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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Detection and isolation of coronavirus from feces of three herds of feedlot cattle during outbreaks of winter dysentery-like disease.

Clinical signs of a winter dysentery-like syndrome in 6- to 9-month-old cattle in 3 feedlots included acute onset of diarrhea with high morbidity and low mortality, respiratory tract problems that included dyspnea, coughing, and nasal discharge, and high rectal temperatures. Bovine coronavirus was detected by use of an ELISA and immune electron microscopy in fecal and nasal swab samples and by immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal sections collected from calves during necropsy. Bovine coronavirus should be considered in the differential diagnoses for diseases that cause acute onset of bloody diarrhea in feedlot cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine of women with cystitis or pyelonephritis and feces of dogs and healthy humans.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urine of women with cystitis or pyelonephritis and from fecal samples from dogs and healthy humans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Escherichia coli isolates from 82 women with cystitis, 170 women with pyelonephritis, 45 dogs, and 76 healthy human volunteers. PROCEDURE: Susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by means of disk diffusion testing as specified by the NCCLS. RESULTS: Overall, the 4 most common antimicrobial resistance patterns were resistance to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 45 [12% of all isolates]); ampicillin alone (33 [9%]); ampicillin and sulfisoxazole (29 [8%]); and sulfisoxazole alone (14 [4%]). None of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, or piperacillin-tazobactam. Resistance was significantly more common and extensive among isolates from women with cystitis or pyelonephritis than among isolates from healthy humans or dogs. Resistance was least common among isolates from dogs. The only resistance phenotype that was more common among canine isolates than human isolates was resistance to sulfisoxazole alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that dogs are unlikely to be an important external reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains causing infections in humans. On the contrary the data suggest that dogs conceivably could acquire resistant E. coli strains from humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Predictions of the nutrient composition of the diets of supplemented versus unsupplemented grazing beef cows based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces.

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy of fecal samples from crossbred beef cows grazing native range forage was performed to determine whether supplemental feeding would alter the prediction of forage quality. In one trial, 2.27 kg.cow-1 x d-1 of supplemental feed with 20% CP and 3.3 Mcal of DE/kg had a detectable, but unimportant, effect on the predicted forage digestibility of OM, whereas the predicted forage content of CP was increased from 5.6 to 6.4% (P < .01). In a second trial at another location, supplemental feeding of isonitrogenous (700 g.cow-1 x feeding-1) feeds that provided low, medium, or high levels of DE three times weekly caused detectable, but unimportant, changes in the predicted digestibility of forage OM, whereas important changes were noted in the predicted CP content of grazed forages. Although forage quality could not be evaluated from spectra developed with unsupplemented cows, a change in the plane of nutrition was detectable. In the first trial, apparent effects of supplemental feeding on predicted diet quality were not detected if fecal sampling occurred 36 or 56 h after the supplemental feeding ceased for CP and OM digestibility, respectively. Whether supplemental feeding altered the grazing behavior of cows and quality of forage grazed, or merely altered composition of fecal samples, was not determined.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Technical note: A proposed method to determine the extent of degradation of a feed in the rumen from the degradation profile obtained with the in vitro gas production technique using feces as the inoculum.

A method is proposed to determine the extent of degradation in the rumen involving a two-stage mathematical modeling process. In the first stage, a statistical model shifts (or maps) the gas accumulation profile obtained using a fecal inoculum to a ruminal gas profile. Then, a kinetic model determines the extent of degradation in the rumen from the shifted profile. The kinetic model is presented as a generalized mathematical function, allowing any one of a number of alternative equation forms to be selected. This method might allow the gas production technique to become an approach for determining extent of degradation in the rumen, decreasing the need for surgically modified animals while still maintaining the link with the animal. Further research is needed before the proposed methodology can be used as a standard method across a range of feeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of cereal grain supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients and concentrations of fermentation end-products in the feces and serum of horses consuming alfalfa cubes.

