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PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching and evaluation of basic surgical techniques: the University of British Columbia experience.

Surgical technical education has traditionally followed an apprenticeship format. The need for innovative undergraduate programs using dry and wet labs prior to clinical exposure continues to be an area of debate. Specific programs have been described to improve surgical skills; however, an accepted platform for training and evaluation of surgical skills programs has not been recognized. Therefore, introduction of specific programs to teach undergraduate medical students surgical skills is essential. This article describes the Basic Surgical Technique (BST) program taught at the University of British Columbia and reports the effectiveness of this program in improving the practical skills of undergraduate medical students. The program includes BST I for third-year students performed in a dry lab setting, and BST II for medical student interns (MSI) performed at the animal laboratories using female domestic swine as subjects. A total of 87 students participated in the study. The program is designed using Piaget's and Vygotsky's pedagogical philosophy of "learning by doing." A semiquantitative method is used to measure and analyze the outcome of this project. Data were validated using student self-evaluation tests and by quantitative evaluation by surgical staff from the surgical wards. Results of this prospective project indicated that the BST program significantly (p < .05) improved the surgical performance of undergraduate students, and that the time lapse between BST I and II has had a negative impact in retention of acquired surgical skills. This study concludes that the BST program taught at the University of British Columbia significantly improves the surgical skills of medical students and improves their self-confidence during their internship.

British Columbia↗
PubMed2000

Alternative therapies and the Di Bella affair in pediatrics. A questionnaire submitted to Italian pediatric oncologists and hematologists.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Over the last 2-3 years in particular, the so-called Di Bella therapy (DBT) become the most famous of alternative treatments applied to pediatric oncology and hematology in Italy. Many Italian oncologists and hematologists had to cope with the problems that it introduced and the treatment also elicited heated reactions all over Europe. We attempted to evaluate the impact of this treatment on children with cancer. DESIGN AND METHODS: A questionnaire prepared with the aim of addressing the use of alternative therapies in pediatric hematology and oncology was circulated to the 48 centers (or divisions) belonging to AIEOP (Associazione Italiana di Oncoematologia Pediatrica) [Italian Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Association] and FONOP (Forza Operativa Nazionale di Oncologia Pediatrica) [National Pediatric Oncology Task Force]. The questionnaire consisted of 9 questions elaborated to give credit to the case-related and professional experiences of the colleagues we contacted. RESULTS: Forty-three centers replied to the questionnaire. Request to switch to DBT represented a considerable problem, involving the vast majority of centers participating into this study; however, case quantification varied greatly from center to center. One of the most significant aspects is that children switched to DBT, abandoning conventional therapies, were often relapsing or had had multiple relapses (from solid tumor or leukemia), but some children abandoned conventional therapies at an early stage and/or without fully exploiting the curative potential of these therapies. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study allowed us to obtain an evaluation of the impact of DBT in children with oncologic or hematologic disorders. It also highlights the importance of cultivating physician-parent dialogue and provides an opportunity for a few pedagogic thoughts on the attitude and opinions of pediatricians on this problem.

Child↗
PubMed2000

[The formation and developmental outlook of medical rehabilitation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation].

In medical service system of AF RF rehabilitation means combination of medical, military and professional, social and economic and pedagogical measures directed to recovery of health, fighting efficiency (ability to work) which were disturbed or lost by servicemen because of disease or trauma. In the article the main landmarks of rehabilitation development in Russian military medicine are pointed out, today's state of system on the whole and stages in particular is analyzed, perspectives of development are determined. The authors have noted considerable contribution made by Central Military Clinical Hospital N 6 to development of medical rehabilitation. Arsenal of modern rehabilitation and restorative measures is indicated. Methodological principles of rehabilitation conduction are shown. The main ways in further improvement of medical rehabilitation are development of its specialization, rise in economic and social efficiency of rehabilitation measures at the expense of significant unloading of hospital urgent beds and decrease in periods of patient return to military service who will be ready to perform their duties in whole volume. Introduction of modern methodological and organizational principles of medical rehabilitation into the practice of medical support of the Armed Forces' personnel will contribute to achievement of success in this area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[AIDS prevention in secondary school: program summary and evaluation].

BACKGROUND: In the past decade a number of school AIDS prevention programs addressed to adolescents have been published in Spain. This paper aims to compile, describe and assess these programs. METHODS: AIDS prevention programs addressed to secondary school students which were published in Spain from 1990 to 1997 were included in the study. The collection of the programs was made by contacting aids prevention heads of national and regional governments. Each program was described in a standardized form and assessed according to the following quality criteria: preventive skills training, teachers or peer delivered, active pedagogical methodology, and at least administered along four sessions. RESULTS: 19 programs were included. Seventy-four percent (n = 14) are specific AIDS prevention programs and 26% (n = 5) sexual health programs. Among the AIDS programs, 57% include skills training, 93% are delivered by teachers, 100% propose active learning methodology and 64% are recommended to be developed in four or even more sessions. Only one of the sexual health programs includes skills training, all of them are delivered by teachers and use active learning methodology and 60% (n = 3) are recommended to be applied in four or even more sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all regional governments have developed or adapted secondary school preventive materials. Most of them are AIDS-specific programs. They use active learning methodology and suitable providers, but an important percentage of the programs lack a higher number of sessions and skills training. Programs should include peer-delivered activities.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized test development software. A comparative review updated.

