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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

A radiographic anthology of vertebral names.

There are many conditions of the spine to which various authors have applied descriptive names. This paper, an extensive review of the literature, provides the first complete source for such named vertebrae. Included are 88 names covering all categories of bone disease. A brief description of the radiographic appearance and its pathogenesis is provided for each, along with a consideration of the disease processes which may produce the appearance.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On speaking of oneself by name.

Speaking of oneself by name is studied. Such behavior occurred with unusual frequency in the case of a patient with predominantly narcissistic character pathology who underwent brief psychotherapy for a stress response syndrome following his wife's suicide. A content and context analysis of this phenomenon showed that the patient would refer to himself by name as a characteristic defense in response to severe threats to his self-esteem. An object-relations perspective proved useful in clarifying dynamic aspects of this defensive maneuver, which depended for its effectiveness on the evocation of self-images negating guilt and shame. In addition to the patient's character style and the nature of the stress event, the framework of the therapy and the therapist's countertransference responses to the patient were other factors influencing the appearance of this behavior. It is concluded that referring to oneself by name reflects at least momentary disturbance in the sense of self and may be unusually prominent and frequent in narcissistic pathology. A study of the phenomenon appears to elucidate an important step in the building of self-representation from the self-object representations of the symbiotic phase: the concept of "I" becomes possible through the reconciling of a sense of physical and psychic separateness with the need for emotional relatedness to others. Where problems of this early developmental phase are reactivated in the treatment situation, the patient's relationship with the therapist is the vital bridge toward a more coherent sense of self.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Problems associated with the use of common names in the identification of poisonous plants.

Barriers in communication among professional botanists, physicians and the general populous developed from a disparity in the use of botanical nomenclature. Universally accepted scientific names from plants affords a common ground of understanding among botanists throughout the world. A general phobia with unfamiliar latinized scientific nomenclature has proliferated the use of common or trivial names. These names, however, can vary with geographic region, language, or individual preference often and thus, can lead to misidentification or a delay in the proper identification of a toxic plant.

Classification↗
PubMed1995

What can be learned from something's not being named.

A new word-learning phenomenon is demonstrated and a new word-learning principle is proposed to account for it. In Study 1, 60 3-year-olds were shown a pair of objects and heard a novel label used repeatedly for one, but not for the other. In a forced-choice test of generalization of the label, the latter object was selected less often by the children than one that had not been present during training. This so-called Nominal Passover Effect was the same whether the speaker had completely ignored the comparison object during training or had referred to it with pronouns. The performance of a no-word control group (N = 24) indicated that the effect was not due to a preference for the less exposed of the two choice objects. The effect is consistent with the Exhaustive Reference Principle, which stipulates that whenever a new generic word is used to name something, expect it to be extended to all entities in a situation that the speaker perceives and believes to be exemplars of the name. In Study 2 (N = 48), the Nominal Passover Effect was replicated with 3 new sets of objects and with training language that contained only indefinite forms of reference. The passover experience was often sufficient to counteract children's tendency to generalize a novel label on the basis of perceptual similarity. The passover effect was not evident in free-choice name generalization tests in either study.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

[Discourse of music and inscription of the father's name in the "Wohltemperierten Klavier" by Johann Sebastian Bach].

The author tries to develop a comprehension of music based on a difference between the two systems of writing in music and language. Music offers no fixed connection between signifier and signification as they are brought about in language by sequences of letters. Therefore the name-of-the-father, whose recognition guarantees psychic stability, cannot be introduced into the discourse of music. The "Welltempered Piano" by Johann Sebastian Bach shows how the composer reacts to this dilemma: in a biographical and music-historical difficult situation, Bach, in a cryptographical way, interweaves his proper name with the score and thereby replaces the missing name-of-the-father.

Famous Persons↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synonymy of generic and homonymy of species names for palearctic black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)].

