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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Microvascularization of the mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid in fetuses and neonates.

The aim of this study was to specify the microvascularization of the junctional region between the integuments of the superficial surface of the free margin of the eyelid and the palpebral conjunctival mucosa. The study was carried out using histological or transparified slices of upper and lower eyelids taken from fetuses and neonates, in which the vascular system was injected with agarized China ink. The mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid is located at the posterior border of the free margin and extends to its deep surface. It has vascular similarities to the oral cavity and the nasal pyramid. Under a thickened avascular epithelium, there is a papillary network composed of characteristic loops that are less raised than in the lips but more developed than in the nose. The superficial and deep vascular reticular networks are comparable in fundamental arrangement to those of other junctional zones. Thus, the palpebral mucocutaneous junction shows cutaneous-type microvascularization, just like the other junctional zones of the head.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2002

Microvascularization of the mucocutaneous junction of the nose.

The aim of this study was to describe the microvascularization of the area of junction located between the integuments of the nasal ala and the respiratory mucosa. This study is part of an overall study on the microvascularization of the mucocutaneous junctions of the head. It was undertaken on histological or clarified sections of noses from fetuses, newborns and adults whose vascular system was injected with Indian ink agar. The mucocutaneous junction of the nose shows similarities with the mucocutaneous junction of the oral cavity. Under a well-defined avascular and thick epithelium lies a vascular papillary network with typical loops less high than in the lips. The angioarchitectonics of superficial and deep vascular reticular networks is similar to that of the lips but they are less dense.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Microvascularization of the female urethra in fetuses, neonates and infants.

The microvascularization of the female urethra was studied in fetuses, neonates and infants by injection of agarized China ink into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to specify the angioarchitecture of each tunic and their specific drainage. The disposition of the microvascularization of the urethra is superimposed on the orientation of the fibers of the muscular tunic. The orientation of the veins of the sub-mucous tunic is longitudinal and not plexiform.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Anatomical study on the morphology and blood supply of the falciform ligament and its clinical significance.

The purpose of this study was to understand the clinical significance of the morphology and blood supply of the falciform ligament in laparoscopic surgery. The structure, blood vessel distribution and anastomoses of the falciform ligament were observed in 20 cases of living laparoscopy, 30 cadaveric specimens injected with latex and five cadaveric specimens with Indian ink and hyaline. The falciform ligament was formed by two sides of peritoneum and its length, largest and smallest width were 8.3+/-1.6 cm, 4.9+/-0.8 cm and 1.1+/-0.3 cm, respectively. The left inferior phrenic artery and middle segment artery of the liver formed a vessel that arched and gave off 6-12 branches to the falciform ligament. The veins of the falciform ligament drained into the left inferior phrenic vein, and were not accompanied by any artery. In conclusion, the vessels of the falciform ligament anastomose with multiple vessels and form a significant pathway of the collateral circulation in the liver. The falciform ligament is an important landmark in laparoscopic surgery.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Microvascularisation of the male urethra in neonates and infants.

The microvascularisation of the male urethra was studied in neonates and infants by injection of agarised China ink into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to specify the angioarchitecture of each tunic of the urethral wall. The disposition of the microvascularisation networks varies depending on the urethral parts considered: only the mucous membrane networks are uniform throughout the entire urethra. The sub-mucous networks are significantly increased in the spongy part. The muscular networks disappear in the spongy part.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

Anatomical contribution to the surgical construction of the sartorius muscle flap.

The sartorius muscle (SM) is frequently used as a surgical flap. This study intends to describe sartorius nerve and artery distribution in adult men. Fifty-three specimens obtained from fresh cadavers were prepared as described: 32 specimens were injected with a red-colored gelatin solution through the femoral artery so that intra-muscular arteries and nerves were dissected; six specimens were injected with barium sulfate solution through the femoral artery for radiography; seven specimens were injected with a Chinese ink solution, also through the femoral artery, for diaphanization; seven specimens were injected with a solution of vinyl acetate, through the femoral artery, to obtain an arterial cast and one specimen was cut and colored by Masson's Trichrome. Sartorius branching patterns of the nerve and artery were schematized. The following measurements were taken for each dissected muscle: total length, arterial pedicle length and distance between each arterial pedicle to the proximal muscle extremity. Five to nine arterial pedicles were found in the sample. In their trajectories, these arteries may give rise to many branches to form a dense and elongated net of anastomoses. Intra- and inter-pedicular anastomoses were observed in the inner part of the muscle. The nerve supply originated from one or two branches, which enter the muscle together with the first or second arterial pedicle. The nerve branches were divided into two or three territorial branches, and then into four or five segmental branches, running longitudinally inside the muscle. The muscles showed an average length of 44.81 cm. SM is a segmented structure and it can be divided into as many as five arterial and nervous segments. In the proximal and middle parts, the muscle has better arterial supply. The segments can be filled by adjacent pedicles, due to an elongated net of anastomoses, which allow a longer arc of rotation in the construction of pedicled flaps.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Multiple myeloma and mycosis fungoides in the same patient: clinical, immunologic, and molecular studies.

