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PubMed2007

Reaching and treating Spanish-speaking smokers through the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service. A randomized controlled trial.

Although the prevalence of smoking is lower among Hispanics than among the general population, smoking still levies a heavy public health burden on this underserved group. The current study, Adiós al Fumar (Goodbye to Smoking), was designed to increase the reach of the Spanish-language smoking cessation counseling service provided by the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS) and to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally sensitive, proactive, behavioral treatment program among Spanish-speaking smokers. Adiós was a 2-group randomized clinical trial evaluating a telephone-based smoking cessation intervention. Spanish-speaking smokers (N = 297) were randomized to receive either standard counseling or enhanced counseling (EC). Paid media was used to increase the reach of the Spanish-language smoking cessation services offered by the CIS. The Adiós sample was of very low socioeconomic status (SES), and more than 90% were immigrants. Calls to the CIS requesting smoking cessation help in Spanish increased from 0.39 calls to 17.8 calls per month. The unadjusted effect of EC only approached significance (OR = 2.4, P = .077), but became significant after controlling for demographic and tobacco-related variables (OR = 3.8, P = .048). Adiós al Fumar demonstrated that it is possible to reach, retain, and deliver an adequate dose of treatment to a very low SES population that has traditionally been viewed as difficult to reach and hard to follow. Moreover, the findings suggest that a proactive, telephone-counseling program, based on the Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline and adapted to be culturally appropriate for Hispanics, is effective. Cancer 2007. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Anaerobic transcription activation in Bacillus subtilis: identification of distinct FNR-dependent and -independent regulatory mechanisms.

Bacillus subtilis is able to grow anaerobically using alternative electron acceptors, including nitrate or fumarate. We characterized an operon encoding the dissimilatory nitrate reductase subunits homologous to the Escherichia coli narGHJI operon and the narK gene encoding a protein with nitrite extrusion activity. Downstream from narK and co-transcribed with it a gene (fnr) encoding a protein homologous to E.coli FNR was found. Disruption of fnr abolished both nitrate and fumarate utilization as electron acceptors and anaerobic induction of narK. Four putative FNR binding sites were found in B.subtilis sequences. The consensus sequence, centred at position -41.5, is identical to the consensus for the DNA site for E.coli CAP. Bs-FNR contained a four cysteine residue cluster at its C-terminal end. This is in contrast to Ec-FNR, where a similar cluster is present at the N-terminal end. It is possible that oxygen modulates the activity of both activators by a similar mechanism involving iron. Unlike in E.coli, where fnr expression is weakly repressed by anaerobiosis, fnr gene expression in B.subtilis is strongly activated by anaerobiosis. We have identified in the narK-fnr intergenic region a promotor activated by anaerobiosis independently of FNR. Thus induction of genes involved in anaerobic respiration requires in B.subtilis at least two levels of regulation: activation of fnr transcription and activation of FNR to induce transcription of FNR-dependent promoters.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1982

Relationships between gamma-aminobutyrate and succinate cycles during and after cerebral ischemia.

Some metabolites (glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamine, alanine, NH+4) were measured in rat cerebral cortex after 5 minutes of complete compression ischemia, as well as after 5, 15, or 30 minutes of recirculation following 5 minutes of ischemia. Complete ischemia induced a drop of glycolytic substrates and intermediates, consistent with the increase of lactate, succinate, alanine, and gamma-aminobutyrate, and with the decrease of malate, fumarate, and alpha-ketoglutarate. These events may be regarded as an expression of the activation of the gamma-aminobutyrate cycle and of the succinate cycle, where succinate itself, in the absence of O2, acts as a terminal electron acceptor. During post-ischemic recovery, cerebral parameters tended to normalize, except for the further increase of alanine and the still higher than normal content of both succinate and gamma-aminobutyrate, as an expression of the possible activation of the gamma-glutamyl and gamma-aminobutyrate cycles during recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Impurities in a morphine sulfate drug product identified as 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, 10-hydroxymorphine and 10-oxomorphine.

Stability testing of morphine sulfate formulated with nonpareil sugar seeds (consisting of sucrose and starch) and fumaric acid revealed the formation of the three impurities 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, 10-hydroxymorphine and 10-oxomorphine. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural was isolated via semipreparative HPLC utilizing volatile mobile phase constituents and was identified by analysis of its HRMS and NMR spectra. 10-Hydroxymorphine and 10-oxomorphine were obtained via semipreparative HPLC and subsequent removal of ion-pair reagents using an anion exchange resin, or by solid phase extraction, and identified by spectroscopic analysis followed by comparison with authentic materials. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural is a degradation product of hexose sugars, and its formation in the presence of morphine sulfate formulated with fumaric acid suggests that caution should be exercised when including nonpareil seeds in formulations that contain acidic drug salts and/or acid excipients. The preliminary results of tests on the interaction of acidic salts of some other drugs with nonpareil seeds are presented.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed2007

When to start supplementary iron to prevent iron deficiency in early childhood in sub-Saharan Africa setting.

