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PubMed2003

Temporal variation of fluoride concentration in antlers of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in an area exposed to emissions from iron and steel industry, 1948-2000.

Temporal changes of environmental fluoride concentration in the industrialized area of Siegen, western Germany were assessed by studying the fluoride content of antlers (n=116) collected between 1948 and 2000 from the resident roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population. During the analyzed period, major fluoride emission sources in the study area have been iron- and steelworks. Fluoride concentrations in the antlers ranged between 118 and 5428 mg/kg of bone ash. There was an overall increase in antler fluoride content from the late 1940s/early 1950s to the late 1950s/mid-1960s. Thereafter, antler fluoride levels overall steadily declined. For statistical analysis, the data were grouped into five periods (1948-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1989, and 1990-2000). Geometric mean fluoride concentrations of the samples ranged from 323 (period 1990-2000) to 2096 mg/kg of bone ash (period 1960-1969). Sample means for the periods 1980-1989 and 1990-2000, respectively, were always significantly lower than those of older samples. The decrease in antler fluoride concentrations during recent decades suggests a drop of ambient fluoride levels, that is hypothetically attributed to a reduction in the number of emission sources in the area and a decline of fluoride discharges from both local and more distant sources due to improved emission control measures. Comparison with antler fluoride data for other roe deer populations from western Germany further suggests that the roe deer from the Siegen area were recently exposed to an only moderate additional fluoride load from industrial sources. Studying antler fluoride concentrations is a convenient and cost-effective method of monitoring temporal changes in ambient fluoride levels.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1975

Effect of calcium and phosphorus on fluoride metabolism in man.

The effect of orally administered calcium and phosphorus on the fluoride balance was studied in man during a low fluoride intake of about 4 mg/day and a high fluoride intake of 14 mg/day. Three calcium intake levels averaging 223, 1,481, and 2,312 mg and two phosphorus intakes averaging 915 and 1,430 mg/day were used. Calcium or phosphorus used singly or combined did not affect the urinary fluoride. Increasing the calcium intake from an average of 223 to 1,481 and to 2,312 mg/day during the low fluoride intake increased the fecal fluoride only slightly, from 0.13 to 0.17 and 0.20 mg/day, respectively, and during high fluoride intake from 0.31 to 0.58 and 0.56 mg/day, respectively. The addition of phosphorus to the low calcium intake did not change the fecal fluoride excretion during either low or high fluoride intake, but the fecal fluoride increased during the two higher calcium intakes by a factor of 1.5. As the fecal fluoride was very low in the control study and was still relatively low in the experimental studies, the increase in fecal fluoride did not change the fluoride balances. The studies have shown that the increased levels of calcium and phosphorus used had little effect on fluoride metabloism in man.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride content of bottled drinking waters commercially available in northern Greece and to report on the accuracy of the labelling of fluoride concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two randomly selected commercial brands of bottled water were obtained from three supermarkets in Thessaloniki, Greece. Three bottles of each brand were purchased. Following calibration, six tests were conducted on each bottle using a combination fluoride-ion selective electrode (Orion, 96-09-00, MA, USA). The average reading for each brand was estimated and also compared with the fluoride content printed on the label. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) fluoride content of the bottled water samples was 0.35 (+/- 1.00) mg F/L with a range from 0.05 to 4.8 mg F/L. Only 18% (N = 4) of brands tested mention the fluoride concentration on the label, and 90% (N = 22) had a tested fluoride between 0.05 and 0.21 mg F/L. Of the remaining two brands, one was found to contain 0.3 mg F/L without having the fluoride concentration indicated on the label, and the other was labelled at 6 mg F/L, whereas the concentration was estimated as 4.8 mg F/L. CONCLUSIONS: The use of bottled water may be a significant source of systemic fluoride and therefore be considered as a risk factor for dental fluorosis in young children. This article shows that bottled drinking waters contain differing concentrations of fluoride. The manufacturers' labelling of fluoride concentrations may be inaccurate. When prescribing fluoride supplements, dentists should be aware of the fluoride content of bottled waters used by paediatric patients, especially brands with a concentration higher than 0.3 mg F/L. In view of the wide variation of fluoride concentration in the tested bottled waters, regulatory guidelines for controlling concentration in order to prevent dental fluorosis are recommended.

