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PubMed1999

Task force for the urgent response to the epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases in eastern Europe and central Asia.

In summary, members of the TF/STD: share the common goal of reducing the STD burden and slowing the spread of HIV in the most affected and vulnerable countries in eastern Europe and central Asia. Contribute financially, technically or in-kind to the implementation of a joint strategy which aims: -- to create an enabling environment for STD prevention and control, and -- to strengthen the local capacity for STD prevention and care; engage in a continuous exchange of information, collaborative partnerships and coordination of activities at regional as well as country level through the TF/STD and in-country interagency working groups, respectively; concur with the priority areas for international support consisting of advocacy and policy, STD drugs, condoms, educational materials, training, applied research and surveillance; meet twice a year to review implementation progress and the need for additional assistance; as advocates of TF/STD, call on partners and other organizations to join in this important new initiative.

Asia↗
PubMed1979

Cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visiting triage program for family planning in Turkey.

Graduate Turkish midwives were trained in triage rules for determining family planning home visit frequency based on risk of couples. In a sample of 542 couples followed for six months, modern contraceptive use increased 22 per cent among high-risk and about 15 per cent among moderate- and low-risk couples. After making assumptions about the fecundity, contraceptive success, and pregnancy complications, the estimated average cost per complication averted was $61 for high-risk, $177 for moderate-risk and $526 for low-risk couples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Solidarity and AIDS: introduction.

Perhaps more than any other disease in recent history, AIDS has taught a cruel and crucial lesson: the constraints on our response to this epidemic are as deep as our denial, as entrenched as the inequities that permeate our society, as circumscribed as our knowledge, and as unlimited as our compassion and our commitment to human rights. Elaborating on these themes, the final three articles in this Special Section on AIDS consider three widely divergent yet intimately connected topics: AIDS in Cuba, AIDS in Brazil, and global AIDS prevention in the 1990s. Together, they caution that if we persist in treating AIDS as a problem only of "others," no country will be spared the social and economic devastation that promises to be the cost of our contempt and our folly. Solidarity is not an option; it is a necessity. Without conscious recognition of the worldwide relationship between health, human rights, and social inequalities, our attempts to abate the spread of AIDS--and to ease the suffering that follows in its wake--most surely will fall short of our goals. Finally, as we mourn our dead, we must take to heart the words of Mother Jones, and "fight like hell for living." This is the politics of survival.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Do nutrition programs make a difference? The case of Brazil.

Four Brazilian food and nutrition programs operating during some part of 1974-86 are evaluated for their effectiveness in curing or preventing infant and child malnutrition, including low birth weight when pregnant women were beneficiaries. Two programs distributed free food to identified clients: traditional commercial foods in one case and specially formulated supplements in the other. The other two programs subsidized four or more basic foodstuffs: one experiment quantitatively restricted a subsidy to identified families, and the other was unrestricted and open to all families patronizing certain shops. The programs were more effective at curing than at preventing malnutrition, and more effective at increasing weight than height. Many beneficiaries, even when initially underweight, showed no change, and some deteriorated despite the food transfer. Results were better after than during the first year of life, when deterioration is most likely. Donation programs including medical and educational components proved more effective than pure subsidies, showing that while poverty may be the chief cause of malnutrition, the problem should be seen as poor health rather than simply low food consumption. Evaluation also shows that programs were inefficient in transferring benefits, and that clients were deterred from participating by the costs of obtaining the food and its poor quality and small volume. Longer participation improved results, but more frequent participation in a given interval did not necessarily do so.

Body Height↗
PubMed1995

Primary health care and donor dependency: a case study of nongovernment assistance in Burkina Faso.

Primary health care assistance has become prominent in the rural development programs of many nongovernment organizations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. By emphasizing education and the promotion of new participatory health systems, most such programs aim to enhance the conditions of women as principal community care givers. Yet village-level health assistance in Africa is not without shortcomings. This is exemplified in a case study of two nongovernment programs in Burkina Faso's Namentenga Province. Although both programs have contributed to maternal health and infant survival, they have also induced new ties of donor dependency. This appears to present a conundrum for the sponsoring agencies which espouse self-reliance as a development assistance goal. In fact, however, where the intervention of nongovernment organizations helps to improve rural health, new dimensions of dependency may prove to be a positive first stage in the mobilization of women and the development of locally managed health systems. For this to be so, much is contingent on the capacity of these organizations to integrate local participation in their own planning and management processes, and to augment the professional status of indigenous health workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Planning for primary health care: the case of the Sierra Leone National Action Plan.

The National Action Plan for Primary Health Care, a planning document of the Sierra Leonean Ministry of Health for the restructuring of the country's rural health services, is analyzed in its social, economic, and historical context. It appears to be an attempt of the national government to gain control over the highly devolved health care delivery system, but the state has neither the political will nor the power to achieve this goal. The utility of the document is therefore in doubt, which raises two important questions: Whose interests does this plan serve, and at whose cost?

Health Planning↗
PubMed1992

The AIDS epidemic in Tanzania: rate of spread of HIV in blood donors and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam.

The prevalence of antibodies to HIV in population groups in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has been monitored from late 1984 through 1991. In the pregnant women and blood donors the doubling time was about 2 years. If, however, the doubling time is calculated from reported cases of AIDS of the whole country, an average doubling time of 10 months is obtained. We point out factors that may bias calculations of the rate of spread of the virus and thus give rise to erroneous projections for the nearest years, especially the so-called transient effect. It is recommended that serosurveys of representative population groups are carried out at regular intervals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

AIDS in Thailand.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Light on population health status.

A new approach to illustrating and analysing health status is presented which allows comparisons of various aspects of health in a population at different times and in different populations during given periods. Both quantitative and qualitative elements can be represented, the impact of interventions can be monitored, and the extent to which objectives are achieved can be assessed. The practical application of the approach is demonstrated with reference to the health profiles to Tunisia in 1966 and 1994.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Memisa and home care for AIDS patients in Zambia].

Health care in Zambia has since long been receiving support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Memisa. Church organizations bear responsibility for a considerable part of the national health services. During the last 15 years, growing attention has been given to improvement of basic services in the villages and to recruitment and organization of groups in the community active in the field of health care. The combat against AIDS is a major focus. Many NGOs give health education on HIV and AIDS, are coaching HIV-positive individuals and are trying to organize support for AIDS patients and their relatives and relief for women and children after the death of husband or father. The community home care projects established in the urban areas of Copperbelt province in Zambia provide a decent terminal phase for AIDS patients and assist the surviving families in maintaining a certain socioeconomic level of existence.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