Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MOTIVATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of confinement on motivation to exercise in young dairy calves.

The objective of this research was to determine if confinement of 8-day-old calves for varying lengths of time is associated with an increase in motivation to perform locomotor behaviors. Holstein heifer and bull calves (N=48) were used in a factorial arrangement with two crossed factors. Factor A was housing with two levels (individual confinement versus group pens) and factor B was hours in confinement with four levels (6, 12, 24, and 48h). Individual confinement was in 1.06mx1.06m pens, while group pens had a 3.68mx6.09m outside run and a 3.68mx6.09m covered area that also contained a 3.68mx2.44m area bedded with wood shavings. The calves were placed on treatment when they were 8+/-2 days of age.At the end of the treatments, a blood sample was taken for plasma cortisol determination and lymphocyte counts and the calves were open-field tested for 5min.Walk, trot, distance traveled and behaviors performed while standing during the open-field test were higher in the calves kept in group pens (P=0.0003, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.04), but were not influenced by hours in treatment. Calves confined for 48h had greater incidences of kicking and falling (P=0.014 and 0.025). Lymphocyte count (P=0.029) was lower in the calves confined for 12h, but there was not a trend across hours in confinement that indicated a consistent effect. Housing or hours in treatment did not affect canter, buck, buck-kick, rear, stumble, vocalization and cortisol concentrations. The interaction between hours in treatment and housing was not significant for any of the variables tested.This study suggests that 2 days may not have been enough time for the effects of close confinement to influence motivation in young calves, or that calves averaging 8 days of age may be too young to display increased motivation for locomotor activity. Confinement of such young calves actually inhibits locomotor activity in open-field tests.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Influence of a typical "posture-balance-motivity" motor practice on the postural capacities of elderly subjects].

OBJECTIVE: The object of this work was to observe the influence of the "Posture-Balance-Motivity" (PBM) activity on the total motivity in older adults. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: After 12 weeks of practice, to observe the effects on the control of static postural sway by the intermediary of a force platform of 15 subjects (mean age 75.5, SD = 6.6). RESULTS: Scores on "Posture", "Balance" and "Motivity" show respectively and significantly improvements. All scores of a clinical balance assessment scale, the POMA, have also improved. On the platform, parameters of spontaneous postural sway in the lateral (X) and antero-posterior (Y) axis have been evaluated with eyes open, eyes closed, on firm floor and foam floor condition. Values on the lateral axis did not show any significant decrease. But values on the antero-posterior axis showed a significant decrease for all modalities translating a better postural stability in this plan. CONCLUSION: These first results show the advantages of a typical "PBM" activity.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1990

What do women want? Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness.

The multiple motive hypothesis of physical attractiveness suggests that women are attracted to men whose appearances elicit their nurturant feelings, who appear to possess sexual maturity and dominance characteristics, who seem sociable, approacheable, and of high social status. Those multiple motives may cause people to be attracted to individuals who display an optimal combination of neotenous, mature, and expressive facial features, plus desirable grooming attributes. Three quasi-experiments demonstrated that men who possessed the neotenous features of large eyes, the mature features of prominent cheekbones and a large chin, the expressive feature of a big smile, and high-status clothing were seen as more attractive than other men. Further supporting the multiple motive hypothesis, the 2nd and 3rd studies indicated that impressions of attractiveness had strong relations with selections of men to date and to marry but had a curvilinear relation with perceptions of a baby face vs. a mature face.

Beauty↗
PubMed1994

Effect of motivational context on conspecific song discrimination by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

Two experiments to examine the effects of motivational context on the perception of conspecific song by cowbirds were conducted. In the first experiment, sexual displays were elicited from females by playback of normal song and rearranged sequences of the component phrases. In a second experiment, male and female cowbirds discriminated among the same songs in a food-rewarded operant procedure. In a sexual context, the birds were sensitive to both the beginning and end phrases of normal song, whereas in a food context, the birds were more sensitive to the beginning of normal song. In both experiments, one-phase songs were better discriminated from normal song than two-phrase songs, and there was no effect of phrase order on discrimination. Similarities and differences in the results of the two experiments suggest that some aspects of cowbird song perception remain constant across motivational contexts, whereas others are unique to particular motivational contexts.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention.

Functional activation (measured with fMRI) in occipital cortex was more extensive when participants view pictures strongly related to primary motive states (i.e., victims of violent death, viewer-directed threat, and erotica). This functional activity was greater than that observed for less intense emotional (i.e., happy families or angry faces) or neutral images (i.e., household objects, neutral faces). Both the extent and strength of functional activity were related to the judged affective arousal of the different picture contents, and the same pattern of functional activation was present whether pictures were presented in color or in grayscale. It is suggested that more extensive visual system activation reflects "motivated attention," in which appetitive or defensive motivational engagement directs attention and facilitates perceptual processing of survival-relevant stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The proportion of medical consultations motivated by skin diseases in the health centers of Bamako (Republic of Mali).

