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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Medical costs and economic production losses due to injuries in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: To support injury control, we assessed the direct medical costs and indirect costs of injuries in the Netherlands, making use of recent advances in health economics. METHODS: We estimated the direct medical costs with the help of available data on health care utilization as a consequence of injuries. In our calculations of indirect costs, we used two alternative approaches. We used the traditional human-capital approach, which estimates the potential economic production losses caused by diseases or injuries. In addition, we applied the friction-costs method, which was recently developed as an attempt to measure the actual economic production losses to society. RESULTS: Injuries are an important source of medical costs and economic production losses. Almost two-thirds of the medical costs are the result of injuries among females (mainly domestic injuries of elderly women). On the contrary, independent of the method used, more than 80% of the indirect costs are the result of injuries among males (mainly caused by a high frequency of traffic injuries, occupational injuries, and sports injuries among young males). The application of the friction-costs method confirms the importance of injuries as a source of production losses in comparison with other diseases, showing that they belong to the main three causes of indirect costs to society. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of the medical costs and both the potential and actual economic production losses to society clearly demonstrate that injuries should be a major concern for health policy makers and the medical profession.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perspectives on the future.

There is a growing trend toward new forms of labor-management cooperation, through negotiated agreements involving job-site safety and health, workers' compensation, and preventive medicine (see chapter 14). These developments are likely to change safety and health in the industry. At the same time, they provide opportunities for practitioners and researchers in occupational safety and health. If we can venture to express a professional wish, it would be to find answers to the following: How can we, as the professions concerned with the well being of workers, help preserve the characteristics of construction work that are positive while reducing the aspects of the industry's functioning that are so deleterious to health? How do we preserve the crafts with their fostering of self-esteem: through individual freedom on the job, team work, or empowerment? Meanwhile, how do we reduce the destructive patterns of work, not just on the work site, but also involving the pressures and lifestyle associated with intermittent and uncertain employment? The rewards for safety and health professionals in the construction industry are immediate and striking. Whether through the practice of safety and health or through research, results can be measured in short order. That is a professional benefit afforded by few other industries. To structure occupational safety and health programs for construction workers, the safety and health professions need to engage in the labor-management processes that are changing the industry. In construction, it is not enough to think about what needs to be done in individual workplaces. In construction, we must think industry-wide, because that is how workers are employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ergonomics↗
PubMed1963

Attainment of optimum health.

The history of the worker in public health is reviewed, his present activities are assessed, and predictions are made concerning his future role. It is emphasized that the public health specialist is but one member of the total health team in the community. His interdependence with other disciplines must be accepted if optimal health care is to be provided.Although prepared specifically for public health workers, this article has direct relevance to the future of the medical profession as a whole. In view of the present intense interest in the future pattern of health care in Canada, the viewpoint of a physician with a dual background in public health and medical school administration and teaching is considered to be particularly pertinent.

Canada↗
PubMed1991

[The assessment of physical work capacity and its dependence on the occupational and individual risk factors of jobs with hypodynamia and neuropsychic stress].

The physical work capacity is studied in representatives of 3 professions with decreased motor activity and neuropsychic stress: managers in industry (20), railway controllers (41) and machine-builders (107). The dependence of the physical work capacity on the age, type of work, physical activity during free time, and other biometric and individual characteristics on the examined persons were studied. The physical working capacity was measured in standard laboratory conditions by bicycle ergometer [correction of veloergometer] Lano at submaximal rates of loading 50, 100 and 150 watt with duration 2 min each and velocity of pedalling 60 r/min. The maximal working capacity (MWC) was measured directly by continuous loading increase to refusal. The results pointed out ineffective reaction of the cardiovascular system at dosage of physical effort (increase of the "normative" values of the pulse rate for respective loading with 5 to 15 beats/min with all examined groups). The aerobic capacity level is under the average, as most unfavourable are its values in the managers from the industry, followed by the railway controllers and machine-builders. Hypodynamic during work, combined with low physical activity during free time, are basic risk factors for the maximal working capacity and the cardio-vascular system. There is a dependence of the aerobic capacity on some individual characteristics (age, body weight, pulse frequency and blood pressure at rest, etc.).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Crutches, confetti or useful tools? Professionals' views on and use of health education leaflets.

This paper examines the views on and use of health education leaflets by a number of professional groups: health visitors, midwives, occupational health workers, pharmacists and school health education co-ordinators. Eighty nine percent currently obtain leaflets from health promotion units, with the exception of health visitors, professionals are largely satisfied with the units' service. Seventy six percent use commercial or sponsored leaflets primarily because of the large numbers and topics that are available. The numbers and type of leaflets used were found to vary across the professions. All professionals see an increasingly important role for leaflets in their work. A number of them, pharmacists and occupational health workers in particular, saw the numbers they use rising. These views were accompanied by lower levels of belief in a leaflets ability to increase knowledge and behaviour as well as lower levels of satisfaction with current leaflet use and a concern over the public's reception of leaflets. Methods of leaflet distribution to the public largely reflect the professionals' work contexts. Most popular were handing out leaflets with advice, leaving them in a public place and using them as a back-up to a meeting. A number of contradictions emerge between distribution practices and perceived effectiveness. Few professionals thought leaving leaflets in a public place was effective, and few health visitors and midwives believed giving leaflets to the family of a client was effective despite large numbers doing so. The implications of these findings for health promotion policy and practice are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

[Mortality and occupation: theoretical problems and concrete illustrations].

