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PubMed2004

Prevalence of Libyostrongylus douglassii in commercially reared ostriches in the highveld region of Zimbabwe.

A total of 435 freshly dropped faecal samples were collected from 11 randomly selected ostrich farms during September and November 2002 to determine the prevalence of Libyostrongylus douglassii (ostrich wireworm) in the highveld region of Zimbabwe. Samples, which consisted of 339 samples from breeder birds and 96 samples from pre-slaughter grower birds were screened for nematode eggs using the modified McMaster technique before being individually cultured in an incubator at 28 degrees C. Cultures were examined for the presence of L. douglassii third stage larvae (L3). Using faecal egg counts, eight of 11 farms (72.7%) were positive for L. douglassii in breeders but no eggs were detected in the growers. The faecal culture method detected wireworm larvae in the breeding stock of all farms that were surveyed (100%) and five of the eight farms (62.5%) which had grower birds. Libyostrongylus douglassii was detected in all farms (100%) based on the faecal culture method. Libyostrongylus douglassii was detected for the first time in 7 of 11 farms (64%) surveyed. Data from questionnaires designed to assess farm management practices showed that four out of seven (57.1%) of the ostrich producers were unaware of the importance of wireworms in ostriches. The farms did not have a regular deworming programme for their birds and no faecal samples were sent routinely to the veterinary laboratory for screening of wireworms. Wireworm infections were not taken into consideration by farmers during buying and selling of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Policy and procedural guidelines for the health and safety of workers in virus laboratories.

Through the use of a (a) a questionnaire, designed to elicit background information, (b) a serological survey, designed to obtain a picture of virus dissemination, and (c) a library review, designed to gain insight into the area of virus laboratory problems, the state of hazard in animal virus laboratories at Yale was evaluated. On the basis of this evaluation, a series of recommended guidelines for protecting the health and safety of workers in those laboratories was formulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A 13 year follow-up of child psychiatry training.

The graduates from two child psychiatry training programmes over a 13 year period responded to a questionnaire designed to elicit their retrospective evaluations of various aspects of their educational experience. Information is presented about areas of knowledge judged important, specific experiences which were helpful and unhelpful, and current patterns of practice of these graduates. Their attitudes toward supervision and supervisors are discussed, as are implications for recruitment of future trainees and teachers/faculty.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of musculo-skeletal symptoms in supermarket workers.

The Victorian Branch of the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association became concerned in 1985 by the large number of cases of musculo-skeletal symptoms being reported by members working in food and grocery supermarkets. With the support of the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Commission a survey was carried out which was aimed at determining the prevalence of such symptoms, and identifying associated factors. A questionnaire designed to establish the presence of musculo-skeletal symptoms was administered to all employees of seven supermarkets ranging in size from 15 to 171 employees, with a response rate of 73%. The staff of supermarkets were predominantly young, female and transient. One-third reported regular symptoms in some part of their body. Prevalence rates were calculated for body area and department. The checkout department had the highest rates for almost all body areas. The lower back, lower limbs and feet were the body areas with the highest rates. Postures and activities of a sample of job categories in each department were sampled at 10 s intervals for periods of 30 min for a total of 1000 observations for each department. A positive and significant correlation was found between proportion of time spent standing and symptoms in the lower limb and foot, especially in the checkout department where 90% of the time was spent standing in one place. It was concluded that there was an excess of symptoms appearing in checkout operators, and therefore, the operating methods of the checkout department warrant revision.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Assumed personality characteristics of counseling center growth group participants.

Two hundred students enrolled at Eastern Kentucky University were administered a questionnaire designed to measure attitudes toward fictitious students. The "students" were described as being engaged in several kinds of activities including a growth group at the counseling center of the university. The results indicated that growth group participants were rated more negatively than control stimulus persons on several personality dimensions. Ratings of individuals engaged in two kinds of psychotherapy were also discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1982

Identification of patient-generated feelings in security personnel.

Several authors have pointed out that the recognition of feelings aroused by patients in health professionals can be useful in the delivery of patient care. The general hospital setting provides an in vivo research laboratory for studying the awareness of patient-generated feelings. A questionnaire designed to help categorize and quantify the feelings experienced by security personnel (N = 28 males) while working with patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital indicated that security personnel experience a wide variety of emotions as a result of their contact with patients. Fear, anxiety, and helplessness were reported by the majority. The preponderance of negative affects identified confirms the stressful nature of their work.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Assimilation of Indian immigrant adolescents in British society.

Assimilation into British society was studied with first- and second-generation Indian immigrant adolescents and English boys and girls (N = 395, age range 14-16 years). They were administered a questionnaire designed by Danziger to monitor changes in their cultural perspectives, such as sex role specialization, autonomy in everyday life, and parents' perceived expectations. Analysis of variance revealed that no changes occurred among second-generation Indian girls, who enjoyed less autonomy in their daily lives than English girls and boys did. Second-generation Indian girls also perceived greater expectations from both parents to play a more responsible role in household activities. Few significant changes were found for Indian boys.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

The motivations and effectiveness of hospital volunteers.

