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PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytogenetic effect of 238Pu alpha radiation on the germ cells of male mice].

A study was made of the yield of reciprocal translocations in stem spermatogonia of mice exposed to alpha-radiation (238Pu) and whole-body acute and chronic gamma-radiation within a wide range of doses and dose-rates. The frequency of reciprocal translocations induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of plutonium nitrate was relatively low and independent of the dose 1.5-18 months after the effect. The yield of the reciprocal translocations induced by chronic effect of gamma-radiation was appreciably lower than that observed after acute irradiation with the same dose and grew linearly with dose. The RBE of alpha-radiation was 10-20 with respect to chronic effect of gamma-radiation.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed1986

Reducing the cancer risk of 239Pu by chelation therapy.

Groups of adult female C57BL/Do mice were injected intraperitoneally with graded activities of monomeric 239Pu(IV) citrate at 10 weeks of age. Beginning 3 days after plutonium injection, some mice received repeated subcutaneous injections of Zn Na3 diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Zn-DTPA). Each injection was 37 mumol Zn-DTPA/kg body weight. To evaluate protection from bone sarcoma, brief, intermediate, or protracted chelation therapies were administered to groups of mice. The brief chelation therapy covered a 2-week period, the intermediate therapy 2 months, and the protracted therapy 1 year. The mice were followed throughout life and examined for bone sarcoma. Both skeletal dose and bone sarcoma risk were reduced by chelation. The bone sarcoma incidences in the mice given chelation treatments generally fell below the dose-response curve for the mice not given DTPA, indicating that the cancer risk was reduced more than that corresponding to the decreased skeletal dose. This results suggests that Zn-DTPA preferentially removed Pu from the most carcinogenic locations in the skeleton, such as on bone surfaces near living cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of the microdistribution of 239Pu in immunocompetent structures of the rat spleen after administration of the nuclide in the nitrate form].

The histoautoradiographic study has demonstrated that during the first 24 hours following the administration, plutonium is distributed diffusely and in the form of aggregates corresponding to reticular cells of marginal and brain sinuses. In addition, after 7 days on, one could observe phagocytosis of 239Pu particles and aggregates by the interdigiting reticular cells and migration thereof into follicle region where the cooperative relations occur between T- and B-lymphocytes. The absorbed radiation dose in the interdigiting cells is estimated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of age on the efficacy of Zn-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid therapy for removal of Am and Pu from beagles.

Decorporation of intravenously injected monomeric 241Am and 237+239Pu by the administration of 30 mumole Zn-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)/kg each day beginning 2 weeks after radionuclide injection was compared in beagles entered into the experiment when 3 months (juveniles). 1.9 years (young adults), or 10 years (mature adults) old and studied for about 5 months. DTPA therapy was most effective in the juvenile dogs and least effective in the mature adults. Retention of 241Am in the liver decreased from a pretreatment value for adults of about 50% of the injected activity to about 10% in the mature adults and less than 1% in the young adults at 140 days of treatment, while the liver retention of juveniles decreased from pretreatment values of about 16% to undetectable levels by 28 days of treatment. Plutonium retention in the liver decreased from adult pretreatment levels of about 30% of the injected activity (corrected for radioactive decay) to near 10% in the mature adults and 6% in the young adults at 140 days of treatment, while juvenile liver retention decreased from pretreatment values near 15% to undetectable levels by 56 days of treatment. Nonliver Am retention (mainly skeleton) decreased in mature adults from pretreatment values of about 45% of the injected activity to near 25%, in young adults from 35 to 20%, and in juveniles from roughly 70 to 9% by 140 days of DTPA administration. Nonliver Pu retention decreased from pretreatment values of about 50% of the injected activity (corrected for radioactive decay) for mature and young adults to about 30% by 140 days and from 75 to 16% in juveniles over the time period.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

A model of the retention, translocation and excretion of systemic Pu.