The coexistence of multiple myeloma (MM) and mycosis fungoides (MF), and hence of both B- and T-cell neoplastic clones, is a rare event. We describe a case of plaque-stage MF associated with IgG lambda MM. The clinical onset of MF preceded that of MM, supporting the hypothesis that MF predisposed to the development of the B-cell proliferative disorder. The skin tumor cells were found to originate from CD4(+) T-lymphocytes, characterized by a V beta 8 receptor and no proviral human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I monoclonal integration. They also displayed a polarized Th1-type cytokine profile containing mRNAs for interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, but not for IL-4, IL-5, or IL-10. The CD8(+)/CD57(+) suppressor-cytotoxic subpopulation was significantly increased in the peripheral blood and was associated with MM progression. Expression of p16INK4A, a gene from the INK family that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases and regulates the cell cycle, was lacking in MF cells and bone marrow (BM) plasma cells. The p16INK4A gene was silenced by hypermethylation, suggesting that it plays a role in the early phase of the pathogenesis of both diseases. Thus, a lymphoid precursor cell presumably contains aberrations that induce the development of both clonal diseases in a multistep process.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2005

Methylation of the INK4A/ARF locus in blood mononuclear cells.

In the detection of DNA hypermethylation as a tumor-specific epigenetic change in blood mononuclear cell fraction in patients with lymphoid and hematopoetic disorders, circulating tumor cells originating from the lymph nodes or bone marrow can be identified. However, it is still not clear whether methylation in mononuclear cells is disease specific. In the present study, we investigated whether methylation of the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (INK) 4A/alternative reading frame (ARF) locus is present in a disease-specific manner in the blood mononuclear cell fraction of patients with lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or leukemia. To increase the sensitivity of detection, a two-step methylation-specific PCR approach was used to analyze the methylation status of the promoter/exon 1 regions of both p14ARF and p16INK4A genes. Our findings indicate that although INK4A/ARF locus methylation is present in mononuclear cells, this event is not disease-specific since normal subjects also display methylated DNA in their mononuclear cells. In 85.1% of the patients and in 89% of the controls, p16INK4A gene was methylated, while the methylation rates for the p14ARF gene was 32.6 and 36.5%, respectively. The presence of methylated CpG sites in DNA in samples from normal subjects was confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. The difference in the methylation rate between p16INK4A and p14ARF genes among the patients was highly significant (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate that methylation of the INK4A/ARF locus is not a disease-specific molecular change in mononuclear cell fraction and that the p14ARF and p16INK4A genes are differentially methylated.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Orientation aids in biopsy specimens].

Histological findings as regards localizing a lesion suspected to be a tumor and its relation to the margins of a surgical specimen have to be as precise as possible and beyond all doubt. We report on our experience with two technical tools which are especially helpful in excisions of breast tissue: 1) Radiopaque suture material fixed intraoperatively simplifies the correlation of postoperative mammography, X-ray findings with biopsy specimens. 2) AgNO(3), as a solution or in stick form, is faster than ink or other dyes, in marking the margins in small or large surgical specimens because virtually no drying is required.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Environmental exposure, chlorinated drinking water, and bladder cancer.

Environmental and/or occupational factors have been proposed to play a critical role in urological malignancies and, in particular, in bladder cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated with sufficient evidence that factors such as smoking and exposure to aromatic amines, paints and solvents, leather dust, inks, some metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, combustion products, or diesel exhaust fumes are associated with the development of bladder cancer. Candidates with an uncertain potential for inducing this type of cancer include dietary factors, specifically fats and cholesterol, and the exposure to contaminants in drinking water. This chapter will describe and discuss the respective literature on environmental and occupational factors linked to carcinogenesis in bladder cancer. For several reasons, the potential effects of tea and coffee consumption will also be considered. A solid epidemiological evaluation of environmental and occupational factors linked to carcinogenesis has to meet many challenges: the number of confounding factors is often large, exposure needs to be determined retrospectively, and elevation of the attributable risk is low in most cases. In view of the long-term exposure of the vast majority of the population to, for instance, drinking- water contaminants, however, the impact of even small elevations of risk warrants evaluation. This complex task needs comprehensive approaches on a large scale including modern analytical, molecular biological and epidemiological methods.

