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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails treated with selenium.

The toxicity of selenium on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, was traced by studying its effect on the protein profile, free amino acids (FAA) and some urea cycle enzymes, namely, ornithine aminotransferase, argininosuccinate synthetase and arginase in hepatopancreas of snails. The results revealed that treatment with 15 ppm selenium dioxide (SeO2) caused an elevation in the protein content and a variation in the percentage and number of the different polypeptides as obtained by gel electrophoresis, and a remarkable reduction in all FAA except arginine alanine and threonine. On the other hand, the activity of ornithine, aminotransferase was elevated whereas that of arginase was reduced. The study is a trial to focus some metabolic disorders caused by SeO2 on the physiological status of these intermediate host snails, which may greatly control parasite-host association and thus the life-cycle of the parasite within its respective host may be somewhat disturbed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Beaver fever--a rare cause of reactive arthritis.

Giardia lamblia infection is rarely associated with adult reactive arthritis. We report the first North American case and review the pediatric and adult literature to date. Antimicrobial treatment is essential to eradicate the parasite and control the arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Demographic and socio-economic factors with implications for the control of lymphatic filariasis in Kwale District, Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To examine demographic and socio-economic factors with regard to control of lymphatic filariasis. DESIGN: A cross sectional data collection approach using a questionnaire. SETTING: Three adjacent villages, namely Lutsangani, Dzivani and Gandini in Kwale district. This was the study site for a larger KEMRI-JICA lymphatic filariasis control project. Findings from the larger project showed filariasis prevalence rates of 22.6%, 12.1% and 11.9% in the three villages respectively. SUBJECTS: All 891 household-heads in the three villages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relationship between selected factors (age, sex, education, employment status, availability of latrine and permanent roofing for the main dwelling) and current use of protection against mosquito bites. RESULTS: Use of mosquito-bed nets, mosquito repellents and insecticides was found in 13.8% of the households. Education and employment status of the household-heads were positively associated with protection against man-vector contact (p < 0.001). Non-availability of latrines and lack of permanent roofing (tiles or corrugated iron sheets) for the main dwellings in 80% and 95% households, respectively, were additional clear indicators of low socio-economic development. CONCLUSION: Given the inter-village variations in the prevalence of the filariasis, wide scale diagnosis for treatment control approach could be prohibitively expensive. Effective control of filariasis in this and similar communities may be by mass treatment with either diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin combined with albendazole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Absence of obvious short-term impact of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on survival and growth of the earthworm Aporrectodea longa.

The nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans may be used in biological control of parasitic nematode larvae in faeces of domestic host animals after feeding the hosts with fungal chlamydospores. In this experiment a possible undesirable fungal impact on earthworms, of the species Aporrectodea longa, was investigated. As earthworms eat animal faeces, D. flagrans may come into contact with earthworms both in their alimentary tract and on their body surface. However during the experimental period of 20 days, when earthworms were living in soil and eating cattle faeces that were heavily infested with viable chlamydospores of D. flagrans there were no indications of internal or external mycosis among the earthworms.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

How do rural households perceive and prioritise malaria and mosquito nets? A study in five communities of Nigeria.

The aim of this study was to determine households' levels of prioritization and perception of malaria, ordinary mosquito nets and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in five malaria holo-endemic communities in Enugu State, South-eastern Nigeria. The household heads or the representatives from randomly selected households were interviewed, using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The majority of the respondents had a good knowledge about malaria and the use of ordinary mosquito nets to prevent malaria. However, few knew about the existence of ITNs. Most respondents also stated that malaria was a priority problem and perceived some risk of contracting it. Despite the high level of knowledge about the use of mosquito nets, only 14.0%, 15.7%, 9.6% and 8.0% of the respondents from four of the communities had ever purchased any type of mosquito nets, except in Orba where the proportion was 50.3%. However, more than 80% in all the communities expressed a desire to buy insecticide-treated mosquito nets for the prevention of mosquito bites. There was considerable knowledge about malaria and the use of mosquito nets to prevent it. There were also high levels of prioritization of the disease, mosquito nets and ITNs which signalled the possibility of establishing sustainable community-based ITN programmes, especially as households wanted to buy the ITNs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antimalarial drugs and their ways to use in the African milieu].