Fluorides↗
PubMed2001

The cost-effectiveness of fluoridating water supplies in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE: Tooth decay has been substantially reduced in New Zealand, and the difference in caries rates between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas has narrowed. We investigated whether it is cost-effective to fluoridate water supplies that are now non-fluoridated. METHODS: The net cost of fluoridation was based on the cost of fluoridating a water supply minus the averted costs of treating decay. A range of population sizes was considered. The main analysis was conducted from a societal perspective, using a real discount rate of 5%. Fluoridation was assumed to occur continuously between the years 2000 and 2030. Other assumptions were a Maori population proportion of 15%, no new decay after age 34, and no further dental cost savings after age 45. Information on averted decay in 4 to 12 year old New Zealand children (29,000 receiving fluoridated water and 47,000 receiving non-fluoridated water) was available; information on averted decay in adults was obtained from a study in the United States. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of varying the Maori population proportion, the discount rate, and the number of fluoride injection sites. RESULTS: Fluoridation was cost-saving (dental cost savings exceeded fluoridation costs) for communities above about a thousand people. The true break-even community size may be lower. For smaller communities, fluoridation may be considered cost-effective depending on the non-monetised value assigned to an averted decayed surface. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Fluoridation remains very cost-effective, and is particularly so for communities with high proportions of children, Maori, or people of low socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Exposure to low levels of fluoride and dental caries in deciduous molars of Tanzanian children.

In general, the prevalence of caries in African children may be classified as low to very low. In order to reduce this level even further, methods including the practice of good oral hygiene and administration of fluoride, e.g. water fluoridation, have been suggested. In 1984, 1986 and 1988, a mixed-longitudinal study amongst schoolchildren was carried out in a rural and urban area of Tanzania. In the rural area, shallow wells had been constructed at different periods in time in eight villages since the late 1970s. The drinking water in three of the villages contained fluoride in the range of 0.5-0.8 ppm (fluoridated) and contained less than 0.4 ppm fluoride in the remaining five villages (non-fluoridated). These fluoride levels were disclosed to the authors only during the course of the study. Thus the data were reanalysed to investigate the effects of fluoride and length of fluoride exposure on caries experience in the deciduous dentition. The study was carried out amongst 522 7- and 8-year-olds. Fluoride tablets were not used and toothpaste was virtually unavailable. Three periods of fluoride exposure were identified, i.e. 3, 5 and 7 years. The outcome variable was the mean dmft score in deciduous molars whereas the explanatory variables were age, length of fluoride exposure and year of investigation. Nutrition was considered a co-variate. Analysis of co-variance revealed a fluoride effect (p = 0.0004). Regression analysis did not show significant relationships between the mean dmft score and the three periods of fluoride exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1995

Effect of aging on animal response to chronic fluoride exposure.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that physiological changes which occur during aging increase the biological impact of fluoride and reduce the threshold of safe fluoride exposure. Four groups of rats were fed a low-fluoride diet (< 1.2 ppm) ad libitum and received 0, 5, 15, or 50 ppm fluoride in their drinking water. Animals were killed after three, six, 12, or 18 months of treatment. Blood and urine were monitored for biochemical markers of tissue function, and plasma, urine, feces, and representative tissues were analyzed for fluoride. In addition, bone marrow cells from animals killed after 18 months of treatment were examined for frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), a marker of genetic damage. Study results indicated that, within treatment groups, fluoride intake, excretion, and retention did not change significantly between three and 18 months. Fluoride concentration in soft tissues did not change with treatment duration in the fluoride-treated animals. Mineralized tissue fluoride concentration and the total fluoride in the carcasses increased continually as the animals aged. In spite of significant, dose-related differences in tissue fluoride levels which occurred in all age groups in this study, there were no indications that increased fluoride in the tissues caused any adverse physiological or genotoxic effects. None of the monitored clinical "wellness" markers of tissue integrity and function was altered by fluoride in a clinically significant manner. Therefore, there was no evidence from this study that aging reduces the threshold of safe chronic fluoride exposure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Fluoride concentration of bottled drinking waters.

