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PubMed1995

Chronic polychlorinated biphenyls exposure on three generations of oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus): effects on reproduction, growth, and body residues.

Effects of chronic dietary exposure to low levels of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) on reproduction, growth and whole body burdens were investigated in three generations of Peromyscus polionotus. Mated pairs were maintained on a diet containing 5 mg/kg PCBs (Aroclor 1254) for 12 months, beginning exposure as young adults; matched controls received a similar diet without PCBs. Offspring were maintained on the parental regime and paired at maturity with non-siblings in the same group. In first and second generation offspring, birth and weaning weights were significantly lower in PCB-exposed animals; in the second generation, there were also significantly fewer mice born/month, longer intervals prior to birth of the first litter, and decreased survival to weaning (25 days) among exposed mice. Whole body residue of PCBs increased significantly with each generation of exposure. This study clearly shows that chronic exposure to PCBs at a dosage of 5 mg/kg depressed fertility, growth and survival in Peromyscus, and that these effects were amplified through multigenerational exposure.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for stillbirths in a rural community.

To determine the risk factors for stillbirth, a case-control study was carried out in a rural community of Haryana. Stillbirths (cases) were identified retrospectively from a household survey, while the controls, matched individually with each case for the month of birth, were live born infants from the same neighbourhood as the case. The stillbirth rate in the study population was 26.8 per 1000 (68/2539) births. The distribution of socio-economic and environmental factors was similar in the cases and the controls (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated higher risk of stillbirth for first order births (Odds Ratio [OR] 7.9, Confidence Interval [CI] 2.1-29.2, P 0.002), history of prior stillbirths/child deaths (OR 15.2, CI 2.3-98.2, P 0.004), and absence of antenatal care (OR 3.3, CI 0.9-14.3, P 0.07). Mothers' age, birth interval (< 24 months), delivery place (hospital or home) and type of birth attendant (trained vs untrained) did not show significant influence on the risk of stillbirth. An improvement in the coverage of antenatal care in socio-economically weaker rural community is suggested as the most appropriate strategy for reducing the high stillbirth rate.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

Does the sibling effect have its origin in utero? Investigating birth order, cord blood immunoglobulin E concentration, and allergic sensitization at age 4 years.

There is a great body of evidence that siblings have a protective effect against atopic manifestations such as hay fever, atopic eczema, allergic sensitization, or asthma. Factors that may explain this association remain largely unknown. One hypothesis is that siblings promote early infections in childhood, and repeated infections protect against atopic disorders. Another hypothesis, the potential in utero programming, has been neglected. The authors investigated if cord blood immunoglobulin E (IgE) is dependent upon birth order and if both are associated with an increased incidence of allergic sensitization (skin prick test) at the age of 4 years in a cohort of 981 newborns recruited between January 1989 and February 1990 on the Isle of Wight, England. The authors found that IgE is reduced with increasing birth order (first child: odds ratio (OR) = 1; second child: OR = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57, 1.05; third child: OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.83). Cord IgE, but not birth order, is a significant predictor of skin prick test positivity at age 4 (IgE below detection limit: OR = 1; IgE of 0.2-<0.5 kilounits/liter: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.68; IgE of >or=0.5 kilounits/liter: OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.62, 4.29). The findings suggest that cord IgE is reduced in pregnancies with higher order, indicating that the sibling effect may have its origin in utero.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of the progression of meiosis in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry.