BACKGROUND: Skin diseases have recently been identified as a public health problem in developing countries. However, most studies on skin diseases in developing countries, have been conducted in specialized dermatologic centers. Data on the proportion of consultations motivated by skin diseases in nonspecialized health centers in developing countries are scarce. In order to appreciate the request for dermatologic care of the population of a developing African country, we attempted to measure this proportion in health centers of Bamako, the capital of Mali. METHODS: Eight out-patient health centers were randomly selected in Bamako, and the medical registers for the first 6 months of 1993 were consulted. RESULTS: Out of a total of 14,058 consultations given, 1639 (11.7%) were motivated by skin diseases. The main diagnoses registered were pyoderma (42.2% of all the dermatologic diagnoses), eczema (15.5%), scabies (8.5%), and fungal infections (7.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The high proportion of ambulatory consultations in health centers in Bamako motivated by skin diseases suggests that they are an important health problem for the population of this city. Public health policies should be implemented in order to manage this problem.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2002

Neural correlates of the motivational and somatic components of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal.

In morphine-dependent rats, low naloxone doses have been shown to induce conditioned place aversion, which reflects the negative motivational component of opiate withdrawal. In contrast, higher naloxone doses are able to induce a 'full' withdrawal syndrome, including overt somatic signs. The c-fos gene is commonly used as a marker of neuronal reactivity to map the neural substrates that are recruited by various stimuli. Using in situ hybridization, we have analysed in the brain of morphine-dependent rats the effects of acute withdrawal syndrome precipitated by increasing naloxone doses on c-fos mRNA expression. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of slow-release morphine pellets for 6 days and withdrawal was precipitated by increasing naloxone doses inducing the motivational (7.5 and 15 micro g/kg) and somatic (30 and 120 micro g/kg) components of withdrawal. Our mapping study revealed a dissociation between a set of brain structures (extended amygdala, lateral septal nucleus, basolateral amygdala and field CA1 of the hippocampus) which exhibited c-fos mRNA dose-dependent variations from the lowest naloxone doses, and many other structures (dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei, motor striatal areas, hypothalamic nuclei and periaqueductal grey) which were less sensitive and recruited only by the higher doses. In addition, we found opposite dose-dependent variations of c-fos gene expression within the central (increase) and the basolateral (decrease) amygdala after acute morphine withdrawal. Altogether, these results emphasize that limbic structures of the extended amygdala along with the lateral septal nucleus, the basolateral amygdala and CA1 could specifically mediate the negative motivational component of opiate withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Glutamate motivational ensembles in nucleus accumbens: rostrocaudal shell gradients of fear and feeding.

This study demonstrates that microinjection of an AMPA/kainate glutamate antagonist elicits motivated fear and feeding behaviour mapped along rostrocaudal gradients of positive-to-negative valence in nucleus accumbens shell (similar to rostrocaudal shell gradients recently reported for GABA agonist microinjections). Rats received rostral or caudal microinjections of the glutamate AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX (0, 50, 450 or 850 ng in 0.5 micro L) or the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0, 0.5, 1 or 2 micro g in 0.5 micro L), into medial accumbens shell prior to behavioural tests for fear, feeding or conditioning of place preference or avoidance. Another group received rostral or caudal microinjections of DNQX in nucleus accumbens core. Rostral shell DNQX microinjections potently increased appetitive food intake and established only weak conditioned place avoidance. Caudal shell DNQX microinjections elicited defensive treading behaviour, caused rats to defensively bite the experimenter and emit fearful distress vocalizations when handled, and established strong conditioned place avoidance. By contrast, no rostrocaudal gradients of motivational bivalence were produced by microinjections of the glutamate AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX into the core, or by microinjections of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 into the shell. Our results indicate that appetitive and aversive motivation is carried in anatomically differentiated channels by mesocorticolimbic glutamate signals to microcircuits in the medial shell. Hyperpolarization of local shell ensembles by AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor blockade elicits fear and feeding behaviours mapped along distinct positive-to-negative rostrocaudal gradients.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Choice of method in relation to the initiating motive in suicide: a population based study].