A model is developed to describe retention, translocation, and excretion of Pu that has reached the blood stream of an adult human. Emphasis has been placed on depicting the processes that govern the behavior of Pu in the body, particularly its retention in the skeleton and liver and its removal in urine and feces. Plutonium-specific information, primarily from animal studies, is used for identifying these processes. Suggested parameter values for soluble Pu are based mainly on information for humans, including general physiological and anatomical information about the compartments involved as well as data on Pu in humans. With appropriate modifications in some of the rate constants, the model is applicable to other actinides and to insoluble forms of Pu.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Association of 239Pu with lysosomes in rat, Syrian hamster, and Chinese hamster liver as studied by carrier-free electrophoresis and electron microscopic autoradiography with 241Pu.

The binding of injected monomeric plutonium in the liver of rats, Syrian hamsters, and Chinese hamsters (species which show profound differences in their ability to eliminate 239Pu from the liver) was investigated by carrier-free electrophoresis using 239Pu and electron microscopic autoradiography with 241Pu. These studies are part of a program designed to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the clearance of transuranium elements from liver of different mammals and man. Between 4 and 9 days after nuclide injection, a clear correlation between the majority of the 239Pu and lysosomal enzymes was observed when the mitochondrial-lysosomal (ML) fraction of the livers was analyzed by carrier-free electrophoresis. In the two hamster species, a second 239Pu peak exists from the beginning and increases with time to comprise 50% of the total radioactivity at later times. During electron microscopic examination 4 days after 241Pu injection, beta tracks were frequently observed over globular structures resembling dense bodies in Chinese hamster liver. They were also observed frequently over chromatin-rich portions of the cell nuclei. These results, together with those from previous density gradient studies, show that lysosomes are the primary deposition site for 239Pu in the liver cytoplasm of these three rodent species. The hypothesis of a morphologic transformation of these lysosomes with time in hamster liver and of rapid bulk exocytosis of the lysosomes in rats are still possible explanations for the extreme differences in the elimination among the three species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior and biological action of 239Pu administered intramuscularly during complexon therapy].

With intramuscular injection of 239Pu nitrate the radionuclide content of the rat skeleton was higher, and at the site of injection, lower, than with injection of a polymer plutonium. The animals developed osteosarcomas (nitrate greater than polymer), and at the site of trauma, fibrosarcomas (nitrate less than polymer). After a complexon therapy the dose accretion in the skeleton and liver diminished, the life span increased, and the incidence of sarcomas decreased.

Absorption↗
PubMed1982

Environmental and health effects of the nuclear industry and nuclear weapons: a current evaluation.

The nuclear weapons industry in the U.S. comprises nine major plants, supported by a network of subcontractors and grantee institutions. Weapons development progresses at the Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos Laboratories under the auspices of the University of California. Fissionable materials and tritium are produced at the Savannah River Plant (du Pont) or at Hanford. Reprocessing of plutonium and weapons grade uranium and manufacture of components are carried out at Rocky Flats (formerly Dow, now Rockwell Int.). Large amounts of radionuclides are generated or involved in operations at most of the nine plants. Internal reports of surveillance efforts by weapons plant personnel to monitor emissions of radioactive gases and particulates have now been released by several of the plants (in one case through litigation). Those reports document major releases of radioactive gases and particulates to the environment in the past, and continuing routine releases of some importance. Few investigations have been made of effects from these potent carcinogens in local populations. There have been several preliminary reports (Rocky Flats, Los Alamos and Savannah River) and one comprehensive report [Ambio 10: 176 (1981)]. Evidence of significantly increased rates of cancer of the more radiosensitive organs has been demonstrated. Adequate cancer registry and vital statistics data are essential for the comprehensive investigations of somatic and genetic effects which should be carried out around all nuclear installations near population centres.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1982

Biological effects of bone-seeking alpha emitters with respect to the risk of internal contamination in man.