The use of bottled water and beverages may be a significant source of systemic fluoride and can therefore be considered as a risk factor for dental fluorosis in young children. The aim of this study was to determine the fluoride content of commercially available bottled drinking waters and to report on the accuracy of the labelling of fluoride concentration. Thirty brands of bottled water, classified as either spring (N = 19) or mineral (N = 11) water were evaluated. A fluoride ions-elective and a fluoride reference electrode were used to measure the fluoride concentrations. The average reading for each brand was compared with the fluoride content printed on the label. Only 56.7% (N = 17) of brands tested mention the fluoride concentration on the label, but 73.3% (N = 22) had a tested fluoride concentration of less than 0.3 ppm. Of the 8 brands testing higher than 0.3 ppm fluoride, 1 did not have the fluoride concentration labelled, while for another the tested fluoride concentration was much higher than the concentration printed on the label. When prescribing fluoride supplements, dentists should be aware of the fluoride content of bottled waters used by child patients, especially brands with a concentration higher than 0.3 ppm.

Child↗
PubMed2001

[Research on the relationship between populations' long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water and bone fracture in China].

There are contradictory reports on the prevalence of bone fractures associated with long-term fluoride exposure from drinking water. The prevalence of bone fracture in six rural areas of China and the exposure of fluoride in drinking water was investigated. The data including medical history and demographic information, bone fractures, fluoride content in drinking water, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary intakes were collected. A retrospective epidemiological study by using the same design, method, quality control and the same questionnaire was conducted. A total of 8266 male and female over 50 years of age were divided into 6 groups by the fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The subjects in each group exposed to different levels of fluoride (0.25-0.34, 0.58-0.73, 1.00-1.06, 1.45-2.19, 2.62-3.58 and 4.32-7.97 mg/L) were 1363, 1407, 1370, 1574, 1051 and 1501 respectively. It has been confirmed that drinking water was the only major source of fluoride exposure in the studied populations. The total bone fracture rates were 7.41%, 6.40%, 5.11%, 6.04%, 6.09% and 7.40% in each group. Natural bone fracture rates in each group were 3.01%, 2.21%, 1.31%, 1.65%, 1.43% and 3.66% respectively. The prevalence of bone fracture and water fluoride level appeared a U-shaped relationship. The prevalence of total bone fracture and natural bone fracture in the population with fluoride 1.00-1.06 mg/L in drinking water was the lowest, compared with the groups exposed to fluoride higher than 4.32 mg/L and lower than 0.73 mg/L. The highest prevalence of hip fracture was in the group with higher water fluoride (4.32-7.97 mg/L) exposure. In general, the prevalence of hip fracture was lower and stable up to 1.06 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water, and then it appeared to rise. Based on the data collected in this investigation, it is concluded that the long-term fluoride exposure from drinking water higher than 4.32 mg/L might increase the risk of overall fractures as well as hip fractures. The risk of overall fractures and natural fractures might be lower while the water fluoride level is at 1.00-1.06 mg/L, however, no protective benefits of fluoride for the risk of hip fracture was observed.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Fluoride-releasing restorative materials and secondary caries.

Secondary caries is responsible for 60 percent of all replacement restorations in the typical dental practice. Risk factors for secondary caries are similar to those for primary caries development. Unfortunately, it is not possible to accurately predict which patients are at risk for restoration failure. During the past several decades, fluoride-releasing dental materials have become a part of the dentist's armamentarium. Considerable fluoride is released during the setting reaction and for periods up to eight years following restoration placement. This released fluoride is readily taken up by the cavosurface tooth structure, as well as the enamel and root surfaces adjacent to the restoration. Resistance against caries along the cavosurface and the adjacent smooth surface has been shown in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Fluoride-releasing dental materials provide for improved resistance against primary and secondary caries in coronal and root surfaces. Plaque and salivary fluoride levels are elevated to a level that facilitates remineralization. In addition, the fluoride released to dental plaque adversely affects the growth of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci by interference with bacterial enzyme systems. Fluoride recharging of these dental materials is readily achieved with fluoridated toothpastes, fluoride mouthrinses, and other sources of topical fluoride. This allows fluoride-releasing dental materials to act as intraoral fluoride reservoirs. The improvement in the properties of dental materials with the ability to release fluoride has improved dramatically in the past decade, and it is anticipated that in the near future the vast majority of restorative procedures will employ fluoride-releasing dental materials as bonding agents, cavity liners, luting agents, adhesives for orthodontic brackets, and definitive restoratives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The status of community water fluoridation in the United States.