Twenty geldings (five groups; similar age and BW) were used in a completely randomized design experiment to determine effects of grain supplementation of an alfalfa-cube diet on apparent nutrient digestibility and hindgut fermentation. The geldings were housed individually, fed their diets in two equal meals (0600 and 1800), and adapted to five dietary treatments over 6 wk. The treatments were alfalfa cubes (1% of BW; DM basis) without (control) or with one of four rolled cereal grains (i.e., barley, corn, naked oats, or oats) to provide a target level of 0.4% of BW as total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). Due to acute laminitis, three geldings (one in the control group and two in the barley group) were excluded. Because of this and multiple incidents of gas colic, TNC level was decreased to 0.2% of BW to ensure the geldings' health throughout the adaptation (7 d) and sample collection (5 d) periods. Grain intakes varied (P < 0.05) and reflected the different TNC concentrations. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and cellulose were not affected (P > 0.05) by grain supplementation and averaged 63.2, 63.1, 79.5, 42.7, 39.9, and 50.3%, respectively. Regardless of the source, grain supplementation increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of TNC (from 85.6 to 94.6%) and decreased (P < 0.05) fecal pH (from 7.04 to 6.74). Fecal concentrations of total VFA (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley and naked oats diets (averaging 11.73), intermediate for the oats diet (8.00), and least for the control and corn diets (averaging 5.00; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of lactate (microg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley diet (254), intermediate for the oats diet (138), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 100; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of NH3 N (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the naked oats diet (1.68), intermediate for the barley and oats diets (averaging 0.86), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 0.63; P < 0.05). Serum concentration of lactate was 46% higher (P < 0.05) for the control than for the grain diets (averaging 0.05 mg/100 mL). Feeding barley, corn, naked oats, and oats contributed to 13, 15, 8, and 20% higher (P < 0.05) serum NH3 N concentrations than the control diet (0.25 mg/100 mL). Higher (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of urea N (mg/100 mL) were detected for the control, barley, and naked oats diets (averaging 25.28) than for the corn or oats diets (averaging 22.21). Results suggest that horses consuming alfalfa cubes could be supplemented with rolled barley, corn, naked oats, or oats at levels not exceeding 0.2% of BW as TNC without affecting nutrient digestion or overall health negatively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Use of a selective enrichment broth for isolation of Campylobacter species from human feces.

Isolation of Campylobacter species from 1126 fecal specimens from patients with diarrhea was compared using direct plating and selective enrichment broth. The use of the enrichment broth did not increase the isolation rate, which was 4.2%. While a selective enrichment broth may have advantages where there is delay in transit to the laboratory, or where small numbers of organisms are sought, we do not recommend its use for clinical specimens from patients with diarrhea.

Campylobacter↗
PubMed1984

Ad libitum water intake by neonatal calves and its relationship to calf starter intake, weight gain, feces score, and season.

Water intakes and other experimental data over 3 yr encompassing 335 calves raised under an early weaning program at the Purina Research Farm were summarized. Water intake closely paralleled calf starter intake particularly during the last 2 wk of the 4-wk feeding period. Calves with weight gains below the median daily gain of 272 g had reduced water and starter intake. Scouring, due apparently to rotavirus infection, peaked at the end of the 1st wk. Water intake did not change appreciably prior to or after peak scouring. Season of year had minor effect on both water and starter intake. In a feeding study with 41 calves, weight gain was reduced by 38% and starter intake by 31% for calves deprived of water. Extent and duration of scouring did not differ between treatments. Calf feeding and management systems should include ad libitum water to maximize starter intake and weight gain. There is no evidence that scouring will be affected negatively by water intake.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium shedding in dairy calf feces and its relationship to colostrum immune transfer.

Twenty Holstein calves received 2 L of colostrum twice within 12 h after birth; the first feeding occurred within 2 h of parturition. The increase in adsorption efficiency was related to the gamma globulin provided in the first colostrum feeding. Absorption efficiency ranged from 2.4 to 46.1%. The number of sheddings of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium by the calves during their first 4 wk of life was associated with serum gamma globulin concentration 24 h after birth and absorption efficiency. Absorption efficiency and body weight combined accounted for 60.4% of the variation in the number of sheddings; heavier calves shed more than lighter calves. During the first 4 wk, calves that shed more frequently gained less weight; weight gain was also associated with serum gamma globulin levels 24 h after birth. Colostrum composition varied between quarters of the same cow. Total protein and gamma globulin content of colostrum from the rear quarters was higher than from the front quarters. The association between number of sheddings and absorption efficiency suggest that calves should not be fed colostrum containing less than 9 g/100 ml of total protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ash content of detergent fibers in feeds, digesta, and feces and its relevance in fiber digestibility calculations.

The influence of insoluble ash in diet, digesta, and fecal samples was evaluated. Ash-free values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) for feed, digesta, and fecal samples were compared with uncorrected values of NDF and ADF in two digestibility experiments. Six feed samples were selected at random along with four duodenal and two fecal samples; the latter two were a part of two digestion studies. The silica composition of feed samples was low with the exception of oat hay and rice straw. Ash-free values of NDF and ADF for digesta and fecal samples were lower than uncorrected values of NDF and ADF, and silica accounted for the majority of the differences. The use of ash-free values of NDF and ADF in both digestibility experiments with dairy cows resulted in more realistic digestibility estimates and reduced the amount of variability associated with the calculation of the digestibility of NDF and ADF in the rumen and total digestive tract. The source of the insoluble ash was not identified but could have come from individual feedstuffs or the consumption of sand. Sample contamination by silica and other ash components may influence NDF and ADF composition if the fiber residues are not ashed prior to calculation of NDF and ADF.

Animal Feed↗