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PubMed1998

Common and specific features of childhood psychopathology.

This article describes a conceptual and data-analytic model for characterizing different levels of common and specific features of child psychopathology: common features, which differentiate psychopathology from normality; broadband-specific features, which differentiate internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, somatization) from externalizing problems (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity); and narrowband-specific features, which differentiate different narrowband syndromes (e.g., anxiety from somatization, hyperactivity from aggression) within each of the broadband syndromes. As an illustration of the model, data for 6 cognitive variables (e.g., global self-worth, causal attributions) are related to 6 psychopathology domains (e.g., aggression, depression) in a sample of 204 children. It is suggested that common features may be related to severity of psychopathology, whereas specific features may be more related to differentiation of psychopathology.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Role of maternal functioning and parenting skills in adolescent functioning following parental divorce.

While divorce has been associated with impaired child functioning, the mechanisms within the divorce process leading to such an outcome have rarely been examined. The following hypothesis was examined: Divorce is associated with poor parental adjustment or disrupts parenting behavior, or both, which leads to poor adolescent functioning. Subjects were 121 and 93 young adolescents from intact and recently divorced families, respectively, and their mothers and teachers. Mothers completed measures assessing parental conflict and depression, observers coded parenting skills during a mother-adolescent interaction, and teachers completed measures assessing adolescent functioning. Although the magnitude of differences was not large, analyses of variance indicated that the divorced sample was functioning poorer than the married sample on all measures except interparental conflict. Path analysis suggested that parental functioning and parenting skills play a role in adolescent functioning following divorce.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents.

Adolescent boys (N = 128) from a maximum security prison for juvenile offenders were administered a task to assess hostile attributional biases. As hypothesized, these biases were positively correlated with undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder (as indicated by high scores on standardized scales and by psychiatric diagnoses), with reactive-aggressive behavior, and with the number of interpersonally violent crimes committed. Hostile attributional biases were found not to relate to nonviolent crimes or to socialized aggressive behavior disorder. These findings held even when race and estimates of intelligence and socioeconomic status were controlled. These findings suggest that within a population of juvenile offenders, attributional biases are implicated specifically in interpersonal reactive aggression that involves anger and not in socialized delinquency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Congruence of personality and life events in depression.

Consistent with the personality-event congruence hypothesis, highly sociotropic depressed patients (n = 19) reported more recent negative interpersonal events than negative autonomy events and more negative interpersonal events than did highly autonomous depressed patients (n = 22), for whom the hypothesis was not supported. There was no evidence of such congruence among nondepressed schizophrenic patients (n = 44). In a second study, there was significant personality-event congruence in dysphoric students (n = 26) but not in nondysphoric students (n = 56). Both the high-sociotropy and high-autonomy dysphoric groups separately yielded nonsignificant trends consistent with congruence. These findings add to the growing support for the importance of the sociotropy construct in depression and weaker support for the autonomy construct or its measurement, and they suggest that the congruence effect does not generalize to all psychopathologies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of interparental violence on the psychological adjustment and competencies of young children.

Preschool children (N = 107) were divided into 4 groups on the basis of maternal report; home and shelter groups exposed to verbal and physical conflict, a home group exposed to verbal conflict only, and a home control group. Parental ratings of behavior problems and competencies and children's self-report data were collected. Results show that verbal conflict only was associated with a moderate level of conduct problems: verbal plus physical conflict was associated with clinical levels of conduct problems and moderate levels of emotional problems; and verbal plus physical conflict plus shelter residence was associated with clinical levels of conduct problems, higher level of emotional problems, and lower levels of social functioning and perceived maternal acceptance. Findings suggests a direct relationship between the nature of the conflict and residence and type and extent of adjustment problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence.

Earlier research suggests that diverse adolescent problem behaviors, such as substance use, school problems, early sexual intercourse, and delinquency, reflect a single underlying dimension of behavior. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study were used to examine this issue in a previously unexamined sample (N = 426) of preadolescent sixth-grade youth. Ss included boys and girls from diverse socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds, whose average ages were 11 and 12. By using confirmatory factor analyses to test competing models, multiple factor structures were detected, suggesting that earlier findings supporting a single factor conceptualization may not be generalizable to this age group. Implications of the finding that problem behaviors may be more differentiated in late childhood than in adolescence are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Family conflict and adolescent adjustment in intact, divorced, and blended families.

This study examined two contrasting views of how parental marital status relates to the long-term adjustment of children. The physical wholeness position views divorce and subsequent remarriage and the blending of families as salient explanatory variables that adversely affect children's later adjustment through the physical dissolution of the nuclear family; the psychological wholeness position views perceived current family conflict as the critical variable that influences adjustment, regardless of parental marital status. Results of analyses on White adolescents (N = 917) fail to support the physical wholeness position; rather, results support the psychological wholeness position. Adolescents' adjustment was related to level of perceived family conflict.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, delinquent behavior, and delinquent personality: longitudinal analyses.

