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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A sequence element associated with the Plasmodium falciparum KAHRP gene is the site of developmentally regulated protein-DNA interactions.

The Plasmodium falciparum gene encoding the knob associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) is shown to be transcriptionally regulated during its expression in the intraerythrocytic cycle as demonstrated by stage specific nuclear run-on analysis. The genomic organization of the KAHRP gene was determined and the structural basis for the stage specific transcription investigated. A sequence motif with two-fold symmetry was found 160 bp upstream of the RNA initiation site. This sequence element interacts with parasite derived nuclear extracts in a stage specific manner that correlates with the transcriptional activity of the KAHRP gene. These studies suggest a functional role for this structural element in the developmental regulation of a P. falciparum erythrocytic gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Developmental regulation of the Drosophila Tropomyosin I (TmI) gene is controlled by a muscle activator enhancer region that contains multiple cis-elements and binding sites for multiple proteins.

Developmental gene regulation in vertebrate somatic muscles involves the cooperative interaction of MEF2 (myocyte-specific enhancer-binding factor 2) and members of the b-HLH (basic helix-loop-helix) family of myogenic factors. Until recently, however, nothing was know about the factors that control the developmental regulation of muscle genes during embryogenesis in Drosophila. The Drosophila Tropomyosin I (TmI) gene contains a proximal and distal muscle enhancer within the first intron that regulates its expression in embryonic/larval and adult muscles. We have recently shown that the 355-bp proximal enhancer contains a binding site for the Drosophila homologue of vertebrate MEF2 and that MEF2 acts cooperatively with a basal level muscle activator region to direct high level muscle expression in transgenic flies. The 92-bp muscle activator region, however, does not contain any consensus E-box (CANNTG) binding site sequences for b-HLH myogenic factors, suggesting the MEF2 may interact with other factors to regulate muscle genes in Drosophila. In this study we have used mutation analysis and germ-line transformation to analyze cis-acting elements within the muscle activator region that regulate its expression in transgenic flies. We have identified a 71-bp region that is sufficient for low basal level temporal- and muscle-specific expression in the embryo, larva, and adult. Substitution mutations within the muscle activator region have identified several cis-element regions spanning 60-bp that are required for either full or partial muscle activator function. An analysis of proteins that bind to this region by gel mobility shift assay and copper nuclease footprinting has allowed us to identify the sites in this region at which multiple proteins complex and interact. We propose that these cis-elements and the proteins that they bind regulate muscle activator function and together with MEF2 are capable of regulating high level muscle expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification, characterization and developmental expression of Halloween genes encoding P450 enzymes mediating ecdysone biosynthesis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

The insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a central role in regulating gene expression during development and metamorphosis. In many Lepidoptera, the pro-hormone 3-dehydroecdysone (3DE), synthesized from cholesterol in the prothoracic gland, is rapidly converted to ecdysone (E) by a hemolymph reductase, and E is subsequently converted to 20E in various peripheral target tissues. Recently, four Drosophila melanogaster P450 enzymes, encoded by specific Halloween genes, were cloned and functionally characterized as mediating the last hydroxylation steps leading to 20E. We extended this work to the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, an established model for endocrinological and developmental studies. cDNA clones were obtained for three Manduca orthologs of CYP306A1 (phantom; phm, the 25-hydroxylase), CYP302A1 (disembodied; dib, the 22-hydroxylase) and CYP315A1 (shadow; sad, the 2-hydroxylase), expressed predominantly in the prothoracic gland during the fifth (final) larval instar and during pupal-adult development, with fifth instar mRNA levels closely paralleling the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. The data indicate that transcriptional regulation of phm, dib and sad plays a role in the developmentally varying steroidogenic capacities of the prothoracic glands during the fifth instar. The consistent expression of the Halloween genes confirms the importance of the prothoracic glands in pupal-adult development. These studies establish Manduca as an excellent model for examining the regulation of the Halloween genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The developmental expression of the gene for TFIIIA in Xenopus laevis.