Initiation and progression of meiosis was followed in dispersed rat testicular cells by flow cytofluorometry and cytology. The DNA content of dissociated testicular cells of rats 6--30 days old, killed at daily intervals, was analysed by flow cytofluorometry using propidium iodide as a DNA-specific and quantitative fluorochrome. Testicular cells of a 6-day-old rat showed one peak of fluorescence. A second peak, at twice the modal channel number, appeared in testicular cells of 9-day-old animals. The number of cells under this peak increased progressively with age. A third peak, at half the channel number of the original one, appeared at 20 days and accounted for an increasing proportion of cells in testes taken from older rats. Cytological examination of the testicular tissue used for flow cytofluorometric analysis showed that preleptotene spermatocytes first appeared at 8 days after birth. Spermatids were first observed cytologically at 20 days after birth. The close temporal appearance of the fluorescence peaks with that of spermatocytes and spermatids, and the close association of the frequency of diploid and tetraploid cells as derived by flow cytofluorometry and cytology, indicated that the fluorescence peaks correspond--in order of increasing fluorescence--to spermatids, spermatogonia and somatic cells, and to spermatocytes. This conclusion was re-examined by analysing the ploidy levels of testicular cells of hypophysectomized or estradiol-treated by flow cytofluorodmetry. There was a loss of the haploid and tetraploid peaks subsequent to hypophysectomy. Estradiol dipropionate-treated rats, given weekly injections starting at 7 days of age, showed no appearance of the haploid peak and the regression of the tetraploid peak after an initial and transitory appearance. These results indicate that changes in ploidy levels that accompany the progression of meiosis in the testis were reflected in the sequential appearance of three fluorescence peaks as detected by flow cytofluorometry. The close correlation between the frequency of cell types as obtained by cytology and flow cytofluorometry indicates that the latter is a sensitive method for studying selected aspects of spermatogenesis in dissociated testicular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Fertility in myotonic dystrophy in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean: a historical perspective.

Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is an autosomal dominant disorder that has a high prevalence in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean. A case-control study, based on a population register, of 373 MD patients who married in this region between 1855 and 1971 was conducted to determine whether their fertility was affected by the disorder. Six demographic parameters, that is the number of children, the age at marriage, the ages at the time of birth of the first and the last child, the interval between the marriage and the birth of the first child, and the interval between consecutive births, were analyzed. The mean number of children born to MD and control individuals was not different (P > 0.05). However, MD males had more children than MD females although they have started delaying their marriage since 1921. Fertility fell significantly in both the MD and control groups during the period of observation. This change reflects the decline in fertility of French Canadians in general during this period, but mainly after 1940.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The health benefits of smoking cessation for adult smokers and for pregnant women in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the benefits of smoking cessation regarding mortality reduction after smokers quit, and regarding the health of newborns after smoking mothers quit. METHODS: Relative mortality risks (RR) for smokers aged 35 or older who quit years ago were calculated from the follow up of 71 361 civil servants and teachers recruited since 1989. Data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System in Taipei City were used to calculate the odds ratios of body weights of newborns born to mothers of different smoking status. RESULTS: Mortality risk for ex-smokers was significantly lower than that of current smokers for all causes (18%), all cancer (22%), lung cancer (39%), and ischaemic heart disease (54%). These benefits were not distinguishable initially, up to five years, but by year 17 and thereafter, substantial benefits of cessation accrued. Two thirds of smoking women quit during the first trimester of pregnancy, and only 2.2% of mothers smoked throughout pregnancy. The newborns from smoking mothers were smaller than those from never smoking mothers, but, if these mothers quit early in the first trimester, birth weights were normal. CONCLUSIONS: The health benefits of smoking cessation, rarely reported for Asian populations, have been largely ignored by smokers in Taiwan, where cessation activities have been extremely limited. Findings of this study that risks from smoking can be attenuated or reversed should be widely communicated to motivate smokers to quit. Smokers should quit early, including smoking mothers, and not wait till medical conditions surfaced, to have the maximal benefits of cessation.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Supplemental analyses of recent trends in infant mortality.

U.S. preliminary data for 2002 show a significant increase in the infant mortality rate to 7.0 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, the first rise in the infant mortality rate since 1958. The increase in infant mortality was concentrated in the neonatal period, particularly in deaths occurring within seven days of birth. Partially edited fetal death data suggest that the increase in neonatal mortality was accompanied by a decline in the late fetal mortality rate, and thus it appears that the 2002 perinatal mortality rate will remain level. Potential explanatory factors for the changes in the infant mortality rate are examined, including causes of infant death, percentage of births that are preterm, and low birthweight. Data from the 2002 linked birth and infant death file will allow an assessment of the contribution of maternal and infant factors such as multiple births and management of labor and delivery.