Three alternative models concerning the causal links between early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, and delinquent behavior or antisocial personality were tested with linear structural equation modeling. Subjects were boys and girls followed from first grade to age 14. Disruptive behavior was assessed in Grade 1; school achievement was assessed in Grades 1 and 4; delinquent behavior and antisocial personality were assessed at age 14. With regard to self-reported delinquent behavior at age 14, results indicate that the best model for boys was a direct causal link between Grade 1 disruptive behavior and delinquent behavior. Poor school achievement was not a necessary causal factor. For girls, none of the tested models were a good fit to the delinquent behavior data. As for delinquent personality, results indicate that, for both boys and girls, poor school achievement was a necessary component of the causal path between Grade 1 disruptive behavior and age 14 delinquent personality.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African-American youth.

Distributional properties and correlates of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were presented for a sample (n = 221) of low-income, African-American youths between 7 and 18 years of age. The results showed that younger children and those living in a household without their mother reported more depressive symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that victims of violence reported more depressive symptoms. However, chronic exposure to violence, in the form of witnessing violent acts, was not significantly related to depression. On further inspection, it was discovered that witnessing violence had a negative effect on depression. This finding, although somewhat unexpected, may be the result of some youths possessing a set of extraordinary coping mechanisms that help to insulate them from negative environmental experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

A structural equation model of dyadic relationships within the family system.

Ideas about the association between family interaction patterns and mental health have inspired a great deal of research on family relationships. Conventional statistical models (e.g., analysis of variance), however, are not suited for the analysis of the nonindependent observations produced by family systems; yet, these sources of nonindependence (e.g., reciprocity, partner effects) are very interesting to many family researchers. This article demonstrates how structural equation modeling enables the study of family processes in a way that is consistent with a systems perspective. An analysis of perceived coerciveness in 2-parent, 2-child families illustrates the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Parents' marital functioning and adolescent psychopathology.

Parents' marital functioning and adolescent psychopathology were investigated in 2 studies. The first study compared parents' marital satisfaction, conflict over childrearing, affective communication, and traditional role orientation in matched samples of psychiatric inpatient and control-group adolescents. The second study examined associations between specific dimensions of marital functioning and adolescent depression severity, suicidal ideation, and social adjustment in a larger sample of adolescent inpatients. In Study 1, parents of inpatients reported less marital satisfaction and more conflicts over childrearing than parents of control-group adolescents. In Study 2, marital conflicts over childrearing were associated with a less active or involved father-adolescent relationship and more severe school behavior and spare time problems. Marital functioning was not associated with depression severity or suicidal ideation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between vivid description, emotional arousal, and in-session resolution of problematic reactions.

The relationships among clients' descriptions of external events, emotional arousal, and resolution of problematic reactions was examined. Clients (n = 12) explored problematic reactions with their therapists on 2 separate occasions. It was found that (a) resolution sessions, in contrast to nonresolution sessions, were characterized by high levels of referential activity (W. Bucci, 1985) when clients described problematic situations followed immediately by the differentiation of an emotional reaction by clients and (b) clients reported a change in mood immediately after the vivid descriptions of problematic situations. The findings highlight the role that vivid description can play in promoting clients' emotional arousal during the session and provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the performance model (L. N. Rice & E. P. Saperia, 1984).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans.

Structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships among prewar factors, dimensions of war-zone stress, and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology using data from 1,632 female and male participants in the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. For men, previous trauma history (accidents, assaults, and natural disasters) directly predicted PTSD and also interacted with war-zone stressor level to exacerbate PTSD symptoms for high combat-exposed veterans. Male veterans who entered the war at a younger age displayed more symptoms. Family instability, childhood antisocial behavior, and age had indirect effects on PTSD for men. For women, indirect prewar effects emanated from family instability. More attention should be given to critical developmental conditions, especially family instability and earlier trauma exposure, in conceptualizing PTSD in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Axis II symptomatology, depression, and life stress during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

This study examined 2 models of the relationship between personality disorder symptomatology and depression, incorporating life stress as an intervening variable. In a community sample of late adolescent women, symptoms of Cluster B disorders predicted interpersonal chronic stress and self-generated episodic stress over 2 years, controlling for initial depression. Cluster A symptoms also predicted subsequent chronic interpersonal stress, over initial depression. Cluster C pathology did not predict subsequent stress. Personality disorder symptomatology was also associated with partner-reported relationship dissatisfaction. Support was found for a mediation model whereby women with higher levels of initial personality disturbance in Clusters A and B generated excessive amounts of episodic stress and interpersonal chronic stress in the next 2 years, which, in turn, increased vulnerability for depressive symptoms. A moderation model, whereby the presence of greater personality disorder symptoms would increase the likelihood of depression in response to stress, was not supported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Self-perceived personality change in adulthood and aging.

This study replicated and extended a previous work on self-perceived personality change in the middle- to old-age transition. A modified form of the Rokeach Value Survey (previously administered to women) was given to 80 middle-aged and 80 old-aged men and women. Self-perceived change was examined by varying instructional conditions to include concurrent, prospective, and retrospective self-assessments. In addition, participants were asked to respond to various personality dimensions from the Jackson Personality Research Form. Four scales were selected to reflect the personality changes suggested by theory to occur during these age periods (developmental scales). Four additional scales, predicted to show no self-perceived change processes (control scales), were also administered to establish boundary conditions of the proposed change process. The findings replicated the previously documented values transition in women and provided support (in the assessments of middle-aged men) for the predicted sequence in developmental personality scales. Finally, the control scale outcomes, as predicted, showed no self-perceived change in the assessments of either men or women.

Adult↗