This article provides a comparative review of nine commercially available software programs: A+ Test Manager and Test Taker, CATSoftware, Diploma 97, Examaker for Windows, FastTEST, Microtest Pro, Pedagogue, Question Mark, and Test Construction Set. Issues for using test development software are covered including security, pedagogical uses, and test design and administration. Nurse educators are encouraged to consider the unique needs of each setting when selecting a software package to support test development and administration.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1999

[Alternating training approach: comparative study of faculty education at the faculty training college and nurses' education].

The hypothesis of this essay asserts that sandwich courses which are the object of this study in the framework of vocational training in the I.S.F.I. (nurses' school) and I.U.F.M (teacher training), will pertain to an educational logic if it facilitates the construction of the link between theory and practice, the emergence of practice knowledge, the construction of professional skills and if it enables the student to have access to a form of professional socialization. Today, the device lacks coherence and efficiency, there is not much time devoted to analysis and concentration. The presence of more performing trainers, involved in a real partnership would be necessary as well as the reorientation of these training on the professional skills. However, the sandwich courses help the students to distance themselves from practice and enable them to live through their own experiences. The study of the characteristics of these two training enables to make proposals aiming at improving the existing situation: they concern the development of new pedagogical methods, the creation of adapted tools, the improvement of the existing partnership and the training of the trainers.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1975

[Possibilities and limitations in the education of athe mentally handicapped (author's transl)].

The possibilities and limitations in the education of the mentally handicapped can today be defined in both medical and pedagogical terms. We think that the physician can create essential preconditions for optimal education of a mentally handicapped child by diagnostic retience, avoidance of negative suggestions, by observation of the possibilities which remain open, by concern for education as early as possible, by informing of special educational facilities and by emotional stabilization of the parents. This is the only way of attaining a successful upbringing with respect to a sufficient integration.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Designing successful learning programs.

This article gives an overview of the opportunities in distance learning for degree-granting programs in schools of nursing. The focus is on the unparalleled innovations in technology and the centrality of that technology to nursing education. One of the important aspects of the use of technology is the development of sound educational programs and practices. Schools of nursing embarking on a distance learning model should determine the approach that will be used and examine critical success factors to ensure a quality program and economically successful outcome. The promise of interactive communication as a pedagogical strategy has potential and promise for the future.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed1999

[Health status and its effects on the work of national education nurses].

This study presents a pedagogical work carried out with a group of 13 school nurses of the Academy of Rennes, as part of a course in survey methodology. A descriptive survey aiming to achieve a better understanding of experienced health status of nurses, and of its repercussions on the execution of their missions, was implemented during the course, as a result of the demand and the expertise of the participants. Overall, nurses report to be in good health. However, one can not underestimate the existence of a group at risk (5% of the sample) that often suffers somatic troubles accompanied by sleep disorders and anxiety, as these risks concern primarily permanent staff nurses working in boarding establishments, with half of them falling into this category. A demand for regular monitoring of their health was clearly expressed through the study. This may be the object of a subsequent study by an academic team.

Absenteeism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The psychodynamics of deafness].

OBJECTIVE: Deafness generates psychological conflicts for the deaf as well as for others in their environment. Our purpose is to obtain a panorama of the topic based on the available bibliography. INFORMATION: Relevant articles were located in Medline and in unlisted journals, accessible at the National Institute of the Human Communication and at the Juan N. Navarro Hospital of Mexico City. The books were located at the National Institute of the Human Communication. SELECTION OF THE MATERIAL: The articles were selected by the authors, based in their apparent internal consistency and relation to our purpose. Two different concepts became apparent: one which recognizes a "personality of the deaf" that would predispose to emotional damage, and the other that denies that concept, explaining the distinctive features of deaf people as due to basically environmental factors. CONCLUSION: We think that this review sustains the premise that the psychological damages of deafness are real, not inherent to it, but caused by the social, occupational, pedagogical and familiar conflicts that are generated. Those damages vary with the age at the presentation of deafness the personal adjustment to the deficiency and acceptance by the community. The mitigation of deafness, damage depends on educated parents, adequate instruction programs (scholastic as well as occupational), and when needed, appropriate supportive psychotherapy based on the specific needs of each deaf person and this/her environment. We consider highly desirable to promote the elaboration and publication of interdisciplinary studies related to this topic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Medicine and literature--interpretation and discussion of literary texts in medical education].

BACKGROUND: In medical education, using literary texts as a starting point for discussion and reflection, is now quite common. Lectures and seminars in literature and medicine have been given at the University of Oslo since 1996. We describe our pedagogical approach as a "thematic interpretation and discussion of literary texts", theoretically grounded in reader-oriented criticism and problem-based learning (PBL). This article describes the kind of learning taking place during analysis and discussion of literary texts among medical students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated a series of four elective seminars for first and second year students in the autumn 1998. We used qualitative approaches based on analysis of material from observations during seminars, reflections written by participants, and notes from a group interview at the end of the seminars. RESULTS: Analysis and discussion of literary texts may give medical students: A better understanding of communicative aspects in the doctor-patient-relationship. Experience with interpretation of narratives and insight into how differently we may interpret a story. Awareness of aspects and dilemmas related to being a doctor. Understanding of how people may experience illness and health. INTERPRETATION: Lectures and seminars on literary texts might be an important supplement to other practical or theoretical teaching for medical students.

