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A mouth speculum for orogastric administration of compounds to nonhuman primates is described here. The speculum allowed the passage of a feeding tube through the mouth of a macaque, while minimizing the risk of injury to the handlers fingers, teeth and gingival surfaces of the macaque, or feeding tube.
PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness in reducing plaque and gingivitis of an electric toothbrush with three-dimensional (oscillating/rotating/pulsating) brush head action, Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover, and an electric toothbrush with high-frequency vibrating action, Sonicare Plus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomised, split-mouth study of 33 adult subjects who used both electric toothbrushes for a total of 9 weeks. After a 2-week acclimation period of brushing with each device on alternating days, subjects received a prophylaxis, then refrained from any oral hygiene on the mandibular teeth for 21 days to induce gingivitis. However, they continued to brush the maxillary teeth on alternating days with each electric toothbrush. Then, for a period of 4 weeks they brushed each side of the mouth with different toothbrushes, randomly assigned to right or left. Plaque and gingivitis were assessed initially, after the 21-day no-oral-hygiene period, and after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of brushing twice daily. RESULTS: After 21 days without oral hygiene, mean mandibular plaque and gingivitis scores increased significantly for all subjects. Use of both electric toothbrushes during the treatment phase progressively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores at each successive examination. The Braun toothbrush was significantly more effective than the Sonicare toothbrush in reducing plaque at every examination and gingival bleeding after 4 weeks of brushing. It is concluded that the Braun electric toothbrush with three-dimensional brush head action offers advantages over the Sonicare electric toothbrush with high-frequency vibrating action in terms of plaque control and potential improvement of gingival health following induction of experimental gingivitis.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain maximal mouth opening in normal symptom free subjects and to evaluate radiographically the anatomic position of the condyle during such an opening. Also to find out the prevalence of clinical signs of TMJ dysfunction in asymptomatic subjects. Sixty subjects aged 15-45 years were selected according to stringent criteria. The clinical evaluation comprised of measurements of mouth opening, deviation on opening and assessing any joint sounds. Then transcranial radiographs were taken and different linear measurements were done. The values and correlations were analyzed using students 't' test. Females presented higher degree of clinical signs (joint sounds) of TMD than males. Almost all the subjects had their condyles translated beyond the articular eminence showing more of an inferior vertical shift. It is required that similar studies be conducted on different ethic population and different age groups. Results could be interesting and shed light in the relativity dark area of TMD.
Dry mouth is a common complaint among older adults, and the aging process is erroneously considered by many to be the primary cause. The subjective complaint of dry mouth (xerostomia) is not always associated with objective evidence of a reduced saliva flow rate (salivary gland hypofunction). Moreover, there are patients who have reduced saliva flow rates and are asymptomatic. Xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction are associated with sundry oral and systemic complications and affect the quality of an individual's life. This article includes the common causes of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction and addresses the common complications of and routine therapeutic modalities available for these conditions in the elderly.
The possible influence of vaccination with oil adjuvanted foot and mouth disease vaccines on the tuberculin response was investigated in 32 normal guinea pigs and 190 non-tuberculous bovines. Circulating anti-Mycobacterium bovis IgG antibodies were analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in order to determine the effect of the vaccination on the humoral response against mycobacteria in cattle. Control animals were either nonvaccinated or injected with aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine. Administration of foot and mouth disease vaccine had no apparent influence on the tuberculin responses of either guinea pigs or cattle, nor did it influence the level of anti-M. bovis antibodies in cattle.
The mouth-to-anus transit time was estimated in 24 young children admitted to an outpatient rehydration unit with acute dehydrating diarrheal disease by adding an oral fecal marker (brilliant blue) to the first draught of oral rehydration solution. Transit times ranged from 30 to 242 min. There was a highly significant (logarithmic) relationship between rate of fecal output and transit time (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). Three of 24 subjects could not be rehydrated orally, were declared treatment failures, and were hospitalized for intravenous therapy. All of them had had an initial transit time of less than 50 min, and constituted three of the four subjects with this rapid rate of transit. Thus, a rapid mouth-to-anus transit time had a 100% sensitivity to predict treatment failures and a 75% predictive accuracy for a "positive" test. Although our series is small, the findings suggest that fecal markers may be useful in remote areas to assist in the early detection of diarrheal episodes that cannot be managed by oral rehydration therapy.