In the tropical African environment, malaria is both a major public health problem and a problem of socioeconomic development. It is caused by various agents, the most virulent and only lethal one of which is Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite is controlled by the appropriate use of antimalarial drugs and methods of individual and collective protection. The principal drugs used to treat bouts of malaria without vomiting caused by P. falciparum are amino-4-quinoleines, essentially chloroquine. This is based on the level of resistance of P. falciparum to drugs in most African countries, particularly those of Central and West Africa. Malawi is the only country of southern Africa to have replaced chloroquine by sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for this indication, in 1993. In cases of bouts of benign malaria with vomiting, but that are not serious, and severe malaria caused by P. falciparum (suspected or confirmed) with or without drug resistance, quinine should be given intravenously for at least three days. Once the patient regains consciouness or the digestive problems cease, quinine treatment should be given orally for 5 to 7 days. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine can be given as an alternative to quinine. The other antimalarial drugs currently on the African market (halofantrine, mefloquine, artemisinine and its derivatives) are often used inappropriately and should be used only in exceptional cases of severe bouts of complicated P. falciparum malaria, with suspected or confirmed resistance to amino-4-quinoleines. Individual protection against the Anopheles mosquito, the principal vector of malaria in Africa, is based largely on the use of mosquito nets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticide and the use of aerosols. Collective protection involves essentially environment-based measures.

Africa↗
PubMed1975

Relationship of pasture rotation to acquisition of gastrointestinal nematodes by sheep.

In a study of the relationship between pasture rotation in Illinois and acquisition of nematodes (mostly Haemonchus contortus) and body weight gains by lambs grazing with their ewes, 2 pasture rotation systems were tested. (1) Lambs and ewes were rotated through a series of 12 alfalfa-bromegrass-lespedeza pastures, each pasture being grazed for 3 to 4 days and rested for 5.5 weeks; 4 complete rotations were done during a 168-day grazing season. (2) Lambs and ewes were moved every 2 days, and 3 complete rotations of 50, 42, and 54 days, respectively, were done during the 146-day grazing season. The lambs under rotation had more nematodes and gained less weight than nonrotated control lambs, although rotation increased the amount of pasturage. Rotation is not recommended to control nematode parasitism of sheep in Illinois.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Malaria study in the cyclone risk zone: entomological , diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the southeastern region of Madagascar].

Madagascar is a tropical island affected by many natural disasters. The eastern coastal zone--an area of perennial malaria transmission--is regularly exposed to cyclones. Few malaria studies have been done in this area of Madagascar, and none have examined the potential relationship between malaria and natural disasters. A mobile team spent six weeks in the fields doing three lines of research: an entomological study by catching mosquitoes and determining their species: a therapeutic study of chloroquine (CQ) and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) according to a 14 days WHO protocol and also a study of physician's diagnostic ability. Physicians were asked to make a presumptive clinical diagnosis of all febrile patients, and these results were compared to those obtained from blood smear examinations. The entomological study found three major vectors species: Anopheles gambiae, An. funestus and An. mascarensis. The therapeutic study showed that SP was 100% effective (n = 13) and only one case of CQ treatment failure was recorded (1/15). Finally the diagnostic study demonstrated that presumptive diagnosis of malaria based on the only clinical signs leads to an over-estimation of malaria frequency. Over 68% (102/149) of febrile patients were diagnosed by physicians to have malaria while only 52 (34.9%) were proven positive. Of the 47 patients diagnosed clinically as malaria-negative, 12 (25.5%) turned out to be positive. Outbreaks of malaria during or after natural disasters in Madagascar can be successfully treated with either CQ or SP, but compliance may be better with SP since it requires only one dose. Perhaps equally important in the context of natural disasters is to have the capacity to make a definitive diagnosis, and the dipsticks should be made available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Microbiological risk associated with consumption of drinking water in developed countries].