BACKGROUND: To study the efficacy of oral ferrous fumarate, an inexpensive, readily available preparation on iron deficiency in infants in Africa. PROCEDURE: Four months old (group 1, n = 252) and 6-18 months old (group 2, n = 360) healthy infants attending four primary health care centers (PHC) for vaccination/well-child visits in Benin were studied. Ninety-six pregnant women (PW) over 36 weeks gestational age attending the same PHC during the study period were also studied. Infants were offered 2 months supplementation with oral powdered generic ferrous fumarate (GFF), that is, 5 mg/kg/day of elemental iron, given twice and were reevaluated 2 months later for hematological indices. The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant women was assessed using hematological indices and transferrin saturation. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 42.0%, 61.9%, and 37.5% in groups 1, 2, and PW, respectively. All anemic PW were iron deficient. Hemoglobin level shifted towards high values after supplementation. In addition, 24 infants from group 1 whose mothers interrupted the treatment, showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin level values, and similar improvement after two additional months of supplementation. CONCLUSION: Programs to prevent iron deficiency in Africa should utilize inexpensive preparations, start during pregnancy, continue in infants at 3 months of age and address problems of noncompliance.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of GC and HPLC for the quantification of organic acids in coffee.

A GC and an HPLC method for the quantification of organic acids OAs in coffee have been compared. The GC procedure, employing trimethylsilyl derivatives, was found to be very tedious. The HPLC method, which employed an ion exchange column using a flow gradient of water containing 1% phosphoric acid and UV detection (210 nm), was found to be much simpler for the quantification of eight organic acids (oxalic, succinic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, quinic and fumaric acids) in four representative coffee samples. The HPLC procedure was more convenient than that described in the literature since no pre-purification was required for quantification of the OAs.

Carboxylic Acids↗

PubMed1994

Respiratory chain of the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani: facultative anaerobic mitochondria.

The respiratory chain of adult Paragonimus westermani, a lung fluke, was characterized in isolated mitochondria. The fluke mitochondria exhibited cyanide- and antimycin A-sensitive succinate oxidase activity at a rate of 16.8 nmol O2 min-1 mg-1 protein. The succinate oxidation was shown to be stimulated by ADP and linked to the formation of membrane potential. The specific activities of oxidoreductases composing the succinate oxidase system, i.e., succinate-ubiquinone and succinate--cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex II and complex II-III, respectively) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), were compared in mitochondria from adult Paragonimus, bovine heart (an aerobic tissue), and muscle of adult Ascaris suum which possesses an anaerobic respiratory chain. The activity values of complex II-III and complex IV were high, middle, and low for bovine heart, Paragonimus, and A. suum, respectively, whereas the activity of complex II was comparable among the three sources. The cytochrome contents of Paragonimus mitochondria as determined by difference absorption spectrophotometry ranged between those in Ascaris and bovine mitochondria for types c and aa3 cytochromes. Paragonimus mitochondria exhibited a high activity of NADH-fumarate reductase; the specific activity was about 18-fold higher in fluke submitochondria than in bovine heart submitochondria. Quinone analysis by HPLC and mass spectrometry showed that the fluke mitochondria contain both rhodoquinone-10 and ubiquinone-10 at concentrations of 0.572 and 0.321 nmol mg-1 mitochondrial protein, respectively. These data clearly show that mitochondria from adult P. westermani, unlike adult Ascaris mitochondria, possess both cyanide-sensitive succinate oxidase and NADH-fumarate reductase systems, indicating that the fluke mitochondria are facultatively anaerobic.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1997

Gene cloning and characterization of maleate cis-trans isomerase from Alcaligenes faecalis.

Maleate cis-trans isomerase, which catalyses the conversion of maleate to fumarate, was purified and characterized from Alcaligenes faecalis IFO13111. The molecular weight of maleate isomerase was estimated as 60 kDa, consisting of a 28 kDa dimer as shown by gel-filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis. Kinetic studies showed that the Michaelis constant for maleate was 4.0 x 10(-5) M. The reverse reaction (fumarate to maleate) activity of the enzyme was detected even though it was quite weak. The maleate isomerase gene (maiA) was cloned by hybridization using the oligonucleotide DNA probes designed on the basis of the determined N-terminal amino acid sequences of the purified enzyme. The determined DNA sequence of the maiA gene contains an open reading frame which encodes a 254-amino-acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of the maiA gene product shows no significant homology to any amino acid sequences in the protein data base.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed1992

Anaerobic degradation of 1,2-propanediol by a new Desulfovibrio strain and D. alcoholovorans.

A sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain HDv, was isolated from the anoxic soil of a ricefield using lactate as electron donor. Cells were gram-negative, motile, nonsporulating curved rods, with single polar flagella. Substrates were incompletely oxidized to acetate and included glycerol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, fumarate, maleate, and malate were utilized as electron acceptors. Pyruvate, fumarate, maleate, malate and dihydroxyacetone were fermented. Desulfoviridin and c-type cytochromes were present. The DNA base composition was 66.6 +/- 0.3 mol% G+C. The isolate was identified as a Desulfovibrio sp.; its metabolic properties were somewhat different from those of previously described Desulfovibrio species. Comparative biochemical study of 1,2-propanediol dissimilation by the new isolate and Desulfovibrio alcoholovorans showed that NAD-dependent dehydrogenases play a key role in the catabolism of this substrate. The hypothetical pathways of 1,2-propanediol degradation by Desulfovibrio spp. are presented.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1977

Setaria cervi: enzymes of glycolysis and PEP-succinate pathway.

Setaria cervi, the filarial parasite inhabiting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) contained almost all the enzymes involved in glycogen degradation. Significant activities of glycogen phosphorylase, glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, FDP-aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were detected in cell-free extracts of whole worms. The presence of PEP-carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and fumarate reductase revealed the functioning of the PEP-succinate pathway in addition to phosphorylating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in the parasite. Excepting fumarate reductase all other enzymes were localized in the particulate-free cytosol fraction, although small amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were also detected in the mitochondrial fraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

On the redox control of synthesis of anaerobically induced enzymes in enterobacteriaceae.

Mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated in which transcription of the structural genes for hydrogenase (hyd) and for one of the components of formate dehydrogenase (fdh) (of the formate hydrogen-lyase complex) is coupled with that of the lacZ gene. They were--together with lac fusions of the nifH and nifL genes from Klebsiella--used to study regulation by redox control, of the expression of the respective structural genes. The following results were obtained: (i) beta-galactosidase synthesis was fully repressed in the presence of O2 or nitrate (anaerobically), and induced in the absence of an external electron acceptor. Fumarate as terminal electron acceptor only marginally affected nif expression and partially repressed hyd and fdh expression. Redox control of the synthesis of hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, therefore, (as well as that of nif) acts at the level of transcription; the size of the redox potential seems to be correlated with the amount of repression; (ii) beta-galactosidase synthesis in the hyd:: lac and fdh::lac fusion strains is induced by formate. At high concentrations formate reverses the repression by nitrate and fumarate but not that by oxygen.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1987

On the role of cyclic AMP and the Fnr protein in Escherichia coli growing anaerobically.

The role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and of the Fnr protein, a transcriptional regulator of anaerobic electron transport, in the expression of anaerobic respiration of Escherichia coli was investigated. Under conditions of fermentation or anaerobic respiration intracellular cAMP was formed in concentrations up to 4.6 nmol/g protein. From the enzymes of the anaerobic electron transfer chain from glycerol-3-P to fumarate only the expression of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (Freedberg WB, Lin ECC (1973) J Bacteriol 115:816-823), but not that of fumarate reductase required cAMP. Isolated Fnr protein, which has been suggested to be an additional site of action of cAMP under anaerobic conditions did not bind cAMP. It is concluded that cAMP in anaerobic growth like in aerobic growth acts as the effector of CRP and that catabolite repression plays an important regulatory role in anaerobic catabolism. The Fnr protein was present in constant amounts (0.06 mg/g cellular protein) and in constant molar mass (Mr 30,000) in aerobically and in anaerobically grown bacteria. This result excluded regulation of the activity of the Fnr protein by a change of concentration or by processing of the protein.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1976

Growth and synthesis of rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum in a chemically defined medium fortified with organic acids and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

A sterile glucose-mineral salts broth was fortified with equimolar concentrations (10--3 M) of various organic acids and intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Appropriate media were neutralized with 2 N NaOH, inoculated with spore suspensions or mycelial pellets of Penicillium rubrum and incubated quiescently for 14 days or with shaking for 5 days. Rubratoxins were recovered from culture filtrates by ether extraction and resolved by thin-layer chromatography. Toxin formation in quiescent cultures was enhanced by malonate but was not markedly affected by ethyl malonate, shikimate, and acetate or by isocitrate or oxaloacetate added in the presence of malonate. Citrate, cis-aconitate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malonate when present in the medium alone or in conjunction with malonate caused a 15 to 50% reduction in rubratoxin formation. Acetyl-CoA (10--5 M/flask) caused an 80% increase in toxin yield. Rubratoxin formation in shake cultures was not affected by succinate and malonate. All other combinations of intermediates and malonate caused a 10 to 50% reduction in toxin formation. At 10--3 M, citrate enhanced rubratoxin B formation and stimulated rubratoxin A production by as much as 100%. Above 10--3 M, citrate inhibited toxin production. Incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into rubratoxin was enhanced by malonate, fumarate, and malonate. A combination of pyruvate and malonate produced a 40% increase in [2-14C]acetate incorporation into rubratoxin. The highest reduction of labeled acetate incorporation (36%) was caused by succinate or alpha-ketoglutarate combined with malonate.