OBJECTIVE: The choice of the suicide method is influenced by the individual's sex, age, cultural value system and the method's availability. Therefore, we studied the chosen method in relation to the investigated motive, age and sex. METHOD: The study included all residents of Middle Franconia, dying from suicide due to death certificate and police investigations. 2062 suicides were included. Data was categorized by method and underlying reason. RESULTS: Women preferred self-poisoning and men predominantly chose hanging with the distribution changing with regard to the underlying motive, especially in suicide due to family distress and lovesickness. The association between method and underlying reason of suicide was highly significant (chi (2)-test, chi (2) = 268.5, p < 0.0001), in male (chi (2) = 166.7, p < 0.0001) and in female subjects (chi (2) = 132.7, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, there were differences regarding the suicide method concerning the age. CONCLUSIONS: Certain motives tended to be associated with some suicide methods, so that the means to commit suicide should be further taken into account in preventive as well as in therapeutic measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Incorporation of beef heart cytochrome c oxidase as a proton-motive force-generating mechanism in bacterial membrane vesicles.

Membrane vesicles derived from the strictly fermentative lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus cremoris have been fused with proteoliposomes containing the beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase by means of a freeze/thaw-sonication technique. Evidence that fusion has taken place was obtained by freeze-etch electron microscopy, showing a less-dense intramembranous particle distribution in the fused membranes than in the bacterial membranes, and by sucrose gradient centrifugation, indicating a buoyant density of the majority of the membranes after fusion that was between the buoyant densities of the starting membrane preparations. In the fused membranes, 55-60% of the cytochrome c oxidase molecules are oriented with the cytochrome c binding site at the outer surface of the membrane. With the electron-donor system ascorbate/N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine/cytochrome c, a high proton-motive force (greater than 130 mV), inside negative and alkaline, can be generated in the fused membrane, and this proton-motive force can drive secondary transport of several amino acids. The procedure described can be used for incorporating a proton-motive force-generating system in isolated membrane vesicles from bacterial or eukaryotic origin that lack a suitable primary proton pump.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Systematic development of a self-help and motivational enhancement intervention to promote sexual health in HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

The objective of this study was to describe the application of a systematic process-Intervention Mapping-to developing a theory- and evidence-based intervention to promote sexual health in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Intervention Mapping provides a framework that gives program planners a systematic method for decision-making in each phase of intervention development. In Step 1, we focused on the improvement of two health-promoting behaviors: satisfactory sexual functioning and safer sexual behavior. These behaviors were then linked with selected personal and external determinants, such as attitudes and social support, to produce a set of proximal program objectives. In Step 2, theoretical methods were identified to influence the proximal program objectives and were translated into practical strategies. Although theoretical methods were derived from various theories, self-regulation theory and a cognitive model of behavior change provided the main framework for selecting the intervention methods. The main strategies chosen were bibliotherapy (i.e., the use of written material to help people solve problems or change behavior) and motivational interviewing. In Step 3, the theoretical methods and practical strategies were applied in a program that comprised a self-help guide, a motivational interviewing session and a motivational interviewing telephone call, both delivered by specialist nurses in HIV treatment centers. In Step 4, implementation was anticipated by developing a linkage group to ensure involvement of program users in the planning process and conducting additional research to understand how to implement our program better. In Step 5, program evaluation was anticipated based on the planning process from the previous Intervention Mapping steps.

Condoms↗
PubMed1979

Religious motivation in middle age: correlates and implications.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative relationship of self-rated health, age, sex, race, three measures of self-concept (actual, appearance, and ideal), education, occupation, and locus of control to religious motivation in middle age. The subjects were 301 men and women between the ages of 45 and 65 years from 22 randomly selected United Methodist churches. The results of the study show that factors reflective of the process of acculturation such as sex, ideal self-concept, and locus of control maintain the strongest relationship with religious motivation. Women, persons who have high idealized self-concepts, and adults who believe that what happens to them is under their personal control are less likely than others to be extrinsically motivated or to show a "self-centered" dependence upon religion. Consequently, the findings suggest that an important relationship may exist between the "comfort" or "challenge" functions of religion and spiritual well-being in later life for middle-aged groups.

Educational Status↗
PubMed2006

Understanding successful behaviour change: the role of intentions, attitudes to the target and motivations and the example of diet.

Although many attempts to change health behaviour fail, some individuals do show successful behaviour change. This study assessed the role of behavioural intentions, motivations and attitudes to the target in explaining successful changes in diet with a particular focus on positive and negative intentions and positive and negative attitudes. Participants (n=282) completed a questionnaire describing a recent change in eating behaviour (becoming a vegetarian, cutting out a food group, eating fewer calories), their intentions, their attitudes to the food being avoided, a range of motivations and their degree of success. The results showed that the three behaviour change groups differed in terms of their cognitions with those trying to eat fewer calories reporting less success in changing their behaviour. Successful vegetarianism was associated with a lower positive attitude; successfully cutting out a food group was related to ethical motivations, a lower positive attitude and greater positive and negative intentions, and reducing calorie intake was associated with greater positive intentions and a lower positive attitude. Therefore, success was associated with different cognitions depending upon the type of change being made, although cognitions such as 'I will eat more vegetables' and 'I no longer find high fat foods palatable' were consistently most predictive of success. Suggestions for the development of more effective interventions to change health behaviours are made.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1996

Motivational and attitudinal orientations in learning American Sign Language.