The effectiveness of volunteers was examined in a sample of 98 volunteer workers at a community hospital in central North Carolina. The volunteers were asked to provide demographic information about themselves and to respond to a 20-item questionnaire designed to assess their motives for volunteering. Their effectiveness was also evaluated by a hospital administrator who was familiar with the quality of their work. The older volunteers were rated as more effective than the younger volunteers, and the women were rated as more effective than the men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Jóge Kankei: a key concept for an understanding of Japanese-American achievement.

Jóge Kankei, or an emphasis on superior-inferior relationships, refers to the pervasive concern with ranking in Japanese society. This concept is associated with achievement motivation in that it is related to socialization practices that create in the individual a heightened sensitivity to the opinions of significant others. In this paper, the pervasive concern with ranking and the sensitivity to the opinions of others is first used as a conceptual tool to explain the alleged paradoxical behavior of the Japanese at various times in their history, and is then used as the basis of a study aimed at understanding the rapid acculturation of the Japanese Americans. The study is based upon interviews with 234 Issei (first generation, born in Japan), 241 Nisei (second generation, born of Issei parents), and 372 Sansei (third generation, born of Nisei parents). Additionally, these three groups were administered several tests and questionnaires designed to measure acculturation and the retention of Japanese values.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1985

Exploring the relationship between gender identity and sexual functioning.

This study examined the hypotheses that individuals who are sexually functional and/or highly satisfied with their sexual relations exhibit an androgynous gender identity as well as high levels of congruence among their gender identity, sex-role expectations, and sex-role performance. Conversely, it was hypothesized that sexually dysfunctional and/or dissatisfied people display a polarized gender identity and low levels of congruence among their gender identity, sex-role expectations, and sex-role performance. A total of 61 married or intimate heterosexual couples served as subjects. Each subject completed a Bem Sex-Role Inventory three times, the instructions differing each time in order to provide measures of gender identity, sex-role expectations, and sex-role performance. Subjects also completed specially designed questionnaires which gauged their sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. The results did not support the hypotheses. Instead, the evidence suggested that sexual functioning and satisfaction for both men and women are associated with the perception that the actor possesses significantly more masculine traits than the typical same-sex person, whereas dysfunctioning and lower levels of satisfaction are associated with the perception that the actor exhibits more feminine traits than the typical member of one's sex group. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Criterion validity of two methods of evaluating marital relationships.

A structured interview and a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the quality and quantity of marital intimacy are examined by evaluating their relationship to a measure of marital adjustment. Conceptual and methodological questions regarding different techniques that measure marital quality are presented. The study suggests both techniques have established criterion validity. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed, and suggestion for future research are made.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Assessing clinical reasoning: a method to monitor its development in a PBL curriculum.

The aim of this study was to develop and trial a method to monitor the evolution of clinical reasoning in a PBL curriculum that is suitable for use in a large medical school. Termed Clinical Reasoning Problems (CRPs), it is based on the notion that clinical reasoning is dependent on the identification and correct interpretation of certain critical clinical features. Each problem consists of a clinical scenario comprising presentation, history and physical examination. Based on this information, subjects are asked to nominate the two most likely diagnoses and to list the clinical features that they considered in formulating their diagnoses, indicating whether these features supported or opposed the nominated diagnoses. Students at different levels of medical training completed a set of 10 CRPs as well as the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory, a self-reporting questionnaire designed to assess reasoning style. Responses were scored against those of a reference group of general practitioners. Results indicate that the CRPs are an easily administered, reliable and valid assessment of clinical reasoning, able to successfully monitor its development throughout medical training. Consequently, they can be employed to assess clinical reasoning skill in individual students and to evaluate the success of undergraduate medical schools in providing effective tuition in clinical reasoning.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of risk factors for stillbirth among pregnant women in Jamaica.

A case - control study was conducted to assess the risk factors of stillbirth among pregnant women in Jamaica. A total of 314 women participated (160 with stillborn babies and 154 with live-born babies). A questionnaire designed to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, antenatal care, medical and sexually transmitted disease (STD) history, method of delivery and infant birth and health status was administered to each woman. Medical records were reviewed to verify medical history. Six variables were found to be significant predictors of stillbirth by multivariate logistic regression. Low birth weight (OR = 4.3, CI = 2.4 - 7.7), complications during pregnancy or delivery (OR = .19, CI = 0.09 - 0.41), method of delivery (caesarean section; OR = 7.2, CI = 1.6 - 33.2), number of living children (OR = 0.54, CI = 0.40 - 0.73), number of antenatal visits (less than three; OR = 2.0, CI = 1.3 - 3.1), and presence of unfavourable and /or adverse fetal outcome (OR = 4.0, CI = 1.8 - 9.2) were found to be associated with stillbirth. These findings have important implications in establishing policies for prenatal care in Jamaica.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' views on situations related to privacy in providing home care for persons with long-term mental illness: an exploratory study.