The influence of zinc on the growth and metabolism of Streptococcus was studied under controlled conditions in an artificial mouth model.the results confirmed the previous conclusion that zinc was capable of inhibiting the growth and metabolism of streptococcus both vivo and in vitro.At the same time,the feasibility of the imitative experiments in an artificial mouth model was proved.
The retrospective study was based on 36 open joint surgeries done in 33 consecutive patients with anterior disc dislocation without reduction with severe signs and symptoms and unsuccessful nonsurgical treatment lasting at least 6 months. The patients underwent either discoplasty or discectomy followed by auricular cartilage graft implantation and were evaluated for amount of interincisal mouth opening, severity of pain on VAS scores preoperatively and as well as 12 months postsurgically. The minimum pain levels were preoperatively 50 on VAS for the discoplasty group and 60 on VAS for the discectomy group. After the surgery, the VAS values lower than 20 were reported on 69.4% of 25 sides (72.7% in the discoplasty group, 68.0% in the discectomy group). Using the cutoff point for maximal interincisal opening of more than 35 mm, only 6 patients (16.6%) fulfilled the criterion at the baseline. Interincisal distance measured vertically 12 months after the operation increased in all but five patients. In three of the five subjects, the opening was at the same level as before the surgery. Almost ninety-one percent of the patients (90.9%) in discoplasty group and 81.8% in discectomy group, respectively reached 35 mm or more of vertical opening after the operation. Applying the 1984 Criteria for classification of postoperative results (AAOMS), 12 months after surgery, 24 patients (72.7%) displayed good results, 6 patients (18.2%) were evaluated with acceptable results, and in 3 cases (9.1%) we observed bad results. Although only short-term evaluation is presented, our findings show that both discoplasty and discectomy are effective methods for surgical treatment of patients suffering from severe temporomandibular pain and limited mouth opening. Discoplasty should be reserved only for patients without severe changes of the disc.
Dry mouth is a very common condition in dental practice, and the causes underlying this alteration in salivary secretion are diverse. The problem is particularly common in polymedicated elderly people. Treatment should aim to eliminate the background cause; however, when this is not possible, management should focus on the stimulation of salivation or the provision of a saliva substitute. The present study provides a systematic account of the management protocol for patients with dry mouth.
Limitation of mouth opening is a common source of referral to an orofacial pain clinic with a proposed diagnosis of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMD). The word "trismus" is defined by the American academy of orofacial pain as: "Myospasm of masticatory muscles specifically causing limited jaw opening; early symptom of tetanus". Therefore, once trismus is suspected, TMD should be ruled out. However, it is not uncommon to find the usage of this term to describe severe limitation of opening by causes other than myospasm, therefore posing the risk of misdiagnosis. The purpose of this article is to describe the differential diagnosis of hard end limitation of opening with emphasis on the clinical tools used to differentiate between muscle source of hard end limitation and other sources of hard end limitation. Several cases of hard end limitation of mouth opening are presented and through them major principles of orofacial diagnosis are discussed.
PURPOSE: To explore the clinical effect of full-mouth scaling and root planning (FM-SRP) on chronic periodontitis with the comparison of quadrant scaling and root planning (Q-SRP). METHODS: 60 patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into 2 groups. The FM-SRP group received full-mouth scaling and root planning completed within the same day, while the Q-SRP group received quadrant scaling and root planning once a week for 4 weeks. Clinical parameters of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) were collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment, as well as the postoperative reaction. The data were analyzed by rank sum test (PI,GI), t test (PD,AL) and Chi square test (BOP), respectively. RESULTS: When compared with the baseline, both therapies resulted in significant improvements in all clinical parameters at the end of 3 and 6 months (P<0.01). However, there were no significant difference between the two groups at any time point (P>0.05). 24 hours after the first treatment, the percentage of patients with postoperative reactions were significantly higher in FM-SRP group than that in Q-SRP group (P<0.05), but the patients could tolerate these reactions. CONCLUSION: Both FM-SRP and Q-SRP are efficacious in treating chronic periodontitis, and the clinician can select the proper treatment modality according to the demand of clinical practice.
The effects of pasteurization and evaporation on foot-and-mouth disease virus in whole milk from infected cows obtained one day postinoculation were studied. Virus survived the heating of milk at high temperature-short time pasteurization at 75 degrees C for 15-17 seconds. In addition, virus from infected milk survived heating at 80 degrees C for the same time. Infective virus also survived in the pasteurized milk after evaporation at 65 degrees C to 50% of the original volume. The bovine udder was found to be highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. Seven log10 plaque-forming units/ml of virus were recovered in whole milk 24 hours postinoculation, and decreasing titers were recovered for as long as seven days postinoculation.