This article provides an overview of the waterborne disease (WBD) issue in developed countries (USA, Canada, UK and other European countries). The factors involved in the epidemiology of waterborne infection are analysed (microbial, social, environmental, etc.) and the main WBD etiological agents are described with particular interest to emerging pathogens (i.e. Cryptosporidium parvum, Legionella and Calicivirus). Microorganism characteristics related to water contamination risk are described and examples of waterborne outbreak are reported. A short account about the detection methods of these microorganisms in the water is given. In conclusion, some possible strategies to control waterborne microbiological risk in industrialised countries are discussed considering the application of the risk analysis and the HACCP system in the water production and the need of a WBD surveillance system.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2006

The emergency of molecular and transgenic lymphology: what do we (really) know so far?

Since its first sequential visualization in 1902 by Florence Sabin, the development and maintenance of the lymphatic system has intrigued scientists and clinicians worldwide. Its close ties to the vascular network, relevance in the spread and control of parasitic and cancerous diseases, and involvement in the development of other disease states manifested by lymphedema are well known. What is still not clear is how the system develops in the first place, and this limits its effective manipulation for the management of disease states. The aim of the current article is to summarize advances that have been made via genetic approaches using transgenic and knockout mice. It should be noted that studies of lymphatic vessel growth utilizing protein reagents or transgenic technology alone, in a tissue/cell culture environment, during tumor metastasis, in a lymphatic disease paradigm, or during tissue repair, have shown that various growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor BB (1), hepatocyte growth factor (2), fibroblast growth factor (3), and VEGF-A (4) appear to play a role. This article is a commentary on the usefulness of specific genetic engineering tools in understanding the development of the lymphatic system--with a focus on the questions that have been addressed using these tools, the extent to which the questions have actually been answered, and the questions that have subsequently been raised. It is not meant to be a discussion of protein reagents or of specific biological situations that exhibit lymphangiogenesis (see reviews 5-7).

Angiopoietins↗
PubMed2000

[Regulation of the immune response to intestinal nematode infections in mice].

Control of parasitic infections is dependent on mechanisms that limit invasion, reproduction or survival of the parasite, including elevated serum IgE, eosinophilia and intestinal mast cell hyperplasia. Studies with mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Trichuris muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichinella spiralis have provided considerable information about immune mechanisms correlated with resistance and susceptibility. Activation and cytokine secretion of distinct Th cell subset leads to the generation of effective or ineffective responses resulting in clearance of the parasite load or maintenance of chronic infection. The induction of differential responses remains to be determined but is likely to be influenced at a number of levels including the host genetic background, involvement of accessory cells, activation of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. The regulation of responses to intestinal nematode infections is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myocardial sarcocystosis in a grand eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) and a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis).

Cardiac sarcocystosis is described in a grand eclectus parrot and a Moluccan cockatoo. Many cysts containing metrocytes were observed within cardiac muscle fibers on tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Characteristic ultrastructural features of the cyst walls included the presence of villous projections containing microtubules. Compartmentalization of the cysts resulted from inward extensions of the cyst wall. The differential diagnosis of sarcocystosis, the life cycle of the parasite, and control measures are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Depressed adjuvant arthritis in rats transferred with spleen cells from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected syngeneic donors.

In the present study we investigated whether the attenuating effect of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the rat could be transferred to naive recipients. Transfer of whole spleen cells, but not of serum, from Tc-infected rats reduced AA (means +/- SEM: 11 +/- 0.5) in recipient animals (control values, means +/- SEM: 19 +/- 0.7). Transfer of a T-cell-enriched subpopulation from spleen cells of Tc-infected rats (obtained by filtration through a nylon wool column) resulted in a similar attenuation of AA (means +/- SEM: 7.5 +/- 2.2). The arthritic response of rats intraperitoneally inoculated with 2 x 10(5) Tc 48 h before induction did not differ from that observed in controls. Neither parasites nor specific antibodies were observed in suckling mice inoculated with serum or cell suspensions employed in transfer experiments. Consequently, the depressive effect on AA could not be directly attributed to Tc per se. We hypothesize that a homeostatic immunosuppressor mechanism may be responsible for this phenomenon.

Animals↗