This article reviews the methods generally used when studying occupational mortality. First, the different schemes of collecting data are cited; secondly, all the indexes (PMR, SMR, standardisation by direct method, etc.) that can be employed in this kind of analysis are studied, and each of them is critically evaluated. Finally, in order to compare the advantages of SMR over the effects of direct standardisation, these two indexes are combined in a brief study of the most recent data in France concerning occupational mortality. In illustration, an analysis is made of the most common causes of male deaths in 1982, among farmers, engineers, artists, teachers and those in the liberal professions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The use of standardized assessment in occupational therapy: the BaFPE-R as an example.

Before 1970, most assessments administered by occupational therapists were informal and nonstandardized. Since the 1970s, the use of scientifically sound instruments has increased. One such standardized assessment, the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE), was developed to measure the functional performance of psychiatric clients. This study was designed to explore the use of a revised version of BaFPE as an example of standardized assessment in occupational therapy. The BaFPE was selected as an example of an assessment extensively used in psychiatric occupational therapy practice. A qualitative study that used in-depth semistructured interviews was conducted with a convenience sample of occupational therapists. The occupational therapists who were interviewed described and explained making several adaptations and modifications to the recommended administration and scoring of the BaFPE. An analysis of the interview data suggested that standardized assessments are valued as indicators of professional status. However, the interview responses also suggested that the demands of test standardization were incongruent with the values that guide occupational therapy practice. The findings of this study suggest that the future development and use of standardized instruments should be consistent with the values of the profession. In particular, assessments that recognize the diverse nature and needs of individual clients are required.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Excretion of urinary testosterone in Klinefelter's syndrome.

The urinary testosterone excretion in 55 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome was determined by gas-chromatographic methods. The mean testosterone level in the group of Klinefelter patients was significantly decreased (15.7 mug/24 hrs) compared with the excretion by 30 normal men (44.1 mug/24 hrs). An age dependency of excretion levles was not obvious in chromatin-positive men when compared to healthy subjects. A correlation between testosterone excretion and configuration types seemed to be probable by reason of observations and statistical values. Average testosterone excretion increased with increasing normalization of body proportions. Gynecomastia was noticed in 56% of those examined. With increasing severity of gynecomastia the mean testosterone levels decreased. A correlation between beard and body hair, which was decreased in almost all subjects, and testosterone excreiton was not visible. With diminishing mean testosterone excretion an increase of osteoporosis seemed to be probable. A statistically significant difference was found when comparing patients who never had ejaculations with those who had regular libido and ejaculations. Klinefelter patients who had not succeeded in completing school or an occupational education showed a significantly decreased testosterone level as compared with others who had a profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Detection of dyschromatopsias and professional orientation].

Certain professions necessitate correct recognition of colour in their practice. Early defection of coloured vision abnormalities and professional orientation are therefore very important, especially as it is known that 8 % of the population presents a congenital dyschromatopsy of which one fourth (about 2 %) are serious dyschromatopsies which will prevent the practice of a certain number of professions.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1999

As others see us.

If it is to be fully effective, functional activity in business needs to see itself as an integral part of management and not as some specialist, separate adjunct. The so-called professions often find this difficult to contemplate, let alone achieve. In Unilever's UK operations, occupational health activity and staff are effectively integrated into general management and, as a direct consequence, the business benefits and the participants reach higher levels of job satisfaction.

Commerce↗
PubMed1995

Multidisciplinary mental health teams.

This study surveyed current practice amongst 91 Indian and Australian staff working within multidisciplinary mental health teams, looking at leadership skills, conflict resolution and therapeutic abilities. Length of training was associated with management skills, though these skill were more developed by psychiatric nurses and occupational therapists working in community settings. Hospital settings involved less consensual decision-making than community teams. Psychiatric nurses spent most time in clinical work, and occupational therapists were rated as less skilled in the therapeutic activities assessed than any other profession. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists undertook most research. The activities assessed in this study could be undertaken by a team comprising psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses and social workers, with clinical psychologists employed where possible, especially for research or service evaluation.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

The business of dentistry.

Dentistry is a rapidly evolving health care occupation that can offer an outstanding quality of life, allowing each doctor to define how he or she would like to practice. Dentistry has a high-income potential compared with many other occupations, and this also contributes to the quality of life of dental professionals. But the profession can be overwhelming due to the variety of procedures performed, the large number of systems in place and the multiple management issues to deal with. While there is no one-size-fits-all system that will work for all practices, KPIs can help each professional evaluate how he or she would like the practice to operate and grow. Using KPIs to help identify the strengths and weaknesses of your practice, you can set and establish the systems that will assure achievement of those goals.

