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PubMed2004

Further validation of the Client Assessment of Strengths Interests and Goals.

The Client Assessment of Strengths Interests and Goals (CASIG), a measure that assesses the treatment outcomes of individuals with serious and persistent mental illness, has previously shown adequate psychometric properties with an American sample. Since it assesses quite specific skills and needs, it is necessary to assess its cultural relevance and psychometric characteristics before using it in a different country. Hence, the purposes of this study were to (1) adapt CASIG to the culture of a Canadian setting and translate its items and directions into French, (2) determine the psychometric characteristics of the adapted English and French versions of CASIG, and (3) identify its latent constructs via an exploratory factor analysis. The CASIG self-report (CASIG-SR) measure was administered to 224 consumers living in the community, and the CASIG informant (CASIG-I) measure to 31 clinicians answering for 172 consumers. The participating consumers also completed the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale-32 (BASIS-32), the Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36), and the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CAN). The informants also completed the clinician version of the CAN. The CASIG-SR and the CASIG-I had adequate internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliabilities. Correlations of the consumers' and informants' results with the BASIS-32, SF-36, and CAN provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, as did contrasts between higher and lower functioning community consumers. The factor analysis also supports the construct validity of the assessment. The results confirm the psychometric adequacy of the adapted and translated CASIG in Canada.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

General practitioner's skills to perform limited goal-oriented abdominal US examinations after one month of intensive training.

A training program of "limited goal-oriented abdominal sonography" for general practitioners (GPs) was planned, set up and tested. After 1 month of intensive training (about 100 examinations), four test subjects succeeded in technically performing examinations in four patients out of five patients, and were able to rule out or exclude fluid collections, aortic aneurysms and common gallbladder disease.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Disturbances in programming goal-directed arm movements in children with ADHD.

We investigated in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) the ability to programme and execute goal-directed arm movements. The sample consisted of 25 males with ADHD (mean age 11 years 6 months, SD 1 year 11 months, range 8 to 15 years) and 25 age-matched typically developing males. The children moved a cursor on a screen by moving a hand-held indicator on a horizontal digitizing tablet. Start and target positions on the screen were always visible during the movement. The screen cursor, however, could either be visible throughout the movement (visual feedback) or blanked at movement initiation (without visual feedback). Analysis showed that movement control was impaired in children with ADHD and that their problems were especially pronounced during the without-visual-feedback condition. In this condition, the children with ADHD exhibited large end-point errors and prolonged movement durations. As there can be no visual corrections of the movement during this condition, results indicate poorer motor programming in children with ADHD. Moreover, children with ADHD performed jerky movements and showed a reduced capacity to select a movement speed that met with the accuracy demands of the movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Proportionality, terminal suffering and the restorative goals of medicine.

Recent years have witnessed a growing concern that terminally ill patients are needlessly suffering in the dying process. This has led to demands that physicians become more attentive in the assessment of suffering and that they treat their patients as 'whole persons.' For the most part, these demands have not fallen on deaf ears. It is now widely accepted that the relief of suffering is one of the fundamental goals of medicine. Without question this is a positive development. However, while the importance of treating suffering has generally been acknowledged, insufficient attention has been paid to the question of whether different types of terminal suffering require different responses from health care professionals. In this paper we introduce a distinction between two types of suffering likely to be present at the end of life, and we argue that physicians must distinguish between these types if they are to respond appropriately to the suffering of their terminally ill patients. After introducing this distinction and explaining its basis, we further argue that the distinction informs a (novel) principle of proportionality, one that should guide physicians in balancing their competing obligations in responding to terminal suffering. As we explain, this principle is justified by reference to the interests terminally ill patients have in restoration, as well as in the relief of suffering, at the end of life.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1987

Sentencing goals, causal attributions, ideology, and personality.