Some changes in the synonymy of several generic names are given (Ahaimophaga Chubareva, 1978 = Helodon Enderlein, 1921; Haimophaga Rubzov et Yankovsky, 1984 = Helodon, Enderlein, 1921; Astega Enderlein, 1930 = Cnephia Enderlein, 1921; Boreosimulium Rubsov et Yankovsky, 1982 = Hellichiella Rivosecchi et Cardinali, 1975; Odagmia Enderlein, 1921 = Simulium Latreille, 1802; Gnus Rubsov, 1940 = Simulium Latreille, 1802). For 18 preoccupied species names (junior homonyms) the new replacing names are proposed (alajensis Rubzov. 1972 = dubitskii. nom. n.: bicorne Dumbleton, 1973 = crosbyi, nom. n.; borealis Malloch, 1919 = arctocanadensis, nom. n.; chelevini Ivashchenko, 1978 = ivashchenkoi, nom. n.; decafile Rubzov, 1976 = decafiliatum, nom. n.; frontatus Yankovsky, 1982 = boreopacificus, nom. n.; fulvipes Ono, 1978 = onoi, nom. n.; fuscum Rubzov, 1963 = fuscatum, nom. n.; hibernale Rubsov, 1967 = lugense, nom. n.; intermedia Rubzov, 1956 = orenburgica, nom. n.; jacuticum, Rubzov, 1973 = tiksiense, nom. n.; kamtshaticum Rubzov, 1940 = kamtshadalicum, nom. n.; latitarsus Rubzov, 1971 = mongolense, nom. n.; minutum Rubzov, 1959 = minuticorpus, nom. n.; rheophilum Tan et Chow, 1976 = tanetchowi, nom. n.; sedecimfistulata Rubzov, 1976 = dzhungarica, nom. n.; septentrionale Tan et Chow, 1976 = chowettani, nom. n.; tenuitarsus Rubzov, 1969 = chovdica, nom. n.).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Age-related differences in naming latency.

Older people seem to have difficulty learning new materials, perhaps because it takes them longer to retrieve relevant encoding information from memory. To assess the effects of age on speed of retrieval, 60 healthy males from 25 to 74 were shown pictures of common objects they were to name aloud as quickly as possible. The older subjects took longer to name the pictured objects. This difference was minimized with practice or when the name was cued, but did not interact with word frequency. The pattern of results for healthy older subjects was not similar to that found by Wingfield for brain-damaged subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effect of educational gifts from pharmaceutical firms on medical students' recall of company names or products.

PURPOSE: To assess the influence of pharmaceutical advertising (in the form of books) directed at medical students and also to examine students' attitudes toward pharmaceutical representatives after interacting with them. METHOD: Two groups of fourth-year medical students were surveyed: 166 residency applicants to the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care between 1991 and 1993, who were questioned during their personal interviews with the department chair, and 39 fourth-year students from the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine in 1994-95, who were surveyed by telephone. The students were asked if they had ever received a book from a pharmaceutical representative and, if so, to name the book. Then they were asked to name the book-giving company or a product associated with the company. Responses were compared using chi-square analysis. RESULTS: In all, 90% of the students had received one or more books and accurately recalled titles for 89% of them. However, only 25% of the named books were accurately associated with a pharmaceutical company or product. The Pritzker students, asked to recall interactions with pharmaceutical representatives, reported being skeptical of representatives who ignored them because they were students, but they rated as helpful and informative those who conversed with them or gave them gifts. CONCLUSION: Although gifts to medical students do not necessarily engender company or product recall, attention paid to medical students by pharmaceutical representatives engenders goodwill toward the representatives and their messages.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Using Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) to exchange laboratory data among three academic hospitals.

Using a standard set of names and codes to exchange electronic laboratory data would facilitate multiinstitutional research and data pooling. This need has led to the development of the Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) database and its test naming convention. We conducted a study which required 3 academic hospitals (in 2 separate medical centers) to extract raw laboratory data from their local information system for a defined patient population, translate tests into LOINC, and provide aggregate data which could then be used to compare laboratory utilization. We found that the coding of local tests into LOINC can often be complex, especially the "Kind of Property" field, and apparently trivial differences in choices made by individual institutions can result in nonmatches in electronically pooled data. In our study, 72-86% of the failures of LOINC to match the same tests between different institutions were due to differences in local coding choices. LOINC has tremendous potential to eliminate the needing for detailed human inspection during the pooling of laboratory data from diverse sites, and perhaps even a built-in capability to adjust matching stringency by selecting subsets of LOINC fields required to match. However, a quality, standard coding procedure at all sites is critical.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Generics: what's in a name?