Communication↗
PubMed2000

Distance education. Part 5. Family medicine research at a distance. Guidelines for supervisors.

INTRODUCTION: This paper recommends guidelines for the supervision of Masters degrees or similar postgraduate courses, in which research projects are supervised at a distance. METHODS: The guidelines are based on the experiences of the authors with a five year old Masters of Family Medicine degree and a formative evaluation conducted by questionnaire survey among its students, graduates and supervisors. RESULTS: It is important to establish ground rules for communication at an early point in the supervisory process. Supervisors need to take into account psychosocial, pedagogical and organisational aspects of their mentorship of students. DISCUSSION: These guidelines are relevant to courses where there remains a strong one-to-one relationship between supervisors and students. In these cases, 'distance' need not be a barrier provided that both sides are aware of and committed to maintaining good patterns of communications with each other.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multidimensional evaluation of training offered by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH).

This paper is about an evaluation of training offered by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH). FIOH is a research organisation, which produces, collects and disseminates information about work and health and promotes the utilisation of this knowledge. The target groups of the training are occupational health physicians, occupational health nurses, occupational health physiotherapists, safety officers and other personnel responsible for the development of the working environment. The central aim of the Evaluation Group was to evaluate the quality of the training given at FIOH and to make recommendations for further development in the near future. The evaluation was done by a joint evaluation group. The Evaluation Group consisted of specialists working in the field of occupational health and safety and in adult education outside the Institute, as well as staff members from the Institute. The specific objectives were: to evaluate how the objectives of the training were set and how the training was arranged to meet the needs of society: how relevant the training topics were from the viewpoint of the clients; how the annual planning of the training programme was done; and whether the courses were carried out in such a way that they would have a practical impact. All the evaluation should support the development and assessment skills of the training given by FIOH. Both the relevance of the training was assessed at the level of the society and at the level of training courses. The supply of the training was evaluated by different stakeholders. The quality of the training courses was evaluated by specialists in pedagogics and adult education. They evaluated the planning of the courses, the contents of the courses and teaching methods used at the courses, the course materials and the evaluation practices. The presentation describes the use of the multidimensional, process and participation oriented evaluation model and the outcomes of the evaluation.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2000

A framework for the creation of user-oriented medical textbooks on the World-Wide-Web.

The use of the World Wide Web as a medium for the dissemination of course textbooks has proved to be effective both pedagogically and in terms of cost. However, there are some limitations inherent in this approach. In this paper we discuss the issues involved in the production of network accessible textbooks and present a framework which attempts to address the limitations of existing schemes through the use of a view-filter mechanism. We describe our proposal from a conceptual viewpoint and then discuss its applicability through the presentation of a prototype system. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future plans discussed.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed2000

Decision-support and intelligent tutoring systems in medical education.

One of the challenges in medical education is to teach the decision-making process. This learning process varies according to the experience of the student and can be supported by various tools. In this paper we present several approaches that can strengthen this mechanism, from decision-support tools, such as scoring systems, Bayesian models, neural networks, to cognitive models that can reproduce how the students progressively build their knowledge into memory and foster pedagogic methods.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

[Analysis of the causes of vocal tract diseases in singers].

The etiology of vocal apparatus diseases in opera singers is due to both specific features of their theatrical activity and conventions of opera genre in particular. A hundred and twenty seven vocalists (soloists and choristers) aged 23 to 70 years with service length of 3 to 40 years were examined. Both the status of the vocal apparatus itself and comorbidity were found to affect the occurrence of occupational diseases of the larynx. Of great importance are the quality of vocal background of a singer, his/her age, length of service, the even distribution of vocal load during a month and a season, the volume of additional work (concert and pedagogical activities), the correspondence of parts to his/her techniques and actor's capacities, and living and social conditions. The pattern of vocal apparatus diseases also depends on the type of a singer's voice and on the status of his/her nervous system. This study-based recommendations for singers and theater managers administrators reduced the incidence rates of laryngeal diseases in the followed-up professional opera singers by 15-20%.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[The prevalence, causes and specific features of voice disturbances in teachers].

The paper analyzes voice disturbances, their causes and specific features in teachers based on the questionnaires filled by 934 general educational school teachers. The teachers have been found to associate voice disturbances not only with changes in the voice timbre, but with different subjective feelings that make their professional activity difficult. The major factors that cause voice disturbances are the voice overloads that differ in teachers of different specialities, their inability to use the voice, psychoemotional stresses, and frequent colds, as well as a combination of several factors. The incidence of vocal apparatus diseases does not tend to decrease, which makes it necessary to implement combined medical and pedagogical prophylactic measures to prevent dysphonia.

Adult↗