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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Salivary fluoride concentrations in children with glass ionomer cemented orthodontic appliances.

Salivary fluoride concentrations were determined in 10 children (mean age 12.0 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The orthodontic appliances, a minimum of 4 bands and 8 brackets, were cemented with a glass ionomer cement. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected 4 times a day before (baseline value) and at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after cementation. The samples of saliva were centrifuged and the supernatants were analyzed with a fluoride-sensitive electrode. At baseline, the mean salivary fluoride concentration was 0.85 mumol/l. There was a significant increase during the day after cementation (1.88 mumol/l). After 7, 14 and 28 days, salivary fluoride levels were slightly elevated, but not statistically different from the baseline values. The ingested fluoride dose during the 1st day was estimated to be 0.02 mg. It is concluded that in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, a slow release of fluoride from glass ionomer cements could exert a local cariostatic effect on adjacent caries-susceptible enamel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fluoride concentration in plaque adjacent to orthodontic appliances retained with glass ionomer cement.

The fluoride concentrations in dental plaque adjacent to orthodontic brackets retained with a glass ionomer cement (GIC) or a resin-based composite were investigated using the split-mouth technique. 48-hour plaque was collected at 3, 8, 28 days and 6 months after the onset of orthodontic treatment. The fluoride content of the plaque samples was determined after a microdiffusion procedure with a fluoride-sensitive electrode. Significantly (p < 0.001-0.05) elevated concentrations of fluoride were found in the plaque samples collected adjacent to GIC-retained brackets compared to plaque sampled from composite-retained brackets on all sampling occasions. The results suggest that GIC-bonded brackets in orthodontic treatment may act as local long-term fluoride-releasing devices.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1990

In vitro evaluation of a fluoride-releasing orthodontic resin.

Decalcification around brackets is sometimes observed following orthodontic treatment. Fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives have been developed and used for reduction of the frequency and severity of decalcification. This study evaluated a light-activated, fluoride-releasing resin composite adhesive, FluorEver OBA. Our findings indicate that FluorEver OBA released small concentrations of fluoride ions over time. However, the adhesive had significantly lower tensile bond strengths than a conventional composite cement. Microhardness testing indicated that the resin underneath metal orthodontic brackets was not thoroughly polymerized, which may have contributed to cohesive failures of the resin composite. Despite its lower tensile bond strength, FluorEver OBA may be indicated for cases where decalcification is expected.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

The effect of orthodontic retention on the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament in the rat maxillary first molar.

The load-deformation curves obtained by extraction of the rat maxillary first molar from its socket in the dissected jaw were analyzed so that the effect of orthodontic retention on the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament could be examined. An elastic band was inserted between the rat maxillary first and second molars for four days, and then the interdental space was filled with resin for four or eight days. The average interdental spaces between the teeth ranged from 315 to 398 microns during the experimental period. The maximum shear load, elastic stiffness, and failure energy in shear decreased markedly following application of an orthodontic force, but they increased gradually and reached control levels on the 8th day after the retention. Maximum shear deformation at maximum load was not significantly different between the experimental and control teeth during the experimental period. It is suggested that, following orthodontic tooth movement, occlusal function was restored after a relatively short retention period, as was the impaired mechanical strength of the periodontal ligament.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2003

Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption in orthodontic patients: linkage of chromosome-18 marker.

External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common orthodontic treatment sequela. Previous studies implicate a substantial genetic component for EARR. Using a candidate gene approach, we investigated possible linkage of EARR associated with orthodontic treatment with the TNSALP, TNFalpha, and TNFRSF11A gene loci. The sample was comprised of 38 American Caucasian families with a total of 79 siblings who completed comprehensive orthodontic treatment. EARR was assessed by means of pre- and post-treatment radiographs. Buccal swab cells were collected for extraction and analysis of DNA. No evidence of linkage was found with EARR and the TNFalpha and TNSALP genes. Non-parametric sibling pair linkage analysis identified evidence of linkage (LOD = 2.5; p = 0.02) of EARR affecting the maxillary central incisor with the microsatellite marker D18S64 (tightly linked to TNFRSF11A). This indicates that the TNFRSF11A locus, or another tightly linked gene, is associated with EARR.