Historically, the most common intervention performed by physicians has been the writing of a prescription. Often the prescription was a combination of active agents and an inactive base. This art is no longer practiced in the United States. Currently, most prescriptions are written for specific "drugs." As the prescription is being written, the physician must decide to administer a brand-name or a generic equivalent. Generics are a class of medications prescribed for reasons of economy, and the physician and the patient expect that the therapeutic effect will be exactly the same as for the brand-name. Bioequivalence of specific agents can be assessed using the FDA's Orange Book. In addition to bioequivalence, many other scientific, ethical, and economic issues should be considered before a decision is made. Prescribing vigilance is necessary, because in many instances available information is often controlling or insufficient to support rational decisions. Brand-names, rather than generics, should be selected when the therapeutic index is narrow or if the likelihood of generic switching is high. The paper will discuss all aspects of the subject.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1998

Toward information extraction: identifying protein names from biological papers.

To solve the mystery of the life phenomenon, we must clarify when genes are expressed and how their products interact with each other. But since the amount of continuously updated knowledge on these interactions is massive and is only available in the form of published articles, an intelligent information extraction (IE) system is needed. To extract these information directly from articles, the system must firstly identify the material names. However, medical and biological documents often include proper nouns newly made by the authors, and conventional methods based on domain specific dictionaries cannot detect such unknown words or coinages. In this study, we propose a new method of extracting material names, PROPER, using surface clue on character strings. It extracts material names in the sentence with 94.70% precision and 98.84% recall, regardless of whether it is already known or newly defined.

Information Storage and Retrieval↗
PubMed1998

[Naming impairment for man-made objects in a case of herpes encephalitis].

We report the naming performances of a 25 year-old woman with a left internal and inferior temporal lesion caused by herpes encephalitis who showed a preferential impairment for naming man-made objects. Evidence for category-specific effect was provided by a stepwise logistic regression using 171 pictures characterized by several parameters (words frequency, diversity of responses, length, name agreement, majoritary response, familiarity, visual complexity and canonicity). Analyses were realized over a 5 month period. Methodological considerations, anatomic correlations and arguments suggesting lexical access or semantic storage disturbance are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Developmental onset of eating-related color-naming interference: the role of restraint and eating psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the developmental onset of the Stroop interference effect for food and body shape words in 12- and 14-year-old females to determine whether dietary restraint and eating psychopathology influenced Stroop performance times. METHOD: A Stroop task containing neutral, food, and body shape-related words was administered to 152 schoolgirls. Participants completed the restraint scale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Drive for Thinness (DFT) subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory. RESULTS: Significant color-naming impairments were observed for food-related words in 12- and 14-year-olds, in 14-year-old restrained eaters, and in 12-year-old unrestrained eaters. There were no significant differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters in either age group. Participants scoring high on the DFT subscale showed significant impairments for food-related words, but did not differ significantly from those scoring low on the DFT. There were no significant impairments in color-naming body shape-related words in any subgroups. DISCUSSION: This study did not confirm a different developmental onset for the food and body shape Stroop interference effect. Consideration of dietary restraint did add clarity to previously observed food-related interference effects in both age groups. The results for high- and low-DFT participants do not support the use of the eating-related Stroop tests as an early objective indicator of eating psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proper names and noun-to-determiner movement in aphasia: a case study.

Proper names (PN) have properties that are different from those of common names (CN) and as such underlie different syntactic rules. According to one of these rule, in many languages, PN, unlike CN, do not take the determiner. It has been suggested that this happens because PN move themselves from noun position to determiner position. The present study addressed the question of whether noun to determiner movement should be just considered a formal description or rather reflects actual processing. A single aphasia case study and a group study on Alzheimer's patients provide experimental support to the view that movement from nominal to determiner position reflects some psychological computation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Orthographic/phonological facilitation of naming responses in the picture-word task: an event-related fMRI study using overt vocal responding.

