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PubMed1989

[Malaria in Guiana. II. The characteristics of different foci and antimalarial control].

In French Guiana, the distribution of malaria in foci inhabited by quite different ethnic groups calls for specific studies. Along the Oyapock on the Brasilian border and along the Litani on the Surinam border, incidence among American Indians and Creoles ranges from 300 and 900 per thousand; Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 65% and P. vivax for 35%. Along the middle and lower Maroni on the Surinam border, the Boni and Ndjukas Negroes move freely through the frontier and since the civil strife Surinamese used to attend health centres of Guiana. Therefore it is difficult to find the sources of contamination and the incidence among French citizens; P. falciparum is the only parasite recorded in this focus. In 1987 a small outbreak mainly due to P. vivax, occurred in a Lao refugees village in the hinterland. The coastal foci harbour large communities of Haitian and Brazilian migrants. The vector is Anopheles darlingi and up to now there is no evidence that other species could be involved. The rise of malaria despite of control measures involves several factors: the house spraying is no more accepted by a large percentage of house holders and the alternative larviciding has only a limited efficacy; the houses of American Indians have no walls to be sprayed; there is a continuous introduction of parasites by migrants. It has been said that vectors have change their behaviour toward exophily but such a statement has not yet been supported by evidence. All these factors should be taken in account to improve malaria control.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

What's new in malaria control?

Malaria remains a significant health problem in many tropical areas but the main impact of the infection is felt in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria continues to cause many deaths and much morbidity. Recently, several new initiatives to improve malaria control in Africa have been started. Control is difficult to achieve in areas with very high levels of transmission but something can be accomplished with existing tools, which include provision of good treatment facilities, chemoprophylaxis in pregnancy and use of insecticide-treated materials. In some areas, especially on the fringes of sub-Saharan Africa, households spraying may also have a role. Use of insecticide-treated materials has had a major impact on child mortality in several countries in Africa, although there are concerns that the dramatic effects achieved initially may not be sustained. A major constraint on malaria control in Africa has been poor organization of malaria-control programmes. New approaches that combine elements of vertical and of horizontal control systems are being tried. Malaria control, even when carried out efficiently and cost-effectively, is relatively expensive. New ways of financing malaria control in the countries where it is needed most must be found.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed2006

Natural products: repellency and toxicity of wild tomato leaf extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.

The potential of using phytochemicals from leaves of wild tomato for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study as a promising alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides. Wild tomato accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum plants that are not consumed by humans were planted under greenhouse conditions for mass production of leaves. Crude extracts from leaves of three accessions of L. hirsutum, six accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and one accession each of L. pennellii and L. pimpinellifolium were prepared in chloroform, ethanol and hexane. Two spider mite bioassays, one a measure of antibiosis and the other a measure of repellency, were utilized to determine the acaricidal performance of the crude extracts. The bioassay for antibiosis was a 6-h no-choice test. The bioassay for repellency utilized a ring bioassay. Chloroform leaf extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions (PI-251304, PI-134417, PI-134418, and PI-126449) exhibited greatest antibiotic activity on two-spotted spider mites; the hexane extracts exhibited greatest repellency. Extracts from PI-251304, PI-126449, PI-134417, and PI-134418 were especially lethal (chloroform) or repellent (hexane). We investigated differences in chemical composition of the crude leaf extracts that may explain the observed differences in mortality and repellency among the different accessions. Major chemical compounds (alpha -curcumene, alpha -zingiberene, trans-caryophyllene, 2-undecanone, and 2-tridecanone) known to have pesticidal efficacy were detected and quantified in the crude leaf extracts using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Lethality of extracts was mainly associated with the presence of high concentrations of 2-tridecanone; repellency of extracts was mainly associated with the presence of trans-caryophyllene. Leaf extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions that contain significant quantities of 2-tridecanone and/or trans-caryophyllene could be useful for managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Integrated control of vector-borne diseases of livestock--pyrethroids: panacea or poison?