The sequence of the trans-acting positive transcription factor TFIIIA has been deduced by sequencing cDNA and genomic DNA clones. Using DNA from a homozygous diploid animal we show that there is one gene for TFIIIA per haploid genome of X. laevis. Protein sequencing of proteolytic fragments of TFIIIA orients the protein in its interaction with the internal control region (ICR) of the 5S RNA gene. The protein lies along the DNA with its carboxyl terminus at the 5' end of the ICR and its amino terminus at the 3' end. The developmental pattern of TFIIIA and its mRNA during oogenesis and embryogenesis are consistent with the idea that the abundance of TFIIIA plays an essential role in the developmental change in 5S RNA gene expression. The change to almost exclusive somatic 5S RNA gene expression by gastrulation occurs using either the TFIIIA that was synthesized by oocyte and/or TFIIIA synthesized from maternal mRNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

HWP1 functions in the morphological development of Candida albicans downstream of EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1.

The morphological plasticity of Candida albicans is an important determinant of pathogenicity, and nonfilamentous mutants are avirulent. HWP1, a hypha-specific gene, was identified in a genetic screen for developmentally regulated genes and encodes a cell surface protein of unknown function. Heterozygous and homozygous deletions of HWP1 resulted in a medium-conditional defect in hyphal development. HWP1 expression was blocked in a Deltaefg1 mutant, reduced in an Deltarbf1 mutant, and derepressed in a Deltatup1 mutant. Therefore, HWP1 functions downstream of the developmental regulators EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1. Mutation of CPH1 had no effect on HWP1 expression, suggesting that the positive regulators of hyphal development, CPH1 and EFG1, are components of separate pathways with different target genes. The expression of a second developmentally regulated gene, ECE1, was similarly regulated by EFG1. Since ECE1 is not required for hyphal development, the regulatory role of EFG1 apparently extends beyond the control of cell shape determinants. However, expression of ECE1 was not influenced by TUP1, suggesting that there may be some specificity in the regulation of morphogenic elements during hyphal development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Myelin basic protein gene expression in neurons: developmental and regional changes in protein targeting within neuronal nuclei, cell bodies, and processes.

The myelin basic protein (MBP) gene is part of the golli-mbp gene complex. In mouse, the golli-mbp gene produces two families of mRNAs from different transcription start sites that generate either MBPs or golli proteins (which contain MBP sequences in addition to unique peptide sequences). In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analyses indicate that golli products are expressed in selected neuronal populations in postnatal mouse brain, in addition to oligodendrocytes, as shown earlier. The principal subcellular location of golli proteins in neurons was in axonal and dendritic processes. In a small subset of neurons, golli proteins were located in nuclei. With development and neuronal maturation, golli-mbp expression decreased and/or there was a striking shift in subcellular localization from nuclei and cell soma to the cell processes in specific neuronal populations. Golli protein was localize in neurites of migrating cerebellar granule cells, but it shifted to a nuclear localization when the cells took up residence in the internal granule cell layer. In some regions, (e.g., olfactory bulb and cerebellum) golli proteins were expressed over the entire postnatal period examined (birth to 75 d). The unique patterns of developmental expression within individual populations of neurons, and the unusual shift in subcellular localization of golli proteins with neuronal migration and maturation, suggest a complex regulation of this gene at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. The data also suggest that the cellular function(s) of the golli proteins is very different from the structurally related MBPs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Promoter analysis meets pattern formation: transcriptional regulatory genes in sea urchin embryogenesis.