Community water fluoridation has served the American public extremely well as the cornerstone of dental caries prevention activities for 45 years. The dental and general health benefits associated with the ingestion of water-borne fluorides have been well known by researchers for an even longer period. Continued research has repeatedly confirmed the safety, effectiveness, and efficiency of community water fluoridation in preventing dental caries for Americans regardless of age, race, ethnicity, religion, educational status, or socioeconomic level. Despite the obvious benefits associated with this proven public health measure, slow progress has been made toward achieving the 1990 national fluoridation objectives as listed in "Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation." This paper documents the lagging pace of community fluoridation by reviewing and analyzing data reported in "Fluoridation Census, 1985," a document published in late 1988 by the Public Health Service's Centers for Disease Control. Failure to attain the 1990 objectives is attributable to a combination of circumstances, including their low priority within many local, State, and Federal health agencies, inadequate funding at all levels of government, lack of a coordinated and focused national fluoridation effort, failure of most States to require fluoridation, lack of Federal legislation mandating fluoridation, general apathy of most health professional organizations toward fluoridation, misconceptions by the public about effectiveness and safety and, finally, unrelenting opposition by a highly vocal minority of the lay public. In addition, fluoridation successes have not been consistent among States, with wide variation in accomplishments documented in the reported data.While fluoridation still is one of the most cost effective public health measures available to local,State, and Federal public health agencies, it remains significantly underused nearly a half century after its discovery. Without a major increase in emphasis at the highest policy levels within local, State, and Federal health agencies, fluoridation objectives currently proposed for inclusion in the year 2000 national health objectives are not likely to be achieved. More private sector involvement and better coordination of efforts among all levels of government will be necessary to make significant improvements in progress toward universal fluoridation of all public water supplies in the United States.

Fluoridation↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of fluoride releasing composite resin on bovine enamel].

FluorEver is one kind of fluoride releasing composite resin. The first aim of this study was to investigate the amount of fluoride released from FluorEver. The second aim of this study was to determine the uptake of fluoride with bovine enamel, which was immersed in distilled water for 28 days in contact with FluorEver, compared with Fuji Ionomer cement which released fluoride. The results obtained were as follows. 1) A great amount of fluoride was released from FluorEver immediately after immersion. Twenty-four hours after immersion, the amount of released fluoride decreased quickly. From the 3rd day of immersion, the amount of fluoride released decreased gradually. The fluoride could be detected on the 28th day. 2) The amount of fluoride released from FluorEver was almost directly proportional to the volume of FluorEver blocks used. 3) The uptake of fluoride on enamel in contact with FluorEver was significantly high. 4) The release pattern of the fluoride of Fuji Ionomer was similar to that of FluorEver. The amount of fluoride released from Fuji Ionomer was greater than that of FluorEver immediately after immersion. However, from the 7th day of immersion, that of Fuji Ionomer was less than that of FluorEver. 5) The uptake of fluoride from FluorEver on the surface enamel was less than that of Fuji Ionomer. However, the uptake of fluoride from FluorEver on the subsurface enamel was greater than that of Fuji Ionomer.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dietary fluoride supplements for children--the role of the physician.

1. All children should receive one form of systemic fluoride and appropriate forms of topical fluoride. 2. If a child is not receiving optimally fluoridated water, the dentist or physician should prescribe dietary fluoride supplements (tablets or drops). 3. The correct dosage must be determined based on patient age and fluoride content of the patient's main water source(s). 4. Special attention is necessary concerning fluoride intake for children breast feeding or consuming infant formula. 5. To arrive at the correct fluoride dose, these steps should be followed: A. Always have a sample of the main drinking water source (usually home water) analyzed for the fluoride content before prescribing a fluoride supplement, if you do not have other specific knowledge of water fluoride content. The Medical College of Georgia (Department of Oral Biology - Dr. Whitford) provides water fluoride assay services. B. When the fluoride content of the water has been determined, the fluoride level and the child's age should be matched on Table 1 to arrive at the correct supplement dose. 6. Dr. Alderman, Director of the Office of Dental Health, Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources, can provide lists of communities in Georgia that are optimally fluoridated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Water fluoridation in Australia.