Chlorides↗
PubMed2006

Development of robotic program: an Asian experience.

Robotic surgery was started in the Department of Urology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, in April 2004. We present our experience in developing the program and report the results of our first 50 cases of robotic radical prostatectomy. A three-arm da Vinci robotic system was installed in our hospital in March 2004. Prior to installation, the surgeons underwent training at various centers in the United States and Paris. The operating theatre was renovated to house the system. Subsequently, the initial few cases were done with the help of proctors. Data were prospectively collected on all patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for localized carcinoma of the prostate. Fifty patients underwent robot assisted radical prostatectomy from March 2004 to June 2005. Their ages ranged from 52 to 75 years, (average age 60.2 years). PSA levels ranged from 2.5 to 35 ng/ml (mean 10.6 ng/ml). Prostate volume ranged from 18 to 130 cc (average 32.4 cc). Average operating time for the first 20 cases was 4 h and for the next 30 cases was 2.5 h. Patients were discharged 1-3 days post-operatively. Catheters were removed on the fifth day following a cystogram. The positive margin rate as defined by the presence of cancer cells at the inked margin was 30%. Twenty-one patients had T1c disease and one had T1b on clinical staging. Of these, two were apical margin positive. Twenty-six patients had T2 disease and eight of them were apical margin positive. Two patients had T3 disease, one of whom was apical margin positive. Five patients (10%) had PSA recurrence. Five patients had a poorly differentiated carcinoma and the rest had Gleason 6 or 7. Eighty percent of the patients were continent on follow-up at 3 months. Of those who were potent before the surgery, 50% were potent at 3-6 months. The robotic surgery program was successfully implemented at our center on the lines of a structured program, developed at Vattikuti Urology Institute (VUI). We succeeded in creating a team and safely implemented the robotic program in our system. Adequate funding and extensive training followed by a short term proctoring are essential for this implementation.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

The pathological assessment of mesorectal excision: implications for further treatment and quality management.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Most clinical practice guidelines today recommend total mesorectal excision (TME) for carcinoma of the middle and lower rectal thirds and partial mesorectal excision (PME) for the upper rectal third. However, these procedures may not always fulfill the oncological requirements. The pathological examination of resected rectal carcinomas should always include a visual assessment of the mesorectal excision to ensure oncological adequacy and appropriate quality. The clinical practice guideline of the German Cancer Society recommends reporting of the distal extent of mesorectal excision (total or partial without coning) and the excision in an inviolate fascial envelope. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Reporting schemas of assessment and documentation for daily use and for studies are presented. RESULTS: Careful macroscopic evaluation of the resection specimen should be standardized. This may be supplemented by stain marking after postoperative filling the inferior mesenteric or superior rectal artery with ink or methylene blue solution. Photodocumentation is highly desirable. The pathological assessment of adequacy of mesorectal excision should be taken into account in selection for adjuvant radiotherapy. Objective macro- and microscopic assessment of mesorectal excision by pathologists is essential for quality management throughout patient care and in clinical trials.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Intravascular electric impedance spectroscopy of atherosclerotic lesions using a new impedance catheter system.