Analyses of spatial and temporal gene control mechanisms in the sea urchin embryo have identified several important trans-regulatory factors, including some that are related to known developmental control genes of the fly and mouse. Recent advances in gene perturbation technologies, including the use of antisense oligonucleotides to target mRNAs in early-stage embryos, as well as the injection of mRNAs into zygotes to express genes ectopically, have made it possible to test the functions of such factors directly.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molecular cloning and developmental expression of Tlx (Hox11) genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Tlx (Hox11) genes are orphan homeobox genes that play critical roles in the regulation of early developmental processes in vertebrates. Here, we report the identification and expression patterns of three members of the zebrafish Tlx family. These genes share similar, but not identical, expression patterns with other vertebrate Tlx-1 and Tlx-3 genes. Tlx-1 is expressed early in the developing hindbrain and pharyngeal arches, and later in the putative splenic primordium. However, unlike its orthologues, zebrafish Tlx-1 is not expressed in the cranial sensory ganglia or spinal cord. Two homologues of Tlx-3 were identified: Tlx-3a and Tlx-3b, which are both expressed in discrete regions of the developing nervous system, including the cranial sensory ganglia and Rohon-Beard neurons. However, only Tlx-3a is expressed in the statoacoustic cranial ganglia, enteric neurons and non-neural tissues such as the fin bud and pharyngeal arches and Tlx-3b is only expressed in the dorsal root ganglia.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Pax genes and organogenesis.

Pax genes are a family of developmental control genes that encode nuclear transcription factors. They are characterized by the presence of the paired domain, a conserved amino acid motif with DNA-binding activity. Originally, paired-box-containing genes were detected in Drosophila melanogaster, where they exert multiple functions during embryogenesis. In vertebrates, Pax genes are also involved in embryogenesis. Mutations in four out of nine characterized Pax genes have been associated with either congenital human diseases such as Waardenburg syndrome (PAX3), Aniridia (PAX6), Peter's anomaly (PAX6), renal coloboma syndrome (PAX2) or spontaneous mouse mutants (undulated (Pax1), Splotch (Pax3), Small eye (Pax6), Pax2(1)Neu), which all show defects in development. Recently, analysis of spontaneous and transgenic mouse mutants has revealed that vertebrate pax genes are key regulators during organogenesis of kidney, eye, ear, nose, limb muscles, vertebral column and brain. Like their Drosophila counterparts, vertebrate Pax genes are involved in pattern formation during embryogenesis, possibly by determining the time and place of organ initiation or morphogenesis. For most tissues, however, the nature of the primary developmental action of Pax transcription factors remains to be elucidated. One predominant theme is signal transduction during tissue interactions, which may lead to a position-specific regulation of cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Structure and developmental expression of the ascidian TRP gene: insights into the evolution of pigment cell-specific gene expression.

The tyrosinase family in vertebrates consists of three related melanogenic enzymes: tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. These proteins control melanin production in pigment cells and play a crucial role in determining vertebrate coloration. We have isolated a gene from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi which encodes a tyrosinase-related protein (HrTRP) with 45-49% identity with vertebrate TRP-1 and TRP-2. The expression of the HrTRP gene in pigment lineage a8.25 cells starts at the early-mid gastrula stage, which coincides with the stage when these cells are determined as pigment precursor cells; therefore, it provides the earliest pigment lineage-specific marker, which enables us to trace the complete cell lineage leading to two pigment cells in the larval brain. In addition, the expression pattern of the HrTRP gene appears to share similar characteristics with the mouse TRP-2 gene although structurally the HrTRP gene is more closely related to mammalian TRP-1 genes. Based on these observations and on results from molecular phylogenetic and hybridization analyses, we suggest that triplication of the tyrosinase family occurred during the early radiation of chordates. Initially, duplication of an ancestral tyrosinase gene produced a single TRP gene before the urochordate and cephalochordate-vertebrate divergence, and a subsequent duplication of the ancestral TRP gene in the vertebrate lineage gave rise to two TRP genes before the emergence of teleost fishes. Evolution of the melanin synthetic pathway and possible phylogenetic relationships among chordate pigment cells that accommodate the metabolic process are discussed. Dev Dyn 1999;215:225-237.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Auxin inducibility and developmental expression of axi 1: a gene directing auxin independent growth in tobacco protoplasts.