This paper reviews the rationale, context and support for water fluoridation in Australia, and examines current Australian evidence concerning the caries-preventive effects of fluoridation and trends in dental fluorosis. Nearly two thirds of the Australian population resides in an area with adjusted levels of fluoride in the water supply. However, public knowledge about fluoridation is poor and opinion polls demonstrate declining support for fluoridation. In the press and scientific literature there has been questioning of fluoridation, although the most recent Australian review reasserted its safety and effectiveness. Results from Australian oral epidemiological studies consistently support the accumulated evidence on the effectiveness of water fluoridation. This includes recent evidence that lifetime exposure to fluoridation is associated with average reductions of 2.0 dmfs and between 0.12 and 0.30 DMFS per child compared with non-exposed children. Water fluoridation has been found to reduce socio-economic inequalities in caries, reducing the differential between high and low socio-economic status groups by approximately 1.0 dmfs and 0.2 DMFS per child. The prevalence of dental fluorosis may have increased, prompting renewed consideration of overall exposure to fluorides. Action is currently being taken to reduce the exposure to discretionary fluoride among pre-school children as part of a targeted approach to adjusting the benefit-risk relationship of exposure to fluorides for that age group. Community water fluoridation continues to be the most effective and socially equitable measure for caries prevention among all ages by achieving community-wide exposure to the caries preventive effects of fluoride.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Acute fluoride poisoning from a public water system.

BACKGROUND: Acute fluoride poisoning produces a clinical syndrome characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and paresthesias. In May 1992, excess fluoride in one of two public water systems serving a village in Alaska caused an outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning. METHODS: We surveyed residents, measured their urinary fluoride concentrations, and analyzed their serum-chemistry profiles. A case of fluoride poisoning was defined as an illness consisting of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or numbness or tingling of the face or extremities that began between May 21 and 23. RESULTS: Among 47 residents studied who drank water obtained on May 21, 22, or 23 from the implicated well, 43 (91 percent) had an illness that met the case definition, as compared with only 6 of 21 residents (29 percent) who drank water obtained from the implicated well at other times and 2 of 94 residents (2 percent) served by the other water system. We estimated that 296 people were poisoned; 1 person died. Four to five days after the outbreak, 10 of the 25 case patients who were tested, but none of the 15 control subjects, had elevated urinary fluoride concentrations. The case patients had elevated serum fluoride concentrations and other abnormalities consistent with fluoride poisoning, such as elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. The fluoride concentration of a water sample from the implicated well was 150 mg per liter, and that of a sample from the other system was 1.1 mg per liter. Failure to monitor and respond appropriately to elevated fluoride concentrations, an unreliable control system, and a mechanism that allowed fluoride concentrate to enter the well led to this outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: Inspection of public water systems and monitoring of fluoride concentrations are needed to prevent outbreaks of fluoride poisoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Rechargeability of fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants and restorative resin composites.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of exposure of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel on fluoride release from fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants and restorative resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens of four fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants (Helioseal F, Ultraseal XT, Seal Rite-Low Viscosity and Seal Rite-Regular Viscosity) and two fluoride releasing restorative resin composites (Tetric and Heliomolar Radiopaque) were prepared using a Teflon mold. The specimens were divided into two groups. The experimental group was exposed to 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and the control group was exposed to 1.23% acidulated phosphate gel without fluoride. The specimens were stored in deionized water and the fluoride concentration of the solution was measured every 24 hours. On day 7, the discs were exposed to the respective gel for 4 minutes and then rinsed in a continuous stream of deionized water for 30 seconds. The fluoride concentration was then measured for another 7 days. RESULTS: There was a significant increase after the fluoride gel treatment in the amount of fluoride released from all of the materials studied. When the cumulative amount of fluoride released was evaluated, Tetric, Heliomolar radiopaque, Helioseal F, and Ultraseal XT released significantly (P < 0.01) more fluoride than the respective control groups. There was no significant difference between groups from day 8 to day 14 for Seal Rite-Regular Viscosity and Seal Rite-Low Viscosity.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2001