Fetal Death↗
PubMed2000

Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of soft tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms whose etiology remains largely undefined. A role for female hormones in the development of STS has been suggested. To investigate this possibility, the authors analyzed data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Northern Italy between 1983 and 1998. METHODS: Cases were 104 women aged < 79 years with incident STS who were admitted to the cancer institutes and major teaching and general hospitals. Controls were 505 women admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic, nongynecologic, and nonimmune-related conditions. RESULTS: The multivariate odds ratio (OR) for women aged >/= 15 years compared with those aged < 12 years at menarche was 1.94 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI], 0.80-4.74). No association with STS risk was observed for menstrual cycle pattern, age at menopause, parity, and abortions. Late age at first pregnancy and birth were found to be related to an increased risk of STS, with an OR of 3.16 (95% CI, 0. 96-10.44) and 2.79 (95%% CI, 0.79-9.90) for women aged >/= 30 years at first pregnancy and birth compared with those aged < 20 years. The trend in risk was significant for age at first pregnancy. No relation with the risk of STS emerged for age at last birth and time since first or last birth. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of STS was found to be weakly related to late age at first pregnancy or birth, but not to other menstrual and reproductive factors.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

A study of the sex ratio of first-born according to the mother's month of birth.

The male-to-female sex ratio at birth of the first-born babies delivered in Japan to mothers aged 25 years or less was investigated in two groups: a hospital group and a questionnaire group. The sex ratio fluctuated according to their mother's month of birth. Between 1924 and 1928, the sex ratio of the offspring of the mothers born in March-May in both groups was significantly higher than that of the other mothers. We speculate about the relationship between the sex ratio at birth and the mother's month of birth.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Use of antimicrobial drugs in Swedish dairy calves and replacement heifers.

A total of 3081 heifer calves in 122 Swedish dairy herds were monitored from birth to first calving, and all their diseases and treatments were recorded. There were 1268 cases of infectious diseases, of which 335 (26.4 per cent) were treated with antimicrobial drugs. Just over 90 per cent of the treatments were given during the first 210 days of the calves' lives, but only 61.8 per cent of the total quantity of antimicrobial drugs was consumed during this period. The most common diseases from birth until 210 days were respiratory diseases and diarrhoea; treatments for mastitis and interdigital phlegmon (foul in the foot) were more common after 420 days of age. Slightly more than 60 per cent of the treatments were given by the farmers without prior consultation with a veterinary surgeon.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Postnatal change of renal artery blood flow velocity and its relationship with urine volume in very low birth weight infants during the first month of life.

Although the renal artery blood flow velocity has been investigated recently using the ultrasound Doppler method, little is known about the longitudinal change of renal artery blood flow velocity and its relationship with urine volume in very low birth weight infant. Thus, we measured renal artery blood flow velocities by means of the pulse Doppler method in 28 very low birth weight infants. Maximum, minimum, and mean blood flow velocities were determined at postnatal days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 20, and 27. The resistance index was also calculated. The maximum and mean blood flow velocities increased gradually after birth, and were significantly higher at 13, 20, and 27 days after birth. The minimum blood flow velocity and the resistance index were relatively constant during the study period. The mean blood flow velocities were also analyzed for any correlation with urine volume. There was a poor correlation between urine volume (ml/kg/day) and mean blood flow velocity (cm/s) (Y = 2.38X + 57.4, Y: urine volume, X: mean blood flow velocity, n = 161, r = 0.338, P < 0.01). However, if the mean renal artery blood flow velocity was less than 10 cm/s, oliguria was observed in most cases. The measurement of the renal artery blood flow velocities appears to be useful in understanding the background condition of renal function in very low birth weight infants.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Studies on circulating immunoreactive calcitonin in low birth weight infants during the first 48 hours of life.