Some results of long-term experiments performed in mice contaminated with 226Ra and 239Pu, especially the damage to the hemopoietic system and the incidence of osteosarcoma, are reported. Different degree of damage to the bone marrow hemopoiesis, depending on the arrangement of marrow cavities and the capability of stem cells to produce differentiated progeny are evaluated. This ability decreases with age and with duration of the contamination due to radionuclides. From the above aspects of radiation injury the ability of hemopoiesis to compensate the decreased production of differentiated peripheral cell forms is discussed. It is remarkable that myeloid leukemia occurred earlier and more frequently in 239Pu-contaminated animals than in controls. After the injection of plutonium-239, myeloid and lymphatic leukemias were diagnosed in most of the animals dying without osteosarcoma. These diseases represented a danger not lower than that of osteosarcoma which appeared in average later and the expected incidence of which was estimated to rise linearly with age. The findings are discussed from the aspect of their application in evaluating the risk resulting for man from the incorporated bone-seeking alpha emitters.

Alpha Particles↗
PubMed1980

Bone sarcomas in 239Pu-treated mice.

Female ICR mice were injected with a monomeric form of 239Pu (180.1 kBq/kg) at the age of 10 weeks and during the long-term contamination the incidence of bone sarcomas was studied. Average survival of 100 control mice was 545 +/- 14 days, the 100 plutonium-given mice survived 420 +/- 10 d and 50 sarcoma-bearing animals 456 +/- 11 days. Most of the 61 induced sarcomas were located in the spine (70%) and in trabecular parts of the other bones. Among these 61 tumors there were 55 osteoblastic osteosarcomas, 4 immature undifferentiated sarcomas and 2 angiosarcomas. In 6 tumor-bearing mice metastases were observed in lungs, liver, intracranial cavity and in mediastinal lymph nodes. Among control mice only one osteogenic mandibular sarcoma was verified. The osteosarcoma incidence was evaluated with respect to the retained activity and cumulative average skeletal dose. The results were discussed and compared with data published by others.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Some quantitative micromorphological characteristics of granulocytic leukemia in 239Pu-injected mice and untreated controls.

Cytologic and histologic evaluation of granulocytic leukemia was carried out in 22 plutonium-treated mice and in 17 controls. The contaminated animals were injected i. v. with 5.4 kBq 239Pu/mouse (180 kBq/kg) at the age of 70 days. Morphologic evidence of the disease was based on the identification of immature abnormal granulocytes in the bone marrow and spleen and on the histologically ascertained leukemic infiltration at least in one of the tissues examined (liver, lung, kidney, lymph nodes). Whatever further symptoms are thought to be of non-specific value. The leukemic process could be mostly evaluated as more florid in the spleen than in the bone marrow. The less active leukemic proliferation in 239Pu-treated mice than in diseased controls is the most important finding of this study. The results are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Resorption coefficients and prevention of Pu-239 oxide entry through microtrauma of the skin].

The resorption coefficients of 239Pu were from (3.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(-4) to (6.3 +/- 1.4) x 10(-4) after contamination of skin microwounds of rats with plutonium oxides. Effective periods of the radionuclide accumulation in the organism were from 0.18 to 0.48 days. Disactivation of microinjuries with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution followed by electrocoagulation of the involved skin sites helped reduce the level of 239Pu in the tested skin site by 12.5 times, and by 4.5 to 7.5 times in the skeleton and liver. These measures, in combination with a 64-day course of pentacin and zincacin injections, helped reduce the level of the radionuclide in the organism 12-fold.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Estimation of soil fraction of Pu in the formation of irradiation dose of inhabitants of the Bryansk region].

The estimation of plutonium in soils of the contaminated after Chernobyl accident areas of Bryansk Region (Russia) are presented. On the basis of data about Pu concentrations in soils and by means of migration models in "soil-man" system the doses received were assessed. Pu-239, 240 and Pu-238 were determined in samples of autopsy material (lung, liver, bones and tracheobronchial lymph nodes) of residents from Chernobyl-fallout contaminated regions. Effective doses have been obtained by means of data about Pu-concentration in autopsy samples.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1994

[Metabolic processes in humans exposed to high doses of chronic radiation].

