD group at 6 months, each of these HRT-administration methods can be regarded as being safe in their effects on lipid metabolism.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1979

Cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor in cleft lip and palate.

A case-control study has been made on smoking habits in women who, during 1975, gave birth to infants with closure defects of the central nervous system (ASB) or with cleft lip or cleft palate (CLP). For each case, two control subjects with nonmalformed infants were selected and matched for delivery unit, time of delivery, maternal age, and maternal parity. Smoking habits were routinely included in hospital records at first visit to a maternity health clinic during pregnancy. Data were studied for 66 cases of CLP, 66 cases of ASB, and 261 control subjects. Significantly more women who had infants with CLP smoked than did control women, but women with ASB infants showed a normal smoking pattern. Drug use did not explain the findings. It is suggested that maternal smoking is one of many factors of importance in the etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate in humans.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1980

Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with laparoscopically verified acute salpingitis. Results of isolation and antibody determinations.

Culture and serology studies have shown Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) to be one of the causes of acute salpingitis (AS). In the present investigation, results of cervical cultures were correlated with serum antibody titers to CT in patients with laparoscopically verified AS. Serum samples from 206 patients, including paired sera from 80, were assayed. Of 206 patients, 118 had chlamydial IgG antibody titers of 1:64 or more. Patients with negative cultures for CT and an IgG titer of 1:64 or more had a significantly higher geometric mean titer than corresponding patients with positive cultures. In paired sera, a seroconversion or a fourfold or greater rise in IgG titer to CT was demonstrated in 35%, while a further 11% had detectable IgM antibody in a titer of 1:8 or more. The overall isolation frequency of CT was 33%, compared with 19% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Teratogenic hazards of oral contraceptives analyzed in a national malformation register.

During the period 1967-1976, prospectively collected data were available in the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations on the contraceptive usage of 3,002 mothers of children with malformations detected at birth, as well as of time-matched and place-matched control mothers. The distributions of the various types of malformations were similar among contraceptive users (immediately prior to or during the pregnancy) and nonusers. The total incidences of various methods of contraception were also similar among mothers of malformed children and the control mothers. The risk ratio method for matched pairs allowed us to evaluate the strength of the observed negative correlation concerning oral contraceptives. Thus, we could exclude with 95% confidence any effect larger than 5% of oral contraceptives on the incidence of visible malformations.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1982

An epidemiologic study of young women with dysmenorrhea.

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was studied in a random sample of 19-year-old women from an urban Swedish population. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 72% of the women. Fifteen percent suffered from dysmenorrhea which limited daily activity and was unimproved by analgesics. Dysmenorrhea occurred significantly (p less than 0.01) more often in women not using oral contraceptives. A significant correlation (p less than 0.01) was found between early menarche and an increased severity of dysmenorrhea. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) between the severity of dysmenorrhea and the amount of menstrual flow. Parous women had significantly (p less than 0.01) less dysmenorrhea than women who had never been pregnant or women who had experienced a legal or spontaneous abortion. Smokers as compared to nonsmokers had significantly (p less than 0.01) less dysmenorrhea. The severity of dysmenorrhea was not affected by height, weight, or regularity of the menstrual cycle. Absenteeism as a result of dysmenorrhea was evaluated.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1983

Five years' experience of intrauterine contraception with the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200.

A randomized study was performed for the comparison of two copper-releasing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200, simultaneously in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Five years' experience demonstrated that Nova-T users had a significantly lower pregnancy rate than Copper-T-200 users. The Pearl index over 5 years was 0.8 for Nova-T users and 2.0 for Copper-T users. The performance and tolerance of the Nova-T were less affected by parity and age than was the performance of the Copper-T. Infections were treated by removal of the device and with antibiotics. The cumulative rate of removals because of infections and suspected infections was below 5 with both devices over 5 years. The copper wire in the Nova-T has a silver core which prevents corrosion-induced fragmentation of the wire. Hence, the effective lifetime of this device is more than 5 years. The results indicate that the Nova-T, which is easy to insert and remove and is associated with a low pregnancy rate and a low medical termination rate, is a real improvement over other IUDs.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Smoking and the occurrence of congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions: multivariate analysis.