We describe the characterization of axi 1, a tobacco gene isolated by activation T-DNA tagging which apparently plays a role in auxin action. Upon deregulated expression, axi 1 confers on protoplasts the ability to grow in culture not only in the absence of auxin but also in high auxin concentrations where maximal frequencies of cell division are not observed in wild-type protoplasts. In wild-type plants axi 1 is transcribed principally in root tissue. In the tagged plant line, axi 159, axi 1 RNA can be detected in all tissues tested. Freshly isolated wild-type protoplasts require auxin for the accumulation of detectable levels of axi 1 transcript and this precedes maximal levels of cell division. In contrast, axi 1 RNA appears in protoplasts isolated from axi 159 plants in the absence of auxin. axi 1 was localized to 6.2 kb of plant genomic DNA flanking the right T-DNA border sequence. axi 1 is interrupted by nine introns and in tobacco it is a member of a small gene family. Database searching reveals no similarity within the coding region with other genes. Sequences within the fourth intron are similar to those located in the non-coding regions of other plant genes, some of which are known to be auxin inducible. A DNA fragment containing the conserved sequence acts as an auxin responsive element in transient expression assays in wild-type protoplasts and this response is higher in axi 159 protoplasts. This suggests that auxin induced axi 1 expression may be mediated by a region contained within an intron sequence and that the axi 1 product might play a role in this induction.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Structural and developmental analysis of the mouse peripherin/rds gene.

Mutations in the peripherin/rds gene have been reported to be associated with different forms of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) and macular degeneration (MD). To better understand the disruptive role of these mutations, knowledge of the structure-function relationship of the peripherin/rds gene is needed. To facilitate that, genomic clones encoding the mouse gene were isolated using bovine cDNA sequences as probes. Sequence analysis of clone lambda 6-1-1, that contained the entire coding sequence for the mouse peripherin/rds, yielded the exon-intron organization of the gene. The gene is composed of three exons (581, 247, and 213 bp) and two introns with the first and second introns 8.6 kb and 3.7 kb in size, respectively. Two major (1.6 and 2.7 kb) and three minor (4.0, 5.5, 6.5 kb) transcripts were detected on RNA blots. The major transcripts first appeared in the brain at embryonic day 13 and in the retina at postnatal day 1. Transcripts were missing in brain and eye of mice at embryonic day 15. Several transcription start sites were mapped within 26 nucleotides approximately 200 bp upstream from the translation initiation site. However, transcripts varied in the lengths of their 3' untranslated portion as a result of the utilization of different polyadenylation signals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Cloning and developmental expression of the Xenopus homeobox gene Xvsx1.

In contrast to the high degree of evolutionary conservation of the Vsx2/Chx10 gene family, vertebrate orthologues of Vsx1 display more divergent sequences and spatio-temporal expression patterns. Here, we report the cloning and expression pattern of Xenopus laevis Vsx1. Differently from the mouse and zebrafish orthologues, Xvsx1 transcription is activated at early neurula both in the evaginating eye vesicles and in the presumptive spinal cord. Compared to other retinal homeobox genes, such as Xrx1, Xsix3 and Xpax6, Xvsx1 is activated at a later stage; in addition, its anterior expression appears to be more specifically restricted to the retina. At tail bud stage, Xvsx1 expression in retinal progenitors persists, and its neural tube expression, which in the spinal cord corresponds to interneurons, progressively expands anteriorly reaching the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. During retinal neurogenesis, Xvsx1 expression is maintained in retinal progenitors and in a peripheral region of the ciliary marginal zone, while in the central retina, it becomes restricted to differentiated bipolar cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Ecdysteroid titers and developmental expression of ecdysteroid-regulated genes during metamorphosis of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Ecdysteroid titers and expression profiles of ecdysone-regulated genes were determined during the last instar larval and during the pupal stages of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Three peaks of ecdysteroids occurring at approximately 24, 30-33 and 45-48h after ecdysis to the fourth instar larval stage were detected. In the pupa, a large peak of ecdysteroids occurred between 6 and 12h after ecdysis to the pupal stage. A small rise in ecdysteroids was also detected at the end of the pupal stage. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses of the expression of ecdysone receptors and ecdysone-regulated genes showed that the peaks of expression of most of these genes coincided with the rise in ecdysteroid levels during the last larval and pupal stages. In the last larval stage, ecdysteroid titers and mRNA expression profiles of ecdysone-regulated genes are similar to those observed for Drosophila melanogaster. However, in the early pupal stage, both ecdysteroid titers and the expression of ecdysone-regulated genes are somewhat different from those observed in D. melanogaster, probably because the duration of the pupal stage in D. melanogaster is 84h while in Ae. aeqypti the duration is only 48h. These data which describe the relationship between ecdysteroid titers and mRNA levels of Ae. aegypti ecdysteroid-regulated genes lay a solid foundation for future studies on the hormonal regulation of development in mosquitoes.