The study covered the metabolic parameters in a total of 390 workers of atomic industry, who received the total surface dose of gamma rays equal to 1.0-7.5 Gy and periodic excessive incorporation of plutonium-239. The authors described age- and sex-matched radiation-induced moderate changes in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and the compromised activity of enzymes. The most distinct changes were seem in the people, who had received the total surface dose of gamma rays over 4.0 Gy. The metabolic changes were individually evaluated by an integral biochemical index, which proved the strong correlation with radiation.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

239PuO2 aerosol inhalation with emphasis on pulmonary connective tissue modifications.

Inhalation studies were undertaken in which plutonium dioxide (239PuO2) was administered to either unanesthetized Wistar rats or anaesthetized baboons. In both groups of animals some deaths occurred from acute lung damage resulting from cell necrosis particularly to vascular tissue followed by alveolar oedema. At later stages, marked interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis occurred and deaths resulted from respiratory insufficiency preceded by high arterial blood pCO2 and low pO2. In rats as many as 50% of the animals finally developed lung neoplasms by only two such tumours were found in baboons. Attempts were made to correlate biochemical parameters with observed tissue damage and animal mortality.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of radiation and other factors on the pathogenesis of various histologic types of lung cancer in workers of radiochemical plants].

Adenocarcinoma frequency in Pu incorporation-related lung cancer patients among plutonium workers was found to be 74% versus 33% in control. Each histological pattern of lung cancer appeared to be related to several etiological factors but in varying degree. Incorporated Pu proved the strongest factor in adenocarcinoma development. Its odds ratio (OR) was 6.9, while that for smoking-4.3. However, smoking appeared to be the most significant factor in squamous cell carcinoma genesis (OR-6.8). Among other factors were chronic obstructive pathology of the lung (OR-3.9) and reduced body weight (OR-2.1). The OR for Pu incorporation was 3.9. Squamous cell carcinomas were traced to reduced body weight (OR-2.9), heavy smoking (smoking index more than 500) (OR-3.5). However, no significant relationship has been established between carcinogenesis and Pu incorporation.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

[The "dose-response" mechanism of tumorigenesis in workers of radiochemical plants].

The "dose-response" mechanism has been studied for three main histological types of tumor in a cohort of 500 workers occupationally exposed to different doses of radiation (162 patients with lung cancer and 338 practically healthy persons) using the "case-control" method and multifactorial logic regression procedure. A non-linear threshold dependence was established for incorporated plutonium, with the threshold being at 8 kBq to correspond to 80 kGy. This relationship has been particularly distinct in cases of adenocarcinoma. No significant results have been obtained for the "dose-response" relationship in chronic external exposure to gamma irradiation. Said dependence for tobacco smoking appeared to be linear. Most pronounced variations were recorded for squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

[The genetic sequelae of the Chelyabinsk and Chernobyl radioactive contaminations].

Genetic consequences of radioactive fall-outs of the Chelyabinsk plant producing plutonium (1949-1952) and the Chernobyl accident have been analysed. Three powerful radioactive fall-outs caused a population genetic dose of 682,801 cSv per 217,750 persons (the average dose was 2.25 cSv). Individual variations were from 1-2 mSv to 1.2 Sv or more. The population genetic dose from the Chernobyl accident was higher (32 x 10(6) man/cSv), but the individual dose was lower (mainly no more than 1 cSv). Progenic analyses of residents of radiation contaminated areas showed no increase in the incidence of congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortions, developmental microanomalies, and Down syndromes (except Byelorussia). Calculations of genetic consequences for the Ural region demonstrated that only in the most contaminated area (the average gonadal dose was 19.5 cSv); a 4.13% increase of the spontaneous level could be observed. In all other areas it was less than 1%. It is difficult to reveal possible genetic consequences of the Chernobyl accident using the real sample size of the newborns. Even in the areas with fall-outs above 15 Ci/km2, the incidence of congenital anomalies did not exceed 1% of the spontaneous level.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