Acetates↗

PubMed1978

L-Aspartate fermentation by a free-living Campylobacter species.

In the fermentation of L-aspartate by a free-living Campylobacter spec., the products formed were acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia. The oxidative part of the fermentation pathway yielded acetate, succinate, carbon dioxide and ammonia, and the reductive part gave rise to the formation of succinate and ammonia. When grown anaerobically with aspartate, cells contained cytochromes b and c as well as menaquinone. Reduced cytochrome b, but not reduced cytochrome c could be reoxidized by fumarate. In the presence of nitrate, 90% of the available electrons were transferred to nitrate, which was reduced to nitrite; the remainder was transported via the fumarate reductase system. Cells grown with aspartate and excess of formate converted aspartate quantitatively to succinate.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1986

[Organic acids of various kinds of vegetables. IV. Changes in the acids and sugar in tomatoes, sweet peppers and cucumbers during development and ripening].

Concentrations of organic acids and sugars in tomatoes and sweet peppers change notably during ripening. The concentration of malic acid decreases while that of citric acid increases considerably and in redripe fruits clearly exceeds the content of malic acid. Several maxima and minima in acid concentrations occur during development. Both species show constant proportions of citric and isocitric acid (200:1 and 30:1 respectively). In sweet pepper, quinic and ascorbic acid can be found in noticeably higher amounts than in tomatoes. Additionally, succinic acid was detected in tomatoes and fumaric and shikimic acid in sweet pepper. Glucose and fructose, in approximately equal amounts, are the main sugar components; their concentrations are increased during ripening, especially in sweet peppers. The leaves of tomatoes and sweet pepper contain more malic acid and less citric acid than redripe fruits, though here as well citric acid predominates. There is considerably less glucose and fructose present in the leaves of sweet pepper than in the fruits while sucrose is increased. Sucrose is the main sugar component in the leaves. Compared to tomatoes and sweet peppers, egg-plants contain more amounts. - Potatoes contain citric, malic, quinic, succinic, fumaric, and soluble oxalic acid (in order of decreasing amounts). - In cucumbers malic acid notably exceeds citric acid. Both acids hardly change in concentration during ripening. Sugar content decreases during ripening.

Acids↗

PubMed1983

Metabolic changes in the rat liver during pregnancy. II. Tricarboxylic acid cycle.

During pregnancy the rat liver shows alterations in metabolism which apparently do not to occur in the non-pregnant animal. In our study, the following metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities in the liver of pregnant and non-pregnant rats were measured after fasting periods of 6 and 12 h: malate, fumarate, isocitrate, alpha-keto-glutarate, glutamate, malate-dehydrogenase, fumarate-hydratase, glutamate-dehydrogenase, isocitrate-dehydrogenase, aspartate-aminotransferase and after 12 h fast, the concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and citrate. These results are discussed with regard to their possible importance for the maternal and fetal energy supply.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of substrates on the malonate inhibitory pattern and brefeldin A formation in Curvularia lunata.

The extracellular level of brefeldin A fluctuates with the length of malonate inhibition. Following treatment with malonate, mycelial multiplication as opposed to brefeldin A formation, was preferentially increased in the maleate, fumarate, succinate, citrate, methyl palmitate and glucose replacement cultures. Competitive maleate--malonate, fumarate--malonate, succinate--malonate and citrate--malonate-inhibited replacement cultures gave significantly higher mycelial and brefeldin A yields than the sole malonate-inhibited replacement cultures.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

Intragenic complementation and the structure and function of argininosuccinate lyase.

Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of argininosuccinate to arginine and fumarate, a reaction important for the detoxification of ammonia via the urea cycle and for arginine biosynthesis. ASL belongs to a superfamily of structurally related enzymes, all of which function as tetramers and catalyze similar reactions in which fumarate is one of the products. Genetic defects in the ASL gene result in the autosomal recessive disorder argininosuccinic aciduria. This disorder has considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity and also exhibits extensive intragenic complementation. Intragenic complementation is a phenomenon that occurs when a multimeric protein is formed from subunits produced by different mutant alleles of a gene. The resulting hybrid protein exhibits greater enzymatic activity than is found in either of the homomeric mutant proteins. This review describes the structure and function of ASL and its homologue delta crystallin, the genetic defects associated with argininosuccinic aciduria and current theories regarding complementation in this protein.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