Disparity in sentencing of criminals has been related to a variety of individual difference variables. We propose a framework establishing resonances or coherent patterns among sentencing goals, causal attributions, ideology, and personality. Two studies are described, one with law and criminology students, the other with probation officers. Relations among the different types of variables reveal two resonances among both students and officers. One comprises various conservative and moralistic elements: a tough, punitive stance toward crime; belief in individual causality for crime; high scores on authoritarianism, dogmatism, and internal locus of control; lower moral stage; and political conservatism. The second comprises various liberal elements: rehabilitation, belief in economic and other external determinants of crime, higher moral stage, and belief in the powers and responsibilities of government to correct social problems. Implications of these results are discussed for individual differences in sentencing, attribution theory, and attempts to reduce disparity.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1987

Goal-directed fantasy, hypnotic susceptibility, and expectancies.

We conducted an initial screening session in which hypnosis was presented as a "test of imagination" and administered with other imagination measures. In a second session, we instructed high- and low-hypnotizable subjects to imagine along with suggestions but to resist responding to motoric suggestions. Subjects received either instructions to use goal-directed fantasies (GDFs) or no facilitative instructions. Sizable individual difference effects were secured. Hypnotizable subjects exhibited more suggestion-related movements and reported greater involuntariness than did low-hypnotizable subjects. With GDF instructions, low- and high-hypnotizable subjects reported equivalent GDF absorption and frequencies. However, hypnotizable subjects exhibited greater responsiveness and reported greater involuntariness than did those low in hypnotizability, even when their GDFs were equivalent. Thus, no support was generated for the hypotheses that sustained, elaborated suggestion-related imagery mediates response to suggestion (Arnold, 1946) or that absorption in suggestions is of particular importance for low-hypnotizable subjects (Zamansky & Clark, 1986). Our finding that measures of response expectancy paralelled responding and reports of nonvolition support the hypothesis that expectancies mediate the relation between imagination, involuntariness, and responding (Kirsch, 1985; Spanos, 1982). Hypnotizable imagining subjects in the study discussed here exhibited greater responsiveness than a comparable sample of subjects did in a previous countersuggestion study (Lynn, Nash, Rhue, Frauman, & Stanley, 1983) in which no attempt was made to foster an association between imagining and involuntary responding in the initial screening session.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Processing goals, task interest, and the mood-performance relationship: a mediational analysis.

The authors examined the role of intrinsic interest in mediating the relationship among mood, processing goals, and task performance. Participants in induced happy, neutral, or sad moods generated similarities and differences between TV shows using performance-based, enjoyment-based, or no stop rule (cf. L.L. Martin, D.W. Ward, J.W. Achee, & R.S. Wyer, 1993). Pretask interest and both quantitative (time spent, number generated) and qualitative (creativity) performance were assessed. Happy participants spent more time and generated more items than other participants when using an enjoyment-based stop rule but spent less time and generated fewer items when using a performance-based stop rule. Happy participants also expressed greater pretask interest and were more creative than other participants regardless of stop rule. Regression-based path analyses indicated that pretask interest partially mediated the effects of mood on quantitative performance but not on creativity.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: approach and avoidance temperaments and goals.

The present research examined the role of approach and avoidance motivation in models of personality. Specifically, it examined the hypothesis that approach and avoidance temperaments represent the foundation of several basic dimensions espoused in the trait adjective, affective disposition, and motivational system approaches to personality. Factor analytic support for the hypothesis was obtained in Studies 1, 2, and 6; measures of extraversion, positive emotionality, and behavioral activation system loaded together on 1 factor (Approach Temperament) and measures of neuroticism, negative emotionality, and behavioral inhibition system loaded on another factor (Avoidance Temperament). This 2-factor structure was shown to be independent of response biases. In Studies 3-7, approach and avoidance temperaments were shown to be systematically linked to achievement goals (both nomothetic and idiographic). The findings are discussed in terms of an integrative approach to personality.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Motivations for condom use: do pregnancy prevention goals undermine disease prevention among heterosexual young adults?