Child↗
PubMed2004

How readable are orthodontic patient information leaflets?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the readability of published orthodontic patient information leaflets (PILs) and their eligibility for the Plain English Campaign's Crystal Mark. DESIGN: A retrospective, observational study. SETTING: PILs available from professional organizations and commercial companies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six orthodontic PILs were assessed. The entire text of each leaflet was reproduced in Microsoft Word, 2000. Readability statistics were obtained via the 'Tools' menu. The design elements of each leaflet were assessed. The leaflets were sent to the Plain English Campaign for assessment of their eligibility for the Crystal Mark. OUTCOME MEASURES: Leaflet and sentence length, passive percentage, Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch Kincaid Grade Level, design percentage and eligibility for the Plain English Campaign's Crystal Mark. RESULTS: Overall, nearly half of the leaflets (42.3%) were rated as 'fairly difficult' or 'difficult' to read. However, the BOS PILs were significantly better than the AAO leaflets in all but one outcome with the BOS leaflets being rated as 'standard' or 'fairly easy' to read, meaning that 70-80% of the UK population would be able to understand them. None of the PILs were eligible for the Plain English Campaign's Crystal Mark. CONCLUSIONS: The orthodontic PILs assessed were difficult to read and none were eligible for the Plain English Campaign's Crystal Mark. However, the BOS leaflets were much easier to read and better designed than those produced by the AAO making them a useful tool to improve patients' understanding of different treatment options and allowing them to be used in the informed consent process.

Comprehension↗
PubMed2004

The development of a patient-centered measure of the process and outcome of combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a patient-based measure of the process and outcome of combined orthodontic and orthognathic care in the National Health Service in the UK. DESIGN: Identification of relevant dimensions through qualitative methods, design of form, determination of psychometric properties of the scale, specific readability, reliability and validity. SETTING: NHS hospitals in the South West Region. SUBJECTS: The sample comprised patients who had received combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment between 01 January 1998 and 31 December 2000. Twenty-six participants (a 25% response rate) took part in four focus group meetings. Thirty subjects (65% response rate) took part in a pilot study to test the properties of the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six broad themes emerged from the focus groups. These formed the basis of the sections in the questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire developed had a Flesch reading ease score of 72.9 or US grade level 4 equivalent to aged 9-10 years. Test-retest reliability gave kappa values for most questions that exceeded 0.4. Criterion validity of the measure was established by comparing responses to the questionnaire over two periods with a telephone interview on a sample of 30 patients. Criterion related validity was poor for nine of the 16 items. By contrast the construct validity of the questionnaire was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: A patient-based measure of the process and outcome of combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment has been developed. This has sufficient validity and reliability for use in inter-center audit projects.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Measuring failure of orthodontic treatment: a comparison of outcome indicators.

OBJECTIVE: To compare treatment failure rates on a sample of completed and discontinued orthodontic treatment cases as measured by PAR, IOTN and ICON to determine whether the use of a sole index would suffice. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: All patients completing or discontinuing orthodontic treatment in the hospital orthodontic departments in the Northern Region during two calendar months were identified and pre and post-treatment models were analysed. PAR scores, IOTN (DHC and AC) and ICON were recorded. RESULTS: One-hundred-and-forty-five cases were identified and 15 had incomplete records on the day of analysis. The final sample was therefore 130. The overall treatment discontinuation rate of these 130 patients was 24.6%. The treatment failure rate with respect to occlusal improvement varied from 3.1% when measured by PAR and 10.0% using ICON. With respect to residual need it varied from 0.77 to 20.1% with respect to IOTN depending on the criteria examined. The residual treatment need with respect to ICON was 17.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Different occlusal indices give differing failure rates when used on the same patients with ICON being the most critical index. We felt that ICON was the most valid with respect to identifying treatment failure. Its use would enable international comparison of results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The Gold Medal of the Conjoint M. Orth. Examination of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the College of Dental Surgeons of Hong Kong, surgical orthodontic cases.

The Conjoint Gold Medal was awarded to the candidate who scored the highest overall mark in Part II of the Membership of Orthodontics examination held by the Royal college of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the College of Dental Surgeons of Hong Kong. It is the intermediate examination for the orthodontic specialty training pathway in Hong Kong. Part of this examination involved the presentation of a fully documented fixed appliance case and a multidisciplinary case, and three other cases with condensed case histories. This article described two surgical orthodontic cases presented during the 1999 and 2002 examinations by the award winners.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A randomized clinical trial comparing 'one-step' and 'two-step' orthodontic bonding systems.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this prospective clinical trial was to assess the clinical bond failure rates of orthodontic brackets bonded using a self-etching primer (SEP), compared with brackets bonded using a conventional acid-etched technique with control adhesive (Transbond). A secondary aim was to investigate whether characteristics of the operator, patient or tooth bonded had any influence on bracket failure. DESIGN: Single-centre randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty-four patients were bonded, each being randomly assigned to either the test or control adhesive. SETTING: NHS Hospital Orthodontic Department, Chester, UK. SUBJECTS: Orthodontic patients requiring fixed appliance treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bond failure. MAIN OUTCOME RESULTS: Failure rates over the initial 6-month period were 2.0% (Transbond) and 1.7% (SEP) with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Over the duration of the fixed appliance treatment, bond failure rates increased, but remained acceptable at 7.4 % (TB) and 7.0% (SEP), respectively. When operator, patient and tooth characteristics were analysed, only the bracket location was found to be significant. Maxillary brackets were more likely to fail than mandibular brackets (RR 0.47%; 95% CI 0.22, 1.03). The failure rate for brackets in our study was low when compared with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Both the acid-etched control and self-etching primer in combination with adhesive pre-coated brackets were successful for clinical bonding. Their combined failure rate was lower than that reported in similar trials.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1988