Serum immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT), serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum Ca, Mg, P and total protein levels were determined sequentially at 5 given periods of time from 1 to 48 h of age in 16 low birth weight infants. Mean +/- SD serum Ca levels decreased from 8.99 +/- 0.79 mg/100 ml at time 1--2 h to 7.00 +/- 0.51 mg/100 ml at time 12--14 h; there was a small further decrease at time 22--26 h: 6.79 +/- 1.07 mg/100 ml. There was no significant change in serum Mg, P or total protein during the same periods of time. Serum iPTH levels increased steadily from time 1--2 h to time 44--48 h reaching above normal range values. Serum iCT levels were non detectable (less than 150 pg/ml) in 11 among 15 infants at time 1--2 h. A marked increase in mean +/- SD serum iCT levels was observed at time 12--14 h (1850 +/- 872 pg/ml) and time 22--26 h (1462 +/- 806 pg/ml) followed by a decrease at time 44--48 h. A negative correlation was found between serum iCT levels and respectively gestational age (p less than 0.01) and serum Ca levels (p less than 0.01) at time 22--26 h while serum iCT levels correlated positively with serum iPTH levels (p less than 0.05). Evidence obtained from this study indicates that a secretion of calcitonin takes place during the early neonatal period in low birth weight infants and that this secretion is a contributing factor of the socalled "early-type" neonatal hypocalcemia.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of total body water using bioelectrical impedance analysis in neonates receiving intensive care.

AIMS: To determine the most suitable anthropometric and impedance measures and current frequency for the application of bioelectrical impedance to neonates receiving intensive care; and to derive predictive models for the estimation of total body water. METHODS: Twenty eight babies (median gestational age 30.5 weeks, range 24-38; median birthweight 1.388 kg, range 0.690-3.510) were each studied once during the first week after birth. Total body water was first measured by the method of dilution of isotopic water (H218O). Bioelectrical measurements were made using the tetrapolar surface electrode method from four main distal limb positions (right hand-right foot; right hand-left foot; left hand-left foot; left hand-right foot), the left upper arm-left thigh position and the left scapula-right buttock position, and using six frequencies ((500, 250, 100, 50, 10 and 5 kHz). Regression models, to predict total body water, which were both independent and dependent of body weight on the day of study, were derived. RESULTS: Resistance readings at 50 kHz obtained from the distal limb positions performed best. There was no difference between the distal limb positions. There was no difference in the goodness of fit of the models when using each of three indices of conductor length, foot, spine and sternum. The model total body water (litres) (TBW) = 0.016 + 0.674 body-weight(kg)-0.038 wt2 + 3.84 foot length (cm)2/resistance (50 kHz in OHMS) performed best, accounting for 99.5% of the variation in TBW, with a 95% prediction interval of 165 ml. The model TBW = 0.144 + 15.518 foot length (cm)2/resistance (50 kHz in ohms) accounted for 96.4% of the variation and had a 95% prediction interval of 420 ml. CONCLUSIONS: Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a simple, non-invasive method of estimating total body water in neonates receiving intensive care. It can be applied to both the assessment of changes in body water and body composition.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1999

An evaluation of iron-dextran supplementation in piglets administered by injection on the first, third or fourth day after birth.

The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of iron-dextran injection given on the first, third or fourth day after birth on haematology in piglets. An advanced automated blood analyser; Technicon H*1, which performs a complete blood cell count and leukocyte differential counts was used to analyse the blood. Six litters of Norwegian Landrace x Yorkshire piglets were included in the study. The day after birth (day 1), half of the piglets in each litter (split litters) were injected subcutaneously with 180 mg iron as iron-dextran (1.5 ml Idofer). The untreated piglets from two of the litters were injected with the same amount of iron-dextran on day 3, and those from the remaining four litters on day 4. The piglets were weighed and blood samples collected on days 1, 3 or 4, 7, 14 and 21. Erythropoiesis, but not leukocyte count, responded to injection on day 1 compared with injection on the third or fourth day. The difference between groups in haematological parameters was greatest on day 7. The two groups of piglets treated on day 1 had a haemoglobin concentration (Hb) +/-SD of 92 g litre-1(+/-9) and 94 g litre-1(+/-9), and the piglets treated on day 3 had a Hb of 81 g litre-1(+/-7) and the one treated on day 4 had a Hb of 78 g litre-1(+/-7) on day 7. On days 14 and 21 there were no differences between groups. This study indicates that some piglets were anaemic and responded to subcutaneous iron injection on day 1.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The aging process in the sacroiliac joint: helical computed tomography analysis.