Newer techniques are required to identify atherosclerotic lesions that are prone to rupture. Electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can characterize biological tissues by measuring the electrical impedance over a frequency range. We tested a newly designed intravascular impedance catheter (IC) by measuring the impedance of different stages of atherosclerosis induced in an animal rabbit model. Six female New Zealand White rabbits were fed for 17 weeks with a 5% cholesterol-enriched diet to induce early forms of atherosclerotic plaques. All aortas were prepared from the aortic arch to the renal arteries and segments of 5-10 mm were marked by ink spots. A balloon catheter system with an integrated polyimide-based microelectrode structure was introduced into the aorta and the impedance was measured at each spot by using an impedance analyzer. The impedance was measured at frequencies of 1 kHz and 10 kHz and compared with the corresponding histomorphometric data of each aortic segment.Forty-four aortic segments without plaques and 48 segments with evolving atherosclerotic lesions could be exactly matched by the histomorphometric analysis. In normal aortic segments (P0) the change of the magnitude of impedance at 1 kHz and at 10 kHz (|Z|(1 kHz) - |Z|(10 kHz), = ICF) was 208.5 +/- 357.6 Omega. In the area of aortic segments with a plaque smaller than that of the aortic wall diameter (PI), the ICF was 137.7 +/- 192.8 Omega. (P 0 vs. P I; p = 0.52), whereas in aortic segments with plaque formations larger than the aortic wall (PII) the ICF was significantly lower -22.2 +/- 259.9 Omega. (P0 vs. PII; p = 0.002). Intravascular EIS could be successfully performed by using a newly designed microelectrode integrated onto a conventional coronary balloon catheter. In this experimental animal model atherosclerotic aortic lesions showed significantly higher ICF in comparison to the normal aortic tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of an infrapatellar fat pad edema on patellofemoral biomechanics and knee kinematics: a possible relation to the anterior knee pain syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: An edema of the infrapatellar fat pad following knee arthroscopy or in case of chronic anterior knee pain syndrome is suspected to increase the patellofemoral pressure by a modification of the patellofemoral glide mechanism. The study was performed to evaluate this hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isokinetic knee extension from 120 degrees of flexion to full extension was simulated on 10 human knee cadaver specimens (six males, four females, average age at death 42 years) using a knee kinemator. Joint kinematics was evaluated by ultrasound sensors (CMS 100, Zebris, Isny, Germany), and retro-patellar contact pressure was measured using a thin-film resistive ink pressure system (K-Scan 4000, Tekscan, Boston). Infrapatellar tissue pressure was analyzed using a closed sensor cell which was implanted inside the fat pad (GISMA, Buggingen, Germany). An inflatable fluid cell was implanted by ultrasound control in the center of the infrapatellar fat pad and filled subsequently with water to simulate a fat pad edema. All parameters were recorded and analyzed from 0 to 5 ml volume of the fluid cell. RESULTS: Simulating a fat pad edema resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) increase of the infrapatellar fat pad pressure (247 mbar at 0 ml to 615 mbar at 5 ml volume). In knee extension and flexion the patella flexion (sagittal plane) was decreased while we did not find any other significant influence of the edema on knee kinematics. During the analysis of the patellofemoral biomechanics, a simulated fat pad edema resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of the patellofemoral force between 120 degrees of knee flexion and full extension. The contact area was reduced significantly near extension (0 degree-30 degrees) by an average of 10% while the contact pressure was reduced at the entire range of motion up to 20%. CONCLUSION: An edema of the infrapatellar fat pad does not cause an increase of the patellofemoral pressure or a significant alteration of the patellofemoral glide mechanism. Anterior knee pain in case of a fat pad edema may be related to a significant increase of the tissue pressure and possible histochemical reactions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Quantitative analysis of subretinal injections in the rat.