The main aim of this exploratory study was to explore the views of nurses and mental health care workers on situations related to patient privacy in the home care of persons with long-term mental illness in Sweden. A specifically designed questionnaire was developed from theoretical constructs obtained in a qualitative study and distributed to 1,139 respondents. Data from 660 district nurses, psychiatric nurses, and mental health care workers revealed significant differences in perceptions by age, gender, and professional groups. For example, psychiatric nurses and mental health care workers indicated to a greater extent than district nurses feelings that relate to intrusion on patient privacy. Respondents who were 41 years or younger also indicated to a greater extent than those who were older that they felt home care was an intrusion on patient privacy. Moreover, men indicated to a greater extent than women feelings of insecurity in their professional role. Further investigation is needed, especially into how nurses deal with situations that intrude on patient privacy and how nursing intervention impacts on the patients' own sense of privacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Indicator foods for vitamin A assessment.

Epidemiological interview studies examining the association between vitamin A and cancer at various sites have been hampered by restricted time available for interview; consequently, studies have included varying lists of food items or broad food groups, thus making comparability of results difficult. To identify a standardized list of indicator foods that adequately assess total vitamin A intake, we examined the 24-hour dietary recall of 13,201 adults who participated in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) from 1971 to 1974. Food items reportedly consumed were ranked by contribution to overall (aggregated) intake in various subpopulations by an index of vitamin A contribution, which reflected the frequency of consumption, portion size, and vitamin A concentration (IUs/100 g). A comparison of these ranks identified certain food items that had a relative contribution to vitamin A intake which varied by sex/race group, season of interview, age, or region of the country; income level had little effect on the food rankings. The top-ranking 50 foods were sufficient to correctly classify 80%-90% of the individuals into low-, moderate-, and high-consumer categories. The major contributing foods for any subpopulation examined included both retinol (e.g., dairy products, liver) and carotenoid sources of vitamin A (e.g., certain fruits and vegetables) in addition to items (e.g., mixed tomato and cheese dishes) not included in earlier questionnaire studies. Recommendations are made for future questionnaires designed to assess vitamin A.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potential intake of intense sweeteners in Brazil.

A survey of intense sweetener intakes was carried out in the winter of 1990 and summer of 1991 in Brazil. Data on the potential intake of the intense sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin were generated, based on a representative sample of 673 individuals who completed a questionnaire designed to collect information on demographic details and habitual usage of sweetener-containing food and drinks. The respondents were randomly chosen among intense sweetener consumers living the cities of Campinas, São Paulo and Curitiba, Paraná. Potential daily intakes by individuals were calculated for each sweetener by combining each person's consumption of sweetener-containing food and beverages with information generated by the determination of the concentrations of the sweeteners used in these products. The data showed that 72% of the studied population consumed saccharin, 67% cyclamate and 40% aspartame. The main reasons alleged for the use of intense sweeteners were weight-control diet (36%), diabetes (35%) and weight loss (23%). Table-top sweeteners were the major source of sweeteners, followed by soft drinks. The median daily intake of aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin represented approximately 2.9, 15.5, and 16-4% of the corresponding ADI, respectively. Diabetics in general had a much higher intake within the studied population.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Two-year prospective study of psychosocial outcomes and a cost-analysis of 'treatment-as-usual' versus an 'enhanced' (specialist liaison nurse) service for aneurysmal sub arachnoid haemorrhage (ASAH) patients and families.

An 18-month retrospective study of 'treatment-as-usual' of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (ASAH, n = 142) used as control to compare prospective study (n = 184) of an 'enhanced' ('Specialist Liaison Nurse'-SLN) service to reduce psychosocial trauma. Consultant notes, Glasgow Coma Scores and 'High Risk' bleeds scores provided clinical data. A standardized patient/carer designed questionnaire provided psychosocial data, plus a cost-analysis. The cohorts were good clinical and social matches. Sixty-five per cent of patients had 'high risk' bleeds, and 81% were Grade 1 and 2 on the GCS, 54% aged less than 55 years, 83% belonged to social classes 1-3 and 32% had school-aged children. Satisfaction with SLN inpatient and discharge care increased significantly, with reduced psychosocial trauma. The SLN produced net 'savings' of pounds sterling 155,000 p.a., from reduced time-off work, medical time and re-admissions. Prospectively, pounds sterling 1.6 + million annual 'savings' were identified on 80% of employed patients returning to work. Long-term dysfunctional stress is not inevitable for most ASAH patients as a SLN is clinically and fiscally cost-effective.

Adult↗