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joint by age, sex, laterality, body mass index, and childbearing experience, based on computed tomography (CT) images obtained from the lower back of symptom-free subjects in different age groups. These data were used to trace the development of the sacroiliac joint until the occurrence of osteoarthritis with aging. CT transverse and coronal images were examined for the presence of the following degenerative signs: joint space narrowing, sclerosis, osteophytes, cysts, and erosion. The results indicated that joint degeneration begins in the 20s and tends to progress with age. Each form of degeneration was markedly more frequent in the 40s or older, and some type of degeneration was observed in the joints of all subjects aged 50 years or older. In terms of the localization of the joint degeneration, sclerosis was common on the upper and middle anterior of the articular surface of the ilium, and osteophytes were common on the anterior surface of the sacrum. Degeneration had progressed further in women than in men in every age group, and tended to progress faster in parous than in nulliparous women. It was presumed that the birth of the first child, rather than subsequent births had the greatest effect on the sacroiliac joint.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Trends in reproductive, smoking, and other chronic disease risk factors by birth cohort and race in a large occupational study population.

PURPOSE: To illustrate the value of cohort studies to assess trends in chronic disease risk factors. METHODS: In collaboration with the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists and the University of Minnesota, the National Cancer Institute initiated a cohort study of cancer among radiologic technologists. More than 90,000 technologists who responded to a mailed questionnaire were grouped into ten birth cohorts from before 1920 through 1960 and later, and stratified by self-reported racial/ethnic groups. Trends in height, smoking, and reproductive factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the trends observed were that the proportion of young men (< 18 years) smoking generally fell in each birth cohort after 1925, whereas the proportion of young women smoking rose for those born after 1950. Among women born since 1940, the mean age at menarche for white women has remained at 12.5 years, but has declined among black and Asian/Pacific Islander women. Recent birth cohorts (since 1955) show among the highest mean ages at birth of first child (> 26 years), highest rates of nulliparity at age 25 (>/= 63 %), and lowest mean parity levels (< or = 1.7) compared with earlier cohorts. CONCLUSION: Analyses of large cohorts can clarify birth cohort trends in chronic disease risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dietary fat intakes in infants and primary school children in Germany.

We report dietary fat intake data in groups of infants and children in Germany. A group of 148 healthy infants was followed prospectively from birth through the first year of life. After birth, 78.9% of infants were breast-fed; 50% were breast-fed at 3 mo and 9. 8% were breast-fed at 12 mo. Infant formula was given to 22% of infants after birth, 53% at 3 mo, and 58% at 12 mo. Complementary foods were consumed by 16% of infants at 3 mo, 97% at 6 mo, and 98-100% at 7-12 mo. In non-breast-fed infants, mean dietary fat intakes were 44.8%, 42.9%, 37.4%, and 35.7% of energy intake at the ages of 1, 4, 6, and 12 mo, respectively. Calculated energy and nutrient intakes were within recommended ranges and weight gain was normal. Therefore, we see no compelling reason to actively modify total fat intakes at this age. In 158 primary school children aged 6-11 y, 7-d checklist protocols showed 41% of energy intake as fat with approximately 50% as saturated fat. Because German children of this age are experiencing increasing rates of obesity and high serum cholesterol concentrations, a stepwise reduction of total fat and saturated fat intakes in primary school children appears desirable to improve long-term health.

Adult↗