BACKGROUND: Experimental therapeutic approaches to retinal degenerations often require the subretinal injection of a therapeutic agent. The injected volume and the age of the animal can influence the proportion of the retinal surface affected by the subretinal injection. We have investigated the quantitative effect of a single injection in the subretinal space. METHODS: Normal and Royal College of Surgeons rats aged 1 week, 3 weeks or 2 months received subretinal transscleral injections of 1, 3, 5 or 10 microl China ink. After 24 h, animals were killed, injected eyes were enucleated and fixated, and the retinas flattened. An image analyzing program was used to measure the total retinal surface and the retinal surface affected by the dye. RESULTS: The mean retinal surface affected by the injection ranged from 5.24+/-2.76 mm2 to 14.8+/-2.3 mm2, depending on animal age and injected volume. The injection affected 8.79+/-0.89 to 36.9+/-8.13% of total retinal surface. There was no statistically significant difference between normal and Royal College of Surgeons rats. Intravitreal leakage of the dye was more frequent with increasing injection volumes. CONCLUSION: The retinal surface affected by a single subretinal injection increases with the injected volume, but this increase is not proportional. Higher volumes lead to a loss of injected solution, either in the vitreous body or through the sclerotomy. In 2-month-old rats, a 3-microl subretinal injection appears to have the best reproducibility, with 20-30% of retinal surface covered by the injected dye.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether occupational exposure. 3. Exposure of human volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) is a widely used additive in industrial and consumer products (paints, inks, diluents, cleaning products, cosmetics.). The aim of the present study was to determine uptake and disposition of PGME alpha-isomer in humans. METHOD: Six healthy male volunteers were exposed to PGME-alpha vapour (15, 50 and 95 ppm) with and without respiratory protection for 6 h including a 30-min break. Free PGME and total PGME (free and conjugated) were analysed in urine. The analytical method involved hydrolysis with HCl (only for the analysis of total PGME in urine), a solid phase extraction on LC-18 columns and a gas chromatograph-flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) analysis after derivatisation with trimethylsilylimidazole. RESULTS: End-exposure levels of free PGME in urine were found to reach 1.3 (+/-0.3), 4.4 (+/-1.6) and 7.9 (+/-2.5) mg/l for 15, 50 and 95-ppm exposure, respectively, without respiratory protection. End-exposure levels of total PGME in urine were found to reach 2.5 (+/-0.8), 6.2 (+/-1.6) and 10.3 (+/-2.3) mg/l for 15, 50 and 95-ppm exposure respectively. Levels of free PGME were also monitored in exhaled air (0.4 (+/-0.1), 1.4 (+/-0.4) and 2.9 (+/-0.9) ppm at the end of 15, 50 and 95-ppm exposure, respectively) and in blood (2.0 (+/-0.9), 4.9 (+/-2.3) and 11.8 (+/-2.4) mg/l at the end of 15, 50 and 95-ppm exposure, respectively). PGME is rapidly excreted in urine and in exhaled air; the half-lives were calculated to be approximately 3.5 h in urine and 10 min in exhaled air. PGME was below detection limits in breath (<0.1 ppm), in blood (<1 mg/l) and in urine (<1 mg/l) after dermal-only exposure to vapour. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the relatively high pulmonary uptake compared with the dermal uptake. It has also shown the rapid excretion in urine (3.5 h) and in expired air (10 min). With regard to metabolism, this study has established the presence of conjugated PGME in urine.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Urinary benzylmercapturic acid as a marker of occupational exposure to toluene.

OBJECTIVE: To examine if benzylmercapturic acid (or N-acetyl- S-benzyl cysteine) in urine can be used as a marker of occupational exposure to toluene. METHODS: A factory survey was conducted in the latter half of a working week. A group of 46 men, who volunteered for the study, was engaged in ink preparation, surface coating or printing work. Diffusive samplers were used to measure average solvent exposure in an 8-h shift. End-of-shift urine samples were analyzed for benzylmercapturic acid (BMA) by a modification of an HPLC method originally developed for phenylmercapturic acid determination. RESULTS: The workers were exposed primarily to toluene [TOL; 13 ppm as the geometric mean (GM) and 86 ppm at the maximum] together with isopropyl alcohol (<1 and 4 ppm), ethyl acetate (2 and 127 ppm) and methyl ethyl ketone (2 and 142 ppm). BMA in urine correlated closely [correlation coefficient ( r) =0.7] with TOL in air, irrespective of correction for urine density. The lowest TOL concentration at which urinary BMA increased to a measurable level was approximately 10 ppm, and urinary BMA could separate the exposed from the non-exposed when TOL exposure was 15 ppm or higher. CONCLUSIONS: BMA in end-of-shift urine samples is a good marker of occupational TOL exposure. Urinalysis for BMA is sensitive enough to detect TOL exposure at 15 ppm, and therefore BMA appears to be more sensitive than hippuric acid and possibly o-cresol as a urinary marker of TOL exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Occupational exposure to chemical agents in the paper industry.

As part of an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) international epidemiological study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were assembled in a database. This article summarizes the results of 3,873 measurements carried out in the production departments of paper and paperboard mills and recycling plants in 12 countries. In the paper and paperboard mills, most of the agents were measured in the pulping and refining departments and in on-machine coating and winding of paper/paperboard. Exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria, nitrogen dioxide, minerals dusts, paper dust, sulphuric acid and different solvents sometimes exceeded exposure limit values. In the re-pulping and de-inking departments of recycling plants high exposures to formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria and paper dust were observed. High exposures to asbestos, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide and paper dust were found in many departments; ammonia, formaldehyde, mineral and paper dust and solvents were found in coating machines; and diphenyl and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were found in some special circumstances. Measurements in the newsprint and uncoated paper machine departments revealed only a few elevated exposures. In nearly all departments, measurements of epichlorohydrin, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans tended to be low, often even below their detection limits. In spite of some uncertainties in the measurement data, the study provides new insights into the level and variation of occupational exposures of production workers in the paper and paperboard industry.

Europe↗