Aedes↗
PubMed1987

Developmental expression of the VIP-gene in brain and intestine.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a major regulatory peptide in the nervous system, playing a role in normal brain activity. VIP levels change dramatically during postnatal rat brain development, raising the question of how these changes are regulated. To study VIP-gene expression, a sensitive RNA detection assay which uses in vitro-transcribed RNA hybridization probes, corresponding to 4 exons of the VIP-gene, was adapted. Results show that the major VIP-mRNA was 2000-2100 bases long in the rat. The amounts of this RNA varied markedly with development. In the frontal cortex of the rat brain, the 2000-2100-base mRNA increased by at least 5-fold from birth to 3-4 days, showing a maximal content at 14-16 days. VIP-mRNA synthesis therefore apparently precedes peptide synthesis by several days, as VIP in the rat cortex begins to increase only at about 7 days of age. Similarly, in the parietal cortex, VIP-mRNA was detected by 3 days of age. However, the increase in the mRNA content from 3 to 14 days of age was greater than in the frontal cortex, while almost no VIP-mRNA was detected in the newborn rat parietal cortex. In contrast, the hypothalamus and intestine contained significant quantities of VIP-mRNA at birth, the hypothalamic levels in newborns being much higher than anticipated from the peptide levels. In the hippocampus, the major peak in VIP-mRNA content occurred at 8 days of age. Taken together, these results indicate local controls of VIP-gene expression and a developmentally associated role for VIP-gene products. As the VIP-mRNA levels did not always parallel the peptide levels, regulation at the post-transcriptional stage may be essential for normal VIP function.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fruit-developmental regulation of bell pepper knolle gene (cakn) expression(1).

A cDNA, cakn, orthologous to the Arabidopsis KN gene, which is involved in vesicle fusion during cell plate formation, was isolated from bell pepper fruit. cakn seems to be monogenic and its expression mainly transcriptionally regulated. During fruit development, transcript and protein levels increase significantly in the early stages in which numerous cell divisions occur, but in the stages corresponding to fruit growth by cell enlargement, whereas the messengers are undetectable, proteins are still faintly present, suggesting a different stability rate for the two types of macromolecules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

A P-insertion screen identifying novel X-linked essential genes in Drosophila.

The recent determination and annotation of the entire euchromatic sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome predicted the existence of about 13600 different genes (Science 287 (2000) 2185; http://www.fruitfly.org/annot/index.html). In parallel, the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP) has undertaken systematic P-insertion screens, to isolate new lethals and misexpressing lines. To date, however, the genes of the X chromosome have been under-represented in the screens performed. In order both to characterize several X-linked genes of prime interest to our laboratories and contribute to the collection of lethal P-insertions available to the community, we performed a P-insertion mutagenesis of the X chromosome. Using the PlacW and PGawB P-elements as mutagens, we generated two complementary sets of enhancer-trap lines, l(1)(T)PL and l(1)(T)PG, respectively, which both contain a reporter gene whose developmental expression can be monitored when driven by nearby enhancer sequences. We report here the characterization of 260 new insertions, mapping to 133 different genes or predicted CGs. Of these, 83 correspond to genes for which no lethal mutation had yet been reported. For 64 of those, we could confirm that lethality was solely due to the P-element insertion. The primary molecular data, reporter gene expression patterns (observed in embryos, third instar larvae and adult ovaries) and proposed CG assignment for each strain can be accessed and updated on our website at the following address: http://www-cbd.ups-tlse.fr:8080/screen.

Animals↗