Benchmarking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Professional medical identities in contention: The National Practitioners' Congress, Brazil (1922)].

The object of this paper is the debate among the Brazilian medical elite during the National Practitioners' Congress (Congresso Nacional dos Práticos - 1922). The article begins by analyzing a specific moment in the medical profession's history in early 20th-century Brazil, specifically Rio de Janeiro's 1922 National Practitioners' Congress. The author presents three profiles of medical practice observed in that context: generalists, specialists, and hygienists. He further analyzes their characteristics, similarities, and differences, as well as the strategies for professional affirmation adopted by physicians with these profiles. The article addresses the following issues: What were the relationships between the specialization process, forms of remuneration, and the construction of new professional identities? What identities did medical doctors create for themselves? What were the rivalries between these different professional identities? How did they portray outside competitors, such as the so-called traditional healers? Finally, the author presents several methodological suggestions that may contribute to historical research on the medical profession.

Brazil↗
PubMed1990

Mercury exposure of different origins among dentists and dental nurses.

Mercury exposure was studied among dental personnel with the use of urinary mercury excretion rates and questionnaires. The study covered 314 dentists and dental nurses employed in public clinics and private practices in Stockholm. The obtained urinary mercury excretion rates were analyzed by stepwise regression for assigning them to different origins, such as environmental factors, number of amalgam surfaces, chewing of gum, kind of employment and profession, age, sex, amalgam handling time, and use of amalgam capsules. On the average the occupational contribution to the total urinary mercury excretion rate was small and of the same order as the contribution from their own amalgam fillings (approximately 2 micrograms of mercury/24 h). There were, however, individuals showing excretion rates close to the levels at which effects on the central nervous system and the kidneys have been reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Dental hygienists in Japan.

Suzuki and Sato (1978) reported data obtained from 410 dental hygienists aged 24--39 years of age. The most frequent reasons for leaving their jobs were difficulties in personal relations and then disappointment with the commercialism of dentists. Additional reasons included no fixed programme of the routine aspects of their work, compulsory duties beyond those legally permitted them and no leadership in the clinic. In contrast, many dental hygienists felt rewarded by the success achieved through health instruction of patients, appreciation of their work by patients and having the opportunity to demonstrate their professional abilities. Given these kinds of perceptions about the occupation of dental hygienists, expressed by hygienists themselves, it would appear imperative that the dental profession and health administrators in Japan consider the disincentives inherent in the jobs and attempt to convert these to incentives.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

Incidence and risk of coronary heart disease in an industrial population. A five-year prospective study.

In a large machinery factory a cohort of 3754 men aged between 40 and 50 years have been studied for 5 years. Total and coronary mortality rates have been determined and also the incidence of certain non-fatal states which required hospitalization due to various types of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, brain apoplexy, diabetes mellitus and malignancies. Among the subjects exposed to CHD risk factors (RF), i.e. among smokers, hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects, and among those who had a positive coronary family history and a positive cardiovascular (chest pain) questionnaire, both total and coronary mortality rates were several fold higher and they increased almost exponentially with increasing numbers of RF. Among the RF it was the cardiovascular (chest pain) questionnaire which had the highest prognostic value. Workmen manifested a higher total and coronary mortality than did the employees in the technico-economical professions (TEP). The highest mortality rate was found among the workmen employed in heavy manual occupation. In contrast the lowest total coronary mortality rate was observed in the TEP having little responsibility in their vocation and also among qualified workmen and specialized technical and scientifical workers.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[What if an artist calls at your office?].

This paper deals with various complaints of performing artists. Gone are the days when such matters were brushed aside with the comment: "If it hurts, give it up!" To-day, osteoarthropathy among patients, Satchmo's syndrome, fiddler's neck and so on are treated scientifically in specific medical textbooks. Whilst the performing artist's activities have their aesthetic or even poetic aspects, the physical element of risk is nevertheless ever present. All this, only for your entertainment. Who has ever met a dancer who has never complained of tiredness? Even after a long professional training, before he has reached thirty years of age he will often have suffered from such ailments as inflammation of the big toe, fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone, dislocation of the trigone bone, etc. Following brief general remarks, the reader will find four specific sections devoted to the most common pathologies among performing artists, classified by profession.

Art↗
PubMed1990

Reasons for attrition from occupational therapy.

This study examined the reasons why occupational therapists have left the field of occupational therapy. The purpose of the study was to find ways to prevent attrition and to bring back those who have left the field as a means to address the profession's personnel shortage. Questionnaires from 696 therapists who have left the profession were analyzed. The therapists' most common reasons for leaving were (a) childbearing and child rearing; (b) geographic relocation and subsequent inability to find a job; (c) excessive paperwork; (d) desire for increased salary and promotional opportunities; (e) high caseloads, stress, and burnout; (f) the actual practice of occupational therapy not being what was expected; (g) dissatisfaction with bureaucracy; (h) the chronicity and severity of the clients' illnesses; and (i) an inability to find part-time work. Most therapists who left the profession did not return to practice because they felt professionally out of date and unable to compete with younger therapists.

Burnout, Professional↗