A multivariate analysis was carried out with retrospective data on the effects of tobacco smoking on congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions. Congenital malformations were collected from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformation. Tens of possible confounding variables, including maternal and family characteristics, obstetric history, medicine taking, and diseases during the pregnancy, were taken into consideration. In the final analysis 13 confounders were controlled. The odds ratios for the smoker's child to be born with central nervous system, oral cleft, or musculoskeletal malformations were 1.25, 1.25, and 0.75, respectively. All the differences were statistically nonsignificant. The effect of smoking on spontaneous abortions was analyzed by means of a questionnaire study on hospital personnel. The smokers of over 10 cigarettes per day had more spontaneous abortions than the nonsmokers, but the differences were not significantly statistically. The data were controlled for age, parity, and coffee and alcohol drinking.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1984

Smoking, hemoglobin levels, and birth weights in normal pregnancies.

Of 811 otherwise healthy, nonanemic, pregnant Norwegian women, 43% smoked during the third trimester. No significant association existed between smoking habits and hemoglobin levels during the third trimester, but the fairly small number of heavy smokers (greater than 10 cigarettes per day) may have precluded the discovery of subtle true differences. Birth weights were transferred to a weight-for-dates percentile scale, based on the distribution of the total Norwegian birth population over an 11-year period. With a grouping in quartiles according to this scale, a strong correlation between smoking habits and low birth weights emerged, with 47% of newborn infants of heavy smokers falling in the lowest quartile. Levels of hemoglobin were inversely correlated to birth weight quartiles, equally in mothers who smoked and those who did not smoke. However, when birth weights were grouped according to maternal hemoglobin at term, the tobacco-related effect on birth weight appeared only with levels of hemoglobin above 12 gm/dl, being particularly strong for levels above 13 gm/dl. Hemoglobin levels of 9.0 to 11.9 gm/dl appeared to protect from growth retardation the fetuses of nonanemic mothers who smoked. Studying ponderal, or weight-by-length, indices, we found that growth-retarded babies of mothers who smoked tended to be thin, thus indicating that they had been deprived of nutrients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The use of intrauterine contraceptive devices, pelvic inflammatory disease, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

With the same epidemiologic approach taken in a recent study that suggested that oral contraceptive use may not protect against chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease, the risks of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease were evaluated for intrauterine contraceptive device users. Compared with women using no method of contraception, intrauterine contraceptive device users were not found to be at any higher risk of cervical chlamydial infection. Whether this places intrauterine contraceptive device users at no increased risk of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease cannot be ascertained from the available data. Further research is needed before any conclusions can be made regarding the risks of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease to users of intrauterine contraceptive devices, oral contraceptives, and other contraceptive methods.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1988

Diaphragm insertion increases human vaginal oxygen tension.

The normal insertion of a contraceptive diaphragm into the vagina of five young women induced a dramatic increase in the vaginal oxygen tension (131 +/- 13 mm Hg, mean +/- SD, n = 5), which slowly fell at an initial rate of 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm Hg/min. Withdrawal of the diaphragm immediately restored vaginal oxygen tension to the normal hypoxic state (11 +/- 12 mm Hg). The change in gaseous equilibrium created by the trapped air of the diaphragm could have significant actions on the microbial activity and balance of the vagina.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cardiovascular death among women under 40 years of age using low-estrogen oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices in Finland from 1975 to 1984.

From 1975 to 1984, there were 1,585,000 women-years of oral contraceptive use and 1,975,000 women-years of copper-bearing intrauterine device use in Finland. During this 10-year period, 20 women between 15 and 39 years of age died of pulmonary embolism, 41 of coronary heart disease, and 311 of intracranial hemorrhage. The diagnoses were confirmed in 89% at necropsy examination. The contraceptive method used by patients was determined in 84% by means of inquiry sent to family planning clinics. Among the 20 patients who died of pulmonary embolism, four died while taking the pill, which gives a relative risk of 1.2 (95% confidence limits, 0.37 to 3.62; p = 0.78). The corresponding values for death from myocardial infarction and intracranial hemorrhage were 0.19 (95% confidence limits, 0.05 to 0.70; p = 0.01) and 0.36 (95% confidence limits, 0.18 to 0.70; p = 0.03), respectively. None among the copper intrauterine device users under the age of 40 years died of pulmonary embolism during 1,383,000 women-years of intrauterine device use. The relative risk of death from intracranial hemorrhage among intrauterine device users was 1.18 (95% confidence limits, 0.70 to 1.99, p = 0.25).

Adolescent↗