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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Behavioural characterization of vitamin D receptor knockout mice.

Vitamin D (calcitriol) is a nuclear transcription regulator acting via a nuclear hormone receptor (VDR). In addition to its role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and in bone formation, Vitamin D is also thought to be involved in brain function. The aim of this study was to behaviourally phenotype VDR knockout mice. We characterized the behaviour of VDR null mutant mice and wildtype littermate controls by subjecting them to a range of tests including a primary behavioural screen (using the SHIRPA protocol), rotarod, gait analysis, Y-maze, marble burying test, bedding test, holeboard test, elevated plus maze, open field test and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. There were no effects of genotype on most of the scores from the SHIRPA protocol except that VDR -/- mice had alopecia, were shorter and weighed less than VDR +/+ mice. VDR -/- mice had a shorter gait as well as impairments on the rotarod, in the bedding test and impaired habituation in both the open field and on the acoustic startle response. The VDR -/- mice had normal acoustic startle responses but had impaired PPI at long (256 ms) but not short (64 ms) prepulse to pulse intervals. The VDR -/- mice were less active in the open field and buried fewer marbles in the marble burying test. However, there were no differences in the time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze or in working memory as assessed by repeat arm entries on the Y-maze. Therefore, it appears that VDR -/- mice have muscular and motor impairments that significantly affects locomotor behaviour but seemingly no impairments in cognition as indicated by exploration, working memory or anxiety.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Chromosomal fragility, structural rearrangements and mobile element activity may reflect dynamic epigenetic mechanisms of importance in neurobehavioural genetics.

Advances in human genome analyses have not yet allowed identification of specific genetic mechanisms underlying the expression of human neurobehavioural disorders. There is an increasing awareness that several genes may contribute to behavioural phenotypes and these genes appear to interact in as yet undetermined ways. It has been suggested that the problem needs elucidation from an epigenetic, gene expression perspective. Cytogenetic instability manifesting as chromosomal fragile sites, translocations, duplications, deletions and inversions, when co-occurring with neurobehavioural disorders, may offer a doorway to the investigation of such chromatin level, regulatory region, epigenetic processes. Due to earlier indications of non-specificity of chromosomal aberrations, poor phenotype:genotype correlations and a shift to analysing candidate coding regions on high resolution map level, the only utility of chromosomal breakpoints came to be seen as harbouring possible candidate genes of interest when segregating together with particular neurobehavioural disorders. More recent findings of the expression of highly specific subsets of fragile sites in association with Tourette and Rett syndromes need to be extended to other neurobehavioural disorders to ascertain whether observed patterns can be considered representative of 'chromatin endophenotypes' correlating with discrete sets of neurobehavioural symptoms. Environmental/epigenetic factors could affect the chromatin characteristics of the genome arising through DNA strand breakage, mobile element activity and retroinsertion, establishing new architectural features of regulatory control networks very rapidly in comparison to coding region evolution rates. Microarray-based techniques for the genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions offer increasingly comprehensive views of genetic and epigenetic regulatory networks. It may be informative to include functionally significant chromatin structural variation analyses when considering candidate genes for neurobehavioural disorders.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed2005

Gene-environment processes in task persistence.

Task persistence is a construct that appears to have broad influence on child competence generally, from self regulation in carrying out tasks, to cognitive performance. In a recent developmental study of task persistence, Deater-Deckard and colleagues report that heritability of task persistence increased over time, whereas the contribution from the shared environment decreased during the transition from early to middle childhood. Two explanations for the developmental shift are discussed here: a choice hypothesis and a schooling hypothesis. An important next step lies in documenting gene-environment processes directly via hybrid research models, combining work in molecular biology with longitudinal observations of behavior.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Neuron-glia interactions clarify genetic-environmental links in mental illness.

How genes and environment interface to generate major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia has been puzzling, as are the relative roles of neurons and glia in such disturbances. Tomonaga and colleagues have recently reported striking neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice expressing Borna disease virus phosphoprotein (BDV-P) selectively in glial cells. The study provides a novel approach of linking environmental and genetic factors to behavior by producing genetically engineered mice. The key role for glial BDV-P implicates neuron-glia interactions in the pathogenesis of psychiatric conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Darwinism and ethology. The role of natural selection in animals and humans.

The role of behaviour in biological evolution is examined within the context of Darwinism. All Darwinian models are based on the distinction of two mechanisms: one that permits faithful transmission of a feature from one generation to another, and another that differentially regulates the degree of this transmission. Behaviour plays a minimal role as an agent of transmission in the greater part of the animal kingdom; by contrast, the forms it may assume strongly influence the mechanisms of selection regulating the different rates of transmission. We consider the decisive feature of the human species to be the existence of a phenotypical system of cultural coding characterized by precision and reliability which are the distinctive feature of genetic coding in animals. We examine the consequences for the application of the Darwinian model to human history.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A critique of Plomin and Foch's "A Twin Study of Objectively Assessed Personality in Childhood".

Plomin and Foch's (1980) study of objectively assessed personality in childhood is critiqued on five points: (a) conceptual validity of the measures, (b) stability of the measures for the population age range, (c) comparability of populations, (d) accuracy of literature review, and (e) appropriate interpretation of broad heritability data. The Plomin and Foch study contains major errors; it is theoretically and methodologically flawed. Their report is especially significant because it is representative of problems critical to the study of the genetic correlates of personality.

Child↗