Tick- and tsetse-borne diseases cost Africa approximately US$4-5 billion per year in livestock production-associated losses. The use of pyrethroid-treated cattle to control ticks and tsetse promises to be an increasingly important tool to counter this loss. However, uncontrolled use of this technology might lead to environmental damage, acaricide resistance in tick populations and a possible exacerbation of tick-borne diseases. Recent research to identify, quantify and to develop strategies to avoid these effects are highlighted.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Yeast culture volatiles as attractants for Rhodnius prolixus: electroantennogram responses and captures in yeast-baited traps.

Responses to air currents carrying volatiles from yeast cultures were measured by means of electroantennograms (EAGs) in the haematophagous bug Rhodnius prolixus and we tested yeast-baited traps in the laboratory. The volatiles liberated by yeast cultures generated a clear electrophysiological response, much higher than that obtained during stimulation with clean air. The addition of yeast cultures to the traps dramatically increased overnight capture. A modification performed on the traps was effective for this species, as the bugs were immobilised once they fell into the device. Our results demonstrate that yeast culture volatiles are attractive for R. prolixus. The results obtained by means of electroantennogram techniques represent the first electrophysiological evidence of the perception of yeast volatiles by the antennae of a triatomine bug. We discuss the relevance of our results in view of currently used sampling techniques and control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The distribution of bovine trypanosomosis in Zimbabwe and an evaluation of the value of an anti-trypanosomal antibody detection ELISA as a tool for monitoring the effectiveness of tsetse control operations.

Tsetse have been cleared from large areas of Zimbabwe during the past 65 years. In most areas, they are prevented from re-invading cleared areas by barriers of odour-baited, insecticide-treated targets. A trypanosomosis survey was conducted to determine the effectiveness of such barriers against re-invasion and to confirm the absence of tsetse in areas where they had previously been eradicated. Parasitological diagnostic methods and an anti-trypanosomal antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antibody ELISA) were used. The prevalence of trypanosomal infections in the tsetse-cleared areas was generally low. However, the prevalence of anti-trypanosomal antibodies was unexpectedly high in some areas. This high proportion of cattle with antibodies could, in most cases, be explained by recent or historic information on the distribution and density of tsetse. The results from the survey demonstrated the value of anti-trypanosomal antibody detection as an additional sensitive tool for monitoring the effectiveness of tsetse control operations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Impact of single and multiple residual sprayings of pyrethroid insecticides against Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviiade; Triatominae), the principal vector of Chagas disease in Jutiapa, Guatemala.

This study investigated the impact of single, double, and triple insecticide sprayings on indoor infestation of Triatoma dimidiata in Jutiapa, Guatemala. Up to three successive insecticide sprayings were applied in villages, where the indoor infestation index was > 5% before each spraying round or located adjacent to the persistently infested villages. Among 64 villages with single spraying, the mean indoor infestation index reduced from 20.8% to 1.4% after 12 months, but rose to 8.1% after 33 months. In 40 double-sprayed villages, it decreased from 41.9% to 11.9% by the first spraying and to 4.8% by the second spraying. For 12 villages with triple spraying, it reduced from 40.6% to 13.2%, 10.9%, and 4.1% through each spraying round. Geographic analysis showed that originally highly infested villages were spatially clustered and were likely to remain infested after the sprayings. Indoor infestation of T. dimidiata can be controlled with less than three rounds of spraying.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1988

[Monitoring of mosquito vectors at international airports of the South Pacific region].

A survey conducted in eight airports of the South pacific, yielded 2,044 larvae and 136 adult forms, belonging to 25 Culicidae species. Breeding places were found in every airport, either within the perimeter (6 airports) or in the protective zone. Some potentially dangerous vectors were identified: Aedes aegypti (4 airports), Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. vigilax, Anopheles farauti (2 airports), Culex annulirostris, C. p. quinquefasciatus. Vector control measures should be strengthened to suppress every breeding place within the airport perimeter.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Triatoma infestans can be captured under natural climatic conditions using yeast-baited traps.