The Four Thames project: development of training in orthodontics for dental practice.

The Four Thames Project to develop training in orthodontics for dental practice, offered 26 clinical attachments with Consultants, over a 2-year period (October 1984-1986). A course of tuition was provided centrally in four modules. The programme was evaluated using a postal questionnaire and personal interview of the course participants, and with a postal questionnaire of the participating Consultants. The results of the evaluation are discussed and effects on the orthodontics in the participants' practices and consultants' units are outlined. Those on the first 2-year programme changed the range of their orthodontic practice to include more use of fixed appliances and a reduction in the use of removable appliances and of treatment by extraction and observation alone.

Consultants↗
PubMed1988

Expanded function orthodontic auxiliaries; a proposal for their introduction in the UK.

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.

Dental Assistants↗
PubMed1989

Discontinuation of orthodontic treatment: a study of the contributing factors.

The article reports on a project to determine the percentage of orthodontic patients who failed to complete orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London, and to identify factors that appeared to influence this. Records of patients who had undergone active orthodontic treatment which concluded either with successful completion, or early termination due to poor attendance, inadequate oral hygiene, or appliance maintenance, were studied and analysed statistically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effects of social class on the uptake of orthodontic treatment.

The relationship between social class and uptake of orthodontic treatment was investigated in a longitudinal cohort study of 1018 children living in South Glamorgan, Wales. Previous studies have shown that working class people make less use of dental services and receive inferior dental care than middle class people. The present investigation examined the role of one factor which appears likely to contribute to this effect: namely, the uptake of orthodontic treatment by families from different social classes. If a significant association were shown then findings relating to the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment might be confounded by this social class factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Regional variation in the provision and cost of General Dental Service orthodontic treatment in England and Wales.

The regional distribution of orthodontic treatment provision through the General Dental Service was examined, with reference to, per capita spending, cost per case and treatment rate; a marked regional variation in these variables was detected. The regional distributions of the specialist orthodontic practitioner and the General Dental Practitioner were calculated; and also exhibited a marked regional variation. The relationships between the regional distributions of manpower treatment rate and spending on orthodontic treatment were calculated. It was found that there were significant relationships between the regional distribution of manpower and treatment rate and per capita spending, but not cost per case. Possible explanations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The Senior Registar Orthodontic Group.

The Consultant orthodontist is a key member of the orthodontic profession in the UK, and it is essential that trainee consultants receive the best education possible if orthodontics is to continue to advance as it has in recent years. The Senior Registar Orthodontic Group has an important role to play in that education.

Dental Staff, Hospital↗
PubMed1990

Fluoride release from orthodontic bonding materials. An in vitro study.

Decalcification of enamel continues to be a problem with fixed orthodontic appliances. An orthodontic bonding composite is now available which claims to release fluoride, although there are no data to substantiate this claim. Fluoride release from this new material (DIRECT) was measured and compared with two other orthodontic bonding materials. The amount of fluoride released was very small and unlikely to have a therapeutic effect.

Color↗
PubMed1991

A restorative-orthodontic treatment approach in the older patient.

This report presents a case requiring a combination of restorative dentistry and orthodontic treatment in a mature adult patient. Occlusal splint and periodontal therapies were used initially. Orthodontic treatment combined the use of the occlusal splint and fixed appliance in the maxillary arch. Sectional fixed appliances were used in the mandibular arch. The final restorations were fixed--movable bridges in the mandibular arch and a removable tooth and mucosally borne prosthesis in the maxilla. Retention of the orthodontic result was provided by the fixed prostheses in the lower arch and the continued wear of a full coverage maxillary occlusal splint at night served to prevent relapse of the upper teeth.

Dental Restoration, Permanent↗