Integrative motivation was found to correlate significantly with sign language proficiency of adult learners at a post-secondary program for deaf students. Instrumental motives, however, were perceived as less important. Higher achievement in ASL was also associated with a positive cultural attitude toward deaf people. Learning of ASL as a second language may be enhanced if instructors design strategies that build upon these cultural and integrative motives and provide rewarding experiences to adult learners.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Motivational factors in learning American sign lanquage.

This study focuses on factors that motivate and demotivate professionals to learn American Sign Language (ASL). Using a qualitative approach known as the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), faculty and staff were asked to reflect on their sign language learning expericences, and their responses were examined for motivational patterns. Principal motivating factors were intrinsic in nature, including a desire to perform well in one's position, personal goals, and an interest in sign language per se. Integrative factors were also important, especially an interest in social interactions with deaf people. Principal factors that demotivated the respondents were more extrinsic in nature, dealing with workload, scheduling issues associated with the sign language curriculum, instruction, and the attitudes of self and others. We draw implications from the findings for the enhancement of sign language instruction programs.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictive genetics in primary care: expectations for the motivational impact of genetic testing affects the importance family physicians place on screening for familial cancer risk.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether the importance family physicians place on familial cancer-risk screening is influenced by expectations for the motivational impact of a high-risk genetic test result. METHODS: Mailed survey of the Massachusetts Academy of Family Physicians. RESULTS: Respondents expected patients would increase pursuit of screening for cancer (99.6%) and other diseases (89.9%), quit smoking (93.6%), and improve diet/exercise (92.5%). The degree of motivational effect was significantly related to the importance they place on screening. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians believe that a high-risk cancer genetic-test result would motivate their patients to pursue risk-reduction behavior, and this belief is related to the importance they place on screening their patients for an inherited risk of cancer.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Parent-offspring conflict and motivational control of brooding in an amphipod (Crustacea).

Models of parent-offspring conflict concerning levels of caregiving centre on conflict resolution by offspring control, compromise or offspring 'honest signalling' that parents use to maximize their own fitness. Recent empirical studies on motivational control of parental feeding of offspring are interpreted as supporting the latter model. Here, we examine parental care in an amphipod, Crangonyx pseudogracilis, which directs care to embryos in a brood pouch. Embryo removal and transplantation elucidated causal factors that determine levels of caregiving. In the short-term, females with all embryos removed reduced care activities, but partial embryo removal did not affect caregiving, evidence of 'unshared' parental care. In the long-term, females with all embryos removed ceased care. Thus, females have a maternal state that is maintained by stimuli from offspring. Transplantation of early/late stage embryos among females originally carrying early/late stage embryos revealed that stimuli from embryos indicate their age-dependent needs, but only modify caregiving within the constraints of a changing endogenous maternal state. Thus, we demonstrate that mothers and offspring share motivational control of care. However, we highlight the inappropriate use of motivational data in reaching conclusions about the resolution of parent-offspring conflict.

Amphipoda↗
PubMed1984

Effects of Methomyl and Helminthosporium maydis Toxin on Matrix Volume, Proton Motive Force, and NAD Accumulation in Maize (Zea mays L.) Mitochondria.

Methomyl and Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin block oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from maize plants with Texas male sterile cytoplasm (T) but not in mitochondria isolated from those with Normal cytoplasm (N) (Bednarski, Izawa, Scheffer 1977 Plant Physiol 59: 540-545). Moreover, they have been reported to cause specific swelling in T mitochondria (Miller, Koeppe 1971 Science 173: 67-69; Koeppe, Cox, Malone 1978 Science 201: 1227-1229). We could not detect, by direct volume measurements, any change induced by these compounds in the mitochondrial matrix space. We show here that the proton motive force, which in maize mitochondria is composed of a large transmembrane potential and of a low transmembrane pH difference, is absent in T mitochondria incubated in the presence of methomyl or of Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin, while it is unchanged in N mitochondria. Methomyl and Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin induce, independently of the collapse of the proton motive force, a release of the cofactors NAD and coenzyme A from the mitochondrial matrix space. In particular, we show that NAD is transported in maize mitochondria, and that this transport, which is not dependent on the proton motive force, is inhibited by methomyl or Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin.

Journal Article↗