The effectiveness of a trap for triatomines baited with yeast cultures has been previously demonstrated in laboratory assays. We report results from assays testing yeast-traps for Triatoma infestans performed under natural climatic conditions. All assays were conducted at experimental chicken-coops colonised by bugs, situated at an endemic area for Chagas disease in Argentina. Two different models of traps were tested, for use either on the floor, or attached to walls. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that yeast-baited traps are effective for capturing triatomine bugs. Floor traps, when baited, captured significantly more bugs than their controls (t-test, P = 0.0008, k = 10). In addition, wall traps were also more effective, when compared to their controls (t-test, P = 0.011, k = 10). The maximum capture by a single yeast-trap was 39 bugs in one night, while for the same period the maximum capture by a control-trap was two bugs. Traps captured significantly more bugs at nights when maximum temperature was above 18 degrees C (t-test, P = 0.0002). Results indicate that yeast traps are capable of capturing significant numbers of free insects in one night. The potential use of yeast- traps for the detection of triatomine bugs is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitization and allergic pathology in a group of workers employed in insect breeding for biological pest control].

On the basis of the results of a previous study and immuno-allergological tests, a group of workers employed in breeding insects for biological pest control were studied to ascertain whether any new sensitizations to arthropods recently included in the work cycle occurred and whether any new allergic diseases were observed. The results confirmed a high sensitization to Ephestia kuehniella and to Orius, the latter probably due to contamination; sensitization to Tetranicus urticae and to Planococcus citri were observed, although to a lesser degree. It is concluded that the insects used in biological pest control are highly allergogenic and that the protective devices used up to the present were ineffective; the authors therefore recommend the use of closed or semi-closed cycles along with local ventilation equipment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of simulated barrier treatments against laboratory colonies of Pharaoh ant.

Five selected insecticides were applied to four substrates and evaluated in laboratory studies for repellency and toxicity against the Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). We tested both repellent and nonrepellent formulations on outdoor (concrete and mulch) and indoor (ceramic and vinyl) substrates. Repellency was evaluated using a behavioral bioassay in which colonies were given a choice to leave the treated zone and move into empty nests provided in the untreated zone. We used a novel experimental design whereby ants walked on a Slinky coil suspended from a metal support frame, thus permitting a long foraging distance with a minimum use of space and resources. Cypermethrin, a repellent pyrethroid insecticide, resulted in colony budding, although the response was delayed. Toxicity of insecticides was evaluated as worker, queen, and brood mortality. The most effective treatment was fipronil, which provided 100% reduction in pretreatment activity by 2 d posttreatment on both concrete and mulch. Chlorfenapyr was highly effective on both outdoor and indoor substrates. Significant substrate effects were observed with insecticides applied to nonabsorbent substrates (ceramic tile), which performed better than insecticides applied to absorbent substrates (vinyl tile). Other highly absorbent materials (mulch and concrete), however, did not reduce insecticide efficacy. This is because ants relocated nests into and/or under these attractive nesting materials, thus increasing their exposure to toxic insecticide residues. Our results demonstrate efficacy of nonrepellent liquid insecticides as indoor treatments for the control of Pharaoh ants and possibly as exterior perimeter treatments.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Immune interactions between mosquitoes and their hosts.

The intimate contact between mosquitoes and the immune system of their hosts is generally not considered important because of the transient nature of mosquito feeding. However, when hosts are exposed to many feeding mosquitoes, they develop immune responses against a range of salivary antigens. Understanding the importance of these responses will provide new tools for monitoring vector populations and identifying individuals at risk of mosquito-borne diseases, and allow the development of novel methods for monitoring control and mosquito-release programmes. Antibodies targeting the mosquito midgut are also important in the development of mosquito vaccines. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated and future research opportunities are considered in this review. The potential impact of mosquito vaccines is also discussed. Our understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes and the immune system of their hosts is still in its infancy, but it is clear that there is great potential for exploiting this interplay in the control of mosquito-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control.

In the last 20 years, despite the known underestimation of cases, Brazil registered a marked increase in the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. The main goal of this review is to reflect on some aspects of this zoonosis in Brazil and also to encourage the discussion in order to find more viable, effective and affordable strategies to be implemented by the Brazilian Leishmaniasis Control Program. The current situation of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil might be seen as a paradox: the most important aspects of the disease are known, but so far the control of this disease has not yet been achieved. The current control strategies have not been able to prevent the geographical expansion, and even a rise in the incidence and lethality of visceral leishmaniasis. There is a need not only for a better definition of priority areas, but also for the implementation of a fieldwork monitoring system to the disease surveillance that could permit a further evaluation of the control program in areas where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic.

Animals↗