Quantifying the diffused benefit from water fluoridation in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the total contribution of water fluoridation to caries reduction by including the benefit from the diffusion of fluoride from fluoridated communities to surrounding nonfluoridated communities via the export of bottled beverages and processed foods. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1986-87 NIDR Children's Survey for 18,507 school children aged 6-17 years who had at least one permanent tooth and for whom a complete fluoride exposure history could be created. To measure water fluoridation exposure, we generated continuous and categorical exposure variables. Years of fluoridation exposure (YFE-continuous) measured the number of years the child lived at residences receiving fluoridated water. Lifetime fluoridation exposure (LFE-categorical) was high if the child lived at residences receiving fluoridated water more than 50% of his life and low, otherwise. We summed the proportion of state population receiving fluoridated water times the number of years the child had lived in each state and then divided this value by the child's age to measure diffusion exposure (DE). We grouped DE into three levels: low (DE<=0.25), medium (0.25 =0.55). For each level of DE, we compared the age-adjusted mean DMFS for high and low LFE. In addition we used linear regression to measure the association between DMFS and YFE while controlling for DE, age, exposures to other fluoride sources, and sociodemographic variables. Reported results are significant at P<0.05. RESULTS: Comparison of mean DMFS scores found that the direct benefit of water fluoridation (DMFS(LFE=low) - DMFS(LFE=high)) was 1.44 surfaces among low DE children and 0 among high DE children. The diffused benefit (DMFS(LFE=low, DE=low) - DMFS(LFE=low, DE=high)) was 1.23 surfaces. The regression results were similar and indicated that the direct benefit would be 1.44 fewer DMFS for low DE children and the indirect benefit would be 1.09 fewer DMFS for high DE children. CONCLUSION: Failure to account for the diffusion effect may result in an underestimation of the total benefit of water fluoridation, especially in high diffusion exposure regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effect of fluoride exposure on cariostatic potential of orthodontic bonding agents: an in vitro evaluation.

AIMS: The aims of this in vitro study were to compare the cariostatic potential of a resin modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC) to that of a resin control (Transbond) for bracket bonding and to compare the effect of extrinsic fluoride application on the cariostatic potential of each material. SETTING: Ex vivo study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 40 extracted premolars, 20 with Fuji Ortho LC and 20 with Transbond. The teeth were subjected to pH cycling, pH 4.55, and pH 6.8, over a 30-day period. Ten teeth bonded with each material were immersed in a 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 2 minutes each day. Fluoride release was measured throughout the study from all teeth. After 30 days, the teeth were assessed visually for signs of enamel decalcification. RESULTS: Significant differences in decalcification existed macroscopically between all four groups of teeth, with the exception of those bonded with Fuji Ortho LC alone compared with Transbond alone (P = 0.22), and Fuji Ortho LC alone compared with Transbond with added fluoride (P = 0.3). Fluoride release from Fuji Ortho LC alone fell to minimal values, but with the addition of extrinsic fluoride the levels fell initially and then followed an upward trend. There was minimal fluoride release, from Transbond alone, but with daily addition of extrinsic fluoride, subsequent fluoride release was increased. Significant differences existed in the amount of fluoride released between all groups, except comparing Fuji Ortho LC alone and Transbond with added fluoride. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have indicated that with an in vitro tooth-bracket model, the creation of white spot inhibition could best be achieved by the use of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement, supplemented with fluoride exposure. The least protection was afforded by the composite control. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement alone and the composite with added fluoride demonstrated equivalent protection.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1986

Relationships between exposure to additional fluoride, social background and dental health in 7-year-old children.

The relationship between social background, water fluoridation, use of fluoride tablets and dmf scores was studied in a birth cohort of 7-yr-old New Zealand children. This analysis showed that the level of exposure to additional fluoride was a complex variable influenced by at least three factors: the use of fluoride toothpaste; the child's length of residence in a fluoridated area; the length of time for which the child had been provided fluoride tablets. Log linear modelling of the data suggested the presence of a relatively complex relationship between exposure to additional fluoride, social background and dental health. First, both duration of residence in a fluoridated area and the provision of fluoride tablets made significant net contributions to the variability in the dmf score. However, exposure to additional fluoride from these sources was differentially influenced by social background: while there were relatively strong associations between social background and the use of fluoride tablets, there was no significant association between duration of residence in a fluoridated area and social background. Finally, independently of an association with exposure to additional fluoride, family social background made a significant net contribution to the variability in dmf scores.

Child↗