In the picture-word interference task, naming responses are facilitated when a distractor word is orthographically and phonologically related to the depicted object as compared to an unrelated word. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the cerebral hemodynamic responses associated with this priming effect. Serial (or independent-stage) and interactive models of word production that explicitly account for picture-word interference effects assume that the locus of the effect is at the level of retrieving phonological codes, a role attributed recently to the left posterior superior temporal cortex (Wernicke's area). This assumption was tested by randomly presenting participants with trials from orthographically related and unrelated distractor conditions and acquiring image volumes coincident with the estimated peak hemodynamic response for each trial. Overt naming responses occurred in the absence of scanner noise, allowing reaction time data to be recorded. Analysis of this data confirmed the priming effect. Analysis of the fMRI data revealed blood oxygen level-dependent signal decreases in Wernicke's area and the right anterior temporal cortex, whereas signal increases were observed in the anterior cingulate, the right orbitomedial prefrontal, somatosensory, and inferior parietal cortices, and the occipital lobe. The results are interpreted as supporting the locus for the facilitation effect as assumed by both classes of theoretical model of word production. In addition, our results raise the possibilities that, counterintuitively, picture-word interference might be increased by the presentation of orthographically related distractors, due to competition introduced by activation of phonologically related word forms, and that this competition requires inhibitory processes to be resolved. The priming effect is therefore viewed as being sufficient to offset the increased interference. We conclude that information from functional imaging studies might be useful for constraining theoretical models of word production.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Brain responses to a subject's own name uttered by a familiar voice.

Hearing one's own first name automatically elicits a robust electrophysiological response, even in conditions of reduced consciousness like sleep. In a search for objective clues to superior cognitive functions in comatose patients, we looked for an optimal auditory stimulation paradigm mobilizing a large population of neurons. Our hypothesis was that wider ERPs would be obtained in response to the subject's own name (SON) when a familiar person uttered it. In 15 healthy awake volunteers, we tested a passive oddball paradigm with three different novels presented with the same probability (P = 0.02): SON uttered by a familiar voice (FV) or by an unknown voice (NFV) and a non-vocal stimulus (NV) which preserved most of the physical characteristics of SON FV. ERP (32 electrodes) and scalp current density (SCD) maps were analyzed. SON appeared to generate more robust responses related to involuntary attention switching (MMN/N2b, novelty P3) than NV. When uttered by a familiar person, the SON elicited larger response amplitudes in the late phase of novelty P3 (after 300 ms). Most important differences were found in the late slow waves where two components could be temporally and spatially dissociated. A larger parietal component for FV than for NFV suggested deeper high-level processing, even if the subjects were not required to explicitly differentiate or recognize the voices. This passive protocol could therefore provide a valuable tool for clinicians to test residual superior cognitive functions in uncooperative patients.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Improving the performance of dictionary-based approaches in protein name recognition.

Dictionary-based protein name recognition is often a first step in extracting information from biomedical documents because it can provide ID information on recognized terms. However, dictionary-based approaches present two fundamental difficulties: (1) false recognition mainly caused by short names; (2) low recall due to spelling variations. In this paper, we tackle the former problem using machine learning to filter out false positives and present two alternative methods for alleviating the latter problem of spelling variations. The first is achieved by using approximate string searching, and the second by expanding the dictionary with a probabilistic variant generator, which we propose in this paper. Experimental results using the GENIA corpus revealed that filtering using a naive Bayes classifier greatly improved precision with only a slight loss of recall, resulting in 10.8% improvement in F-measure, and dictionary expansion with the variant generator gave further 1.6% improvement and achieved an F-measure of 66.6%.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

3D naming system.

Technology now allows vast amounts of information to be shared among individuals and applications with great speed. The need for nomenclature that is conducive for clear and accurate communication is critical. This is especially true in medicine, and radiation oncology in particular, where miscommunication can cause significant harm to patients. Frequent sharing of radiation treatment information occurs not only between members within a department, but also between different treatment centers. Physicians share techniques with each other at conferences, in publications, and over the phone. Retrospective investigation may be done evaluating various treatment courses. Descriptions of treatment beams are perhaps the most commonly shared information about a patient's course of treatment in radiation oncology. This paper highlights the advantages of using a 3D naming system to identify treatment beams with unique names.

Humans↗