Based on 309 patients (171 women and 138 men), consulted by 15 dental surgeons of Yaounde during one year, the aim of this study was the evaluation of bringing into use an antibiotherapy in daily practice. A questionnaire on the subject was distributed to practitioners. We registered 10 most frequent mouth dental diseases that needed curative antibiotherapy, being 87% of prescriptions. A prophylactic antibiotherapy has been prescripted in three per cent of cases to patients carriers of general pathologies (cardiopathies, diabete...) or mandibular fractures. In 10% of cases, a covering antibiotherapy has been established during simple extractions of teeth without infections, from healthy patients. In 48% of cases the duration of antibiotherapy was short (less than eight days) and in 32% of cases, the quantities were infratherapeutic. There were three per cent of prescriptions concerning antibiotics (sulfonamides, phenicoles...) unsuited to usual germs of mouth cavity. Generics drugs have been prescribed in 12% of cases. The more prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillins, macrolides and cephalosporines. Only a best knowledge of antibiotics' families and their indications are able to avoid clumsiness. At last generic drugs prescription in our difficult economical environment should be common.
Comparative studies were carried out by means of the agar gel-diffusion technique (AGDT) to establish the antigenic identity between the epizootic foot-and-mouth disease strain (the Nch/73 representative strain) and the standard viruses of type A. The epizootic strain was found to belong to the subtype group A5. Discussed is the usefulness of AGDT in determining the antigenic relations between the foot-and-mouth disease viruses.
A virus-carrier state was observed in the process of subcultivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected calf kidney cell culture. Cytologically, the chronically infected culture differed from the control culture by the presence of a large number of syncytial cells which did not die in acute infection because of poor susceptibility to the virus. Chronic infection appeared to be maintained by occasionaly polygonal cells which retained the initial sesceptiblity to foot-and-mouth disease virus. The number of such cells did not exceed 1--4% and by the 9th passage they disappeared completely. At this time the experimental culture did not differ from control cytologically and cytochemically.
Nine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus type "O" received in our laboratories since 1971 have been studied serologically by Osler's quantitative method of complement fixation (50% hemolysis). The results, submitted to the biomathematical system of bidimensional classification, allow to conclude that at present in Europe there are two groups of foot-and-mouth disease strains of type "O"; one has reference to our vaccinal strain "O Lausanne 1965" and the other to "O Romania 1972" strain, which has certain points of similarity with subtype "O2". In addition, strain "O Hungary 1975" has been studied on bovines; the immunological tests confirm the serological test.
Sera from 101 swine never exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus were tested by the plaque-reduction neutralization (PRN) and radial immunodiffusion techniques for cross-reactions to 5 types of foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Depending on the group of sera and the virus used, the percentage of sera cross-reacting at low levels varied from 0 to 50% with the PRN technique and 0 to 20% with the radial immunodiffusion technique. 5erum-neutralization tests in mice support the finding of neutralizing antibody by the PRN technique. Ultracentrifugation and 2-mercaptoethanol studies indicate that the cross-reactions are the result of immunoglobulin M or similar macroglobulins.
A bovine enterovirus (E76T) isolated from a 2-year-old bull produced serologic cross reactions to South African Territories (SAT) I5 foot-and-mouth disease virus when inoculated into guinea pigs and cattle. Cross-reacting serum titers to SAT I5 virus of 1:320 by the plaque-reduction neutralization test and 1:20 by the radial immunodiffusion test occurred in 2 steers after they were inoculated with the E76T virus. In 1 steer, maximal cross-reacting titers appeared related to a 2nd exposure to the viruses or to a hyperimmune state. Ultracentrifugation and 2-mercaptoethanol studies indicated that the cross reactions were due to immunoglobulin M antibody. Sera from guinea pigs immunized with the E76T or the SAT I5 virus cross reacted with the heterologous virus by postinoculation day 7. Cross-reacting titers had decreased markedly by postinoculation day 35, whereas the homologous virus titer remained constant. Cross reactivity of the E76T virus was primarily with the SAT I5 virus, and to a lesser degree with SAT II3. Cross reactions did not occur with representatives of the 5 other antigenic types of foot-and-mouth disease virus.