Differences in motives for condom use and their implications for understanding frequency of use were investigated in a random, biracial (Black, White) sample of heterosexuals, aged 17 to 25 years (n = 902). Results indicated that sexually active young adults-regardless of race, age, gender, or relationship status-were more likely to use condoms to prevent pregnancy than to prevent disease. Reasons for use mediated the effects of relationship status on condom use per se and moderated the effects of attitudinal and perceptual variables on condom use. Finally, comparisons among condom users motivated by different prevention goals and nonusers (n = 388) revealed that differences among user subgroups were nearly as numerous and, in some cases, more robust than differences between users and nonusers. These findings indicate that condom users comprise distinct subgroups, defined in part by their underlying motives for use, and highlight important conceptual and empirical reasons to distinguish among them.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Goal-directed selective attention and response competition monitoring: evidence from unilateral parietal and anterior cingulate lesions.

Competing visual stimuli lead to slower responses to targets. This response competition must be resolved before correct responses are executed. Neuroimaging suggests that response competition monitoring may be subserved by an integrated neural network including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In this study, 1 patient with a parietal lesion (Patient J.S.) and 1 with an ACC lesion (Patient G.M.) were presented with 2 flanker tasks; 1 required verbal identification of color targets, and the other required an opposite response to targets (e.g., see red and say "green"); a control group was also tested. For controls, perceptually incongruent flankers interfered with the ability to inhibit prepotent responses to targets. Patient J.S. performed in a similar manner, even when flankers appeared in the neglected field. Patient G.M. demonstrated reduced interference effects for contralesional flankers. Results are discussed in terms of goal-directed selective attention and response competition monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance.

A newly developed personality taxonomy suggests that self-esteem, locus of control, generalized self-efficacy, and neuroticism form a broad personality trait termed core self-evaluations. The authors hypothesized that this broad trait is related to motivation and performance. To test this hypothesis, 3 studies were conducted. Study 1 showed that the 4 dispositions loaded on 1 higher order factor. Study 2 demonstrated that the higher order trait was related to task motivation and performance in a laboratory setting. Study 3 showed that the core trait was related to task activity, productivity as measured by sales volume, and the rated performance of insurance agents. Results also revealed that the core self-evaluations trait was related to goal-setting behavior. In addition, when the 4 core traits were investigated as 1 nomological network, they proved to be more consistent predictors of job behaviors than when used in isolation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Abstract and concrete self-evaluative goals.

Assuming that people often hold the abstract goal of acquiring accurate feedback but recognize that acquiring favorable feedback can make the self-evaluative process more comfortable, the authors posited that low-level construals (of how action is performed) would elicit greater self-enhancement motivation than would high-level construals (of why action is performed). Individuals chronically using low-level construals had greater interest in downward social comparison (DSC) and less interest in negative feedback (NF; Studies 1 and 3). Decreases in temporal distance (which foster low-level construals) also elicited greater interest in DSC and less interest in NF (Studies 2 and 4). The latter effect was explained by participants' aversion to inconvenience (Study 5) and not by approach-avoidance conflict (Study 6). These results suggest that the level of abstraction at which people construe self-evaluative situations can influence their feedback preferences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: modeling attentional control in the Stroop task.

This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on an implemented model of word production, WEAVER++ (W. J. M. Levelt, A. Roelofs, & A. S. Meyer, 1999b; A. Roelofs, 1992, 1997c). Stroop effects are claimed to arise from processing interactions within the language-production architecture and explicit goal-referenced control. WEAVER++ successfully simulates 16 classic data sets, mostly taken from the review by C. M. MacLeod (1991), including incongruency, congruency, reverse-Stroop, response-set, semantic-gradient, time-course, stimulus, spatial, multiple-task, manual, bilingual, training, age, and pathological effects. Three new experiments tested the account against alternative explanations. It is shown that WEAVER++ offers a more satisfactory account of the data than other models.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Decomposition of variability in the execution of goal-oriented tasks: three components of skill improvement.

A central ability of the motor system is to achieve goals with great reliability, although never with zero variability. It is argued that variability is reduced with practice by 3 separate means: reduction of stochastic noise (N), exploitation of task tolerance (T), and covariation (C) between central variables. A method is presented that decomposes variability into these components in relation to task space that is defined by the execution variables. Successful variable combinations form the solution manifold. In a virtual skittles task, it is demonstrated that participants' improvement over repetitions, indicated by increasing accuracy, is accounted for by N, T, and, to a lesser degree, C. The relative contribution of these components changes over the course of practice and task variations.

Goals↗
PubMed2005

Putting ifs to work: goal-based relevance in conditional directives.

Conditional directives are used by speakers to instruct hearers which actions are to be taken should certain events occur. The authors demonstrate that conditional directives are distinct from indicative conditionals in which speakers predict what is likely to be observed should certain events occur. The 1st set of experiments shows that goal structure determines what information speakers will select to test whether conditional directives have been followed but that these selections do not reflect their interpretations of the deontic necessity and sufficiency of the conditional relation. The 2nd set of experiments shows that formulations of conditional directives differ in how clearly speakers consider them to express their situation-specific intentions and that hearers accurately perceive what speakers intend them to do as a result of these formulations. The authors' findings illustrate a form of social rationality common in everyday interaction, which broadens normative conceptions of conditionals.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Achieving college student possible selves: navigating the space between commitment and achievement of long-term identity goals.

This study explores the possible-self construction and achievement process in students of color from low-income communities by investigating these processes in 28 college students. Findings suggest that while parental encouragement of college aspirations may affect age at which the college student possible self is constructed and expectancy level, development of schematic possible selves is more crucial to achievement of possible-self goals. Furthermore, findings point out a need to include conceptual schemas, in addition to procedural schemas, as potential predictors of possible-self achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Infants predict other people's action goals.

Do infants come to understand other people's actions through a mirror neuron system that maps an observed action onto motor representations of that action? We demonstrate that a specialized system for action perception guides proactive goal-directed eye movements in 12-month-old but not in 6-month-old infants, providing direct support for this view. The activation of this system requires observing an interaction between the hand of the agent and an object.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Comparative analysis of goal achievement during rehabilitation for older and younger adults with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rehabilitation outcome in a representative sample of older and younger SCI patients. DESIGN: Case series, consecutive sample, survey. SETTING: Tertiary care, spinal cord injury unit (National Spinal Injuries Centre), Stoke Mandeville Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and forty-seven male and 45 female newly injured in-patients (consisting of 152 younger adults, age range=16 to 54, and 40 older adults, age range=55 to 85) admitted between 1995 and 1999. INTERVENTION: All patients were actively participating in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary Goal Planning and Needs Assessment rehabilitation programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Needs Assessment Checklist. Specifically designed and developed for the spinal cord injured population, this clinical assessment tool provides a way of assessing and ensuring that rehabilitation programmes are geared toward each patient's individual needs, providing the patient with the skills appropriate to their level of lesion. As part of ongoing psychometric analyses of the Needs Assessment Checklist, internal consistency reliability coefficients are reported for this measure. RESULTS: The type and cause of injury for the older adult group in this study was comparable with previous research. Older adults' rehabilitation gains were comparable to those of the younger age group. Younger adults were more mobile initially after their injury. However, when the two groups were matched for injury characteristics etc. the only differences in final outcome between older and younger adults were in skin management ability. Both groups showed significant improvements in all areas of need in the period between mobilisation and entering the pre-discharge ward. CONCLUSION: These results highlight important considerations for the rehabilitation of older adults and emphasise the need for active, individually tailored rehabilitation programmes. There are specific areas of need (i.e. skin management) where older adults do not achieve comparable levels of independence. Special attention needs to be paid to the problems presented by SCI older adults and efforts should be made to better prepare rehabilitation professionals to adapt to age